Chanesar Town ( Urdu : چنیسر گوٹھ ) is a neighborhood in Karachi East district of Karachi , Pakistan . It is led by The Pakistan Peoples Party by Chairman Mohammad Asif B and Saeed Ghani, and all of the Sindh Province. It was previously administered as part of Jamshed Town , which was disbanded in 2011.
109-721: Chanesar Town has a total population of 600,000. There are several ethnic groups including Muhajirs , Punjabis , Sindhis , Kashmiris , Seraikis , Pakhtuns , Balochis , Memons , Bohras Ismailis and Christians . 24°51′N 67°03′E / 24.850°N 67.050°E / 24.850; 67.050 This geography of Karachi -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Muhajir (Pakistan) The Muhajir people (also spelled Mahajir and Mohajir ) ( Urdu : مہاجر , lit. ' Immigrant ' ) are Muslim immigrants of various ethnic groups and regional origins, and their descendants, who migrated from various regions of India after
218-867: A historical Muslim presence , such as the Deccanis , the Biharis and Dhakaiyas (who speak Dhakaiya Urdu ) in Bangladesh, the Urdu-speaking members of the Madheshi community in Nepal, some Muslims in Sri Lanka and a section of Burmese Indians . In addition, there are Urdu-speakers present amongst the South Asian diaspora, most notably in the Middle East , North America (notably
327-454: A Biradari (brotherhood) whose affairs are controlled by annually elected Sardars, the chief of the Biradari. they control all the activities of the community both internally and in relation with the outside world. The delinquent is severely ostracised which in their parlance, the man punished is not respectable enough to smoke the same Huqqa or drink from the same bowl as the honourable Biradari. If
436-496: A fractured MQM, the populist leader Imran Khan 's PTI started to dominate Karachi's politics with a multiethnic support base from all walks of life, including the Muhajirs mainly from upper-middle and middle class, while lower-middle class Muhajirs turned to Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan . Despite tough opposition from PPP and TLP , PTI managed to bag the popular vote en masses during the 2018 Pakistani general elections , though with
545-570: A joint passport system was introduced for travel purposes between the two countries which made it possible for Indian Muslims to legally move to Pakistan. Pakistan still required educated and skilled workers to absorb into its economy at the time, due to relatively low levels of education (15.9 percent in 1961) in Pakistan. As late as December 1971, the Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi
654-544: A key role in providing a local Muslim leadership. The language developed at the time of Sultans of Dehli due to the mixture of people, likely to be soldiers, from Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Afghan and Indian background. As early as 1689, Europeans used the label "Moors dialect" , which simply meant "Muslim", to describe Urdu, the language associated with the Muslims in North India, such as John Ovington, who visited India during
763-760: A large number of unemployed Indian Muslim horsemen, who were employed in the army of the East India Company . Thus 75% of the cavalry branch of the British army was composed of a social group referred to as the "Hindustani Mahomedans". This included Indian Muslim Baradaris of the Urdu-Hindustani Belt such as the Ranghar(Rajput Muslims) , Sheikhs , Sayyids , Mughals , and Indianized Pathans . British officers such as Skinner , Gardner and Hearsay had become leaders of irregular cavalry that preserved
872-532: A lower voter turnout. But in 2023, after the merger of the MQM factions, MQM staged a comeback into Muhajir politics. In 2023 Karachi local government elections MQM-P's boycott resulted in very low voter turnouts. A 2023 research conducted by Karachi University found that 9% of muhajirs were upper-class, while 17% were upper-middle class, 52% middle class, 13% lower middle and 9% lower class. A 2019 study by Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center found that Muhajir women have
981-518: A regime of religious, literary and military training which was focused on the transformation of the recruit's identity, who played a significant role as a kind of artificial family in-group attached to their patron. Before Muhammad Khan's death, the separation between the various tribes and castes broke down, forming a homogenous group, so that Muhammad Khan had founded his own Indian Muslim tribe or caste. To increase his independence from his nobles further, he continued to encourage immigration of Pashtuns of
1090-510: A separatist political force, throwing a Western cloak of nationalism over the Islamic concept of culture. Furthermore, in 2008 Syed Nadeem Ahmed brought forward the idea of Urdu Nationalism by presenting his theory of "Urdu Qaum" based on Urdu language and culture. The distinct sense of value, culture and tradition among Indian Muslims originated from the nature of Islamization of the Indian populace during
1199-559: A significant number of Muslims emigrated or were out-migrated from the territory that became the Dominion of India and later the Republic of India . In the aftermath of partition, a huge population exchange occurred between the two newly formed states. In the riots which preceded the partition, between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide. UNHCR estimates 14 million Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims were displaced during
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#17328553830901308-724: A specific group of Indian Shaikhzadas called the Bukhari Sayyids. These were descendants of Makhdum Jahanian or Jalal Bukhari who was born in Multan in Punjab, and so in recent history were immigrants from the Punjab, but retained the title Bukhari due to genealogical links to the saint Jalaluddin Bukhari. By the 16th century, they had lived for several generations in Hindustan and were Indian Muslims associated with specific regions in Hindustan. Among these
1417-473: A strong hold over the economy, 36 of the 42 largest private companies belonged to Muhajirs, mainly those from the Indian state of Gujarat . Gradually, as education became more widespread, Sindhis and Pashtuns , as well as other ethnic groups, started to take their fair share of the pool in the bureaucracy. But even by the early 1960s, 34.5 percent of Pakistan's civil servants were those who had not been born in
1526-672: A tribe of Indian Muslims who claim descent from the Bani Israil . The Qidwai were recruited in the household cavalry of Shuja-ud-Daula , which was mainly composed of the Sheikhzadi. These clans had not taken any profession other than a soldier or a civil officer. Abdul Majid Daryabadi belonged to the Qidwai clan in Daryabad and FS Hussain belonged to the Qidwai in Lucknow . Medieval sources refer to
1635-500: A whole). Being a multi-linguistic group of people, the Muhajirs speak different languages natively depending on their ethnicity and ancestral history. Most Muhajirs speak Urdu, the third-largest Urdu-speaking population in the world. In Sindh, those that speak Urdu as first language mostly migrated from Delhi , United Provinces , Hyderabad Deccan , Bombay , Ajmer , Bhopal , Bihar , Karnal including from other regions with other native tongues who eventually assimilated into
1744-635: A year in the 1950s and 1960s to barely 300 annually. The Muhajirs have started many socio-political groups in Pakistan such as the Muttahida Qaumi Movement under Altaf Hussain in 1984, the All Pakistan Muslim League under Pervez Musharraf , and Jamaat e Islami under Abul A'la Maududi . During the last period of the Ottoman Empire , the empire was indebted and the community provided significant financial support to preserve
1853-567: Is 0.001 less than the Pakistani average of 0.6091. The overall prevalence of proteinuria in Muhajir children 3.6%. Muhajir culture is the culture that migrated mainly from North India after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 generally to Karachi. The Muhajir culture refers to the Pakistani variation of Indo-Islamic culture and part of the Culture of Karachi city in Pakistan. Muhajir cuisine refers to
1962-581: Is known about this defunct Lahori variety as it has not been spoken for centuries. The term "Urdu-speakers" does not encompass culturally non-native speakers who may use Urdu as a first or second language, which would additionally account for a much larger number of total speakers in South Asia. From the early Muslim kingdoms developed Indian Muslim clan-groups who were well-rooted social groups that acted as warrior lineages providing court officers and military soldiers. These evolving communities or tribes played
2071-602: Is now the Republic of India , such as Marathi , Konkani , 60,000 Rajasthanis who speak the Marwari dialect of Rajasthani language and several-thousand Malabari Muslims from Kerala in South India , are considered Muhajirs. These ethno-linguistic groups are being assimilated in the Urdu-speaking community. Many dialects related to Urdu such as Khariboli , and Haryanvi (Rangari dialect) or other languages like Awadhi , Mewati , Bhojpuri and Sadri are also spoken by
2180-460: The 2017 Pakistani census . Though the official controversial 2017 census of Karachi, which has historically hosted the country's largest Muhajir population, has been challenged by most of Sindh's political parties. The Urdu term muhājir ( Urdu : مہاجر ) comes from the Arabic muhājir ( Arabic : مهاجر ), meaning an "immigrant", or "emigrant". This term is associated in early Islamic history to
2289-714: The Aligarh Movement and the Deoband Movement . It was made the official language of British India in 1825 and got large opposition from the Hindus and thus sparking the Hindi-Urdu controversy in 1867. This resulted in Sir Syed's Two Nation Theory in 1868. The Urdu language was used in the emergence of a political Muslim self-consciousness. Syed Ahmed Khan converted the existing cultural and religious entity among Indian Muslims into
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#17328553830902398-622: The Aligarh Movement . It was initiated in the 19th century when Sir Syed Ahmed Khan , the grandson of the Khwaja Fakhruddin, the Vizier of Akbar Shah II , expounded the cause of Muslim autonomy in Aligarh . In its early years, Muslim nobles such as nawabs (aristocrats and landed gentry) supported the idea, but as the idea spread, it gained great support amongst the Muslim population and in particular
2507-699: The All-India Muslim League . The Gardezi tribe of Manikpur are an Indian community of Sayyids who had settled in Manikpur since the 12th century. In the 1700s, Raji Muhammad Khan who belonged to the Gardezi tribe of Manikpur was the Mir-i-Atish, or artillery chief, of the Mughal Emperor Jahandar Shah after he had blown up prince Jahan Shah's powder magazines. The first immigrants to Mau were
2616-675: The Awadh than to the Rohillas of Rampur, and sympathized with the Nawab of Awadh. A large number were recruited in the army of Ghulam Muhammad Khan of Rampur during the Second Rohilla War . A large number led by Diler Khan betrayed the Nawab of Rampur and defected to the side of the Nawab of Awadh. Khan Barkat Ali Khan who belonged to the Shahjahanpur Pathans as a risaldar rendered services to
2725-717: The Barha country in Uttar Pradesh between Meerut and Saharanpur . Their settlements, known as Qasbas , are named Behra Sadaat . Due to their reputation for bravery, to the point of recklessness, the Barah tribe held the hereditary right to lead the vanguard of the Army of the Mughal Empire in every battle. 6 years after Aurangzeb's death, the Barha Sayyid nobles became highly influential in
2834-556: The East Pakistani-India border . Once reaching Dhaka , most made their way to the final destination- Karachi . However, not all managed to reach West Pakistan from East Pakistan . In 1959, the International Labour Organization (ILO) published a report stating that between the period of 1951–1956, around 650,000 Muslims from India relocated to West Pakistan . However, Visaria (1969) raised doubts about
2943-680: The Hindi–Urdu Belt of northern India , followed by the Deccani people of the Deccan plateau in south-central India (who speak Deccani Urdu ), and most of the Muhajir people of Pakistan . The historical centres of Urdu speakers include Delhi and Lucknow . Another defunct variety of the language was historically spoken in Lahore for centuries before the name "Urdu" first began to appear. However, little
3052-598: The Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan and Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan , this popular support for these parties resulted in ethnic muhajirs winning all six NA seats and 18 PA seats in Karachi and Hyderabad . Muhajirs had decisively lost their place in the ruling elite, but they were still an economic force to be reckoned with (especially in urban Sindh). When Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the country's head of state in December 1971,
3161-641: The Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM) – an ethnic Muhajir party that was to serve as the senior partner of the APMSO. On August 8, 1986, a day still celebrated by the party as the moment the MQM came to the fore as a political force, Altaf Hussain drew thousands of Muhajirs to a rally in Nishtar Park where he declared Muhajirs a fifth sub-nationality within Pakistan. A year after the rally in Nishtar Park, MQM swept
3270-447: The Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent . The Biradari, a term of Persian origin literally translating to "brotherhood", is the word used for a social unit based on kinship such as tribe or clan. The chief of the Biradari is the "Sardar", who is usually an elder man annually elected as the greatest man in the Biradari. Decisions on important matters are taken only after consulting
3379-555: The National Assembly that between the period of 1973–1994, as many as 800,000 visitors came from India on valid travel documents, of which only 3,393 stayed. In a related trend, intermarriages between Indian and Pakistani Muslims have declined sharply. According to a November 1995 statement of Riaz Khokhar , the Pakistani High Commissioner in New Delhi, the number of cross-border marriages has declined from 40,000
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3488-580: The Persians , or other Nations. The rural Upper Doab and Rohilkhand was dominated by a literate and homogenous elite, who embraced a distinctive Indo-Persian style of culture. This service gentry, performing both clerical and military service for the Mughal empire and its successor states, provided cultural and literary patronage that contninued, even after the political decilne, to act as preservers of Indo-Persian traditions and values. The end of Muslim rule saw
3597-773: The Rajputana Agency . Muhajirs, worldwide, have a population of over 15 million. Muhajirs are mostly settled in Pakistan and currently are the fifth-largest ethnic group of Pakistan , with a population of around 14.7-30 million. Although the population figures of the Muhajir dominated city of Karachi, have faced many controversies mainly due to the controversial 2017 census of Pakistan. The population figure has been rejected by most major political parties of Sindh including MQM-P , PSP , and PPP . Estimates of Muhajir nationalist organizations range from 22 million to around 30 million. Historically, muhajirs have constituted above 7% population of West Pakistan (3.5% in Pakistan as
3706-703: The Saharanpur branch of the family. Many great figures also arose from the Yusufpur branch of the family such as Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari , Qazi Faridul Haq Ansari , Shaukatullah Shah Ansari and former Indian Vice-President, Hamid Ansari . The Ranghar were classified as an "agricultural tribe" by the British Raj administration and were recruited heavily in the British Indian Army , especially in Skinner's Horse .
3815-634: The Turkan-e-Chahalgani , the Corps of Forty Turkic slave emirs, whose power was broken up by Ghiyas ud din Balban , and as a result they fled and settled down in the different villages of Katehr, near Badayun which was an important centre of the empire. They primarily speak Urdu and are Indian Muslims in customs, traditions, and language. Suspicious of outside interference, the Turk villages are closely knit together into
3924-418: The War of 1857 , Abdul Latif Khan of Khanpur, the head of the Barah Basti Pathans raised the standard of revolt against the East India Company , writing a petition to the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar promising to come to the Dehli court, and to bring some elephants with him, representing that he had been unwell. Nawab Walidad Khan of Malagarh occupied Aligarh and Khurja and attracted to his standard
4033-400: The irregular cavalry but rarely enlisted in the infantry. Muhammad Khan or Nawab Khair Andesh Khan , a prominent Kamboh Nawab of Meerut in the reign of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb , built a fort in Meerut , the gate of which is the Khairnagar Darwaza. In 1690 he also built the Khairul Masjid wal Mu'abid in the heart of Meerut city, as well as Khairandeshpur in Etawah. The Qidwai are
4142-596: The migration of Muslims and connotes ‘separation, migration, flight, specifically the flight of the Prophet from Mecca to Medina’. This term was popularized in Pakistan by the 1951 census, although its earliest uses date back to Partition. Most of the muhajirs who settled in the Sindh province of Pakistan came from the present-day Indian states of Central Provinces , Berar , Bombay , United Provinces , Haryana , Gujarat , Himachal Pradesh , Bihar and Delhi , while others were from princely states of Jammu and Kashmir , Rajasthan , Hyderabad , Baroda , Kutch , and
4251-456: The 101 Muslims in India's civil service , 95 chose to leave India. A third of those civil servants were West Punjabis and there were as many Muhajirs as Punjabis . From 1947 to 1958, the Urdu-speaking Muhajirs held more jobs in the Government of Pakistan than their proportion in the country's population (3.3%). In 1951, of the 95 senior civil services jobs, 33 were held by the Urdu-speaking Muhajirs and 40 by Punjabis. The Muhajirs also had
4360-406: The 1947 independence to settle in the newly independent state of Pakistan . The community includes those immigrants' descendants, most of whom are settled in Karachi and other major urban centres of Pakistan. The total population of the Muhajir people worldwide is estimated to be around 15 million, and the overwhelming majority of this figure (14.7 million) is located in Pakistan, according to
4469-400: The 1950s and even early 1960s. This second stage (December 1947 – December 1971) of the migration was from areas in the present-day Indian states of U.P ., Delhi , Gujarat , Rajasthan , Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh , Karnataka , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , and Kerala . The main destination of these migrants was Karachi and the other urban centers of Sindh . In 1952,
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4578-427: The 1970s, Karachi had been a historical centre for producing cricketers and hockey players for the Pakistan national cricket team and hockey team . Some of the notable cricketers of a Muhajir background during the era include Javed Miandad among many others . In the ethnic groups of Pakistan, the lowest prevalence of metabolic syndrome was seen in Muhajirs (32.5%). Muhajirs have a gene diversity of 0.6081, which
4687-445: The 20th century, Mohsin-ul-Mulk founded the Urdu Defence Association , or the Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu, committed to the perpetuation of the Urdu language. The Alvis (the term derived from the Arabic term al-Alawi , meaning 'of Ali ') are those who claim descent from the 4th Rashidun caliph , Ali ibn Abi Talib (the cousin, son-in-law, and companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad ), through his wives whom he married after
4796-403: The Bangash and Afridi clan in Tirah. In India they were referred to as qaum-i-bangash which became a wider and more diffused label. 1.5 million residents in the regions of Moradabad , Amroha and Sambhal , belonging to an Indian Muslim brotherhood descending from Turks, primarily from the era of the Delhi Sultanate. According to Professor Abhay Singh, these community originate from the era of
4905-459: The Biradari, and once taken binding on every member, especially in rural life. Despite their tribal geneaologies tracing to foreign regions, these elites embellished rural seats and traditions within India, developing a sense of pride in home (watan). Families of Muslim service people from gentry families were bound together by tight marriage alliances, which often became permanent arrangements. Bitter factionalism over between clans over land-rights
5014-435: The British during the Anglo-Sikh War of 1848. After his retirement he settled down in Lahore and devoted work to the Anjuman-i-Islamiya. He gave constant support to the Aligarh Movement and to Sayyid Ahmad Khan, and was instrumental in the establishment in the first Girls School at Lahore. The Kamboh tribe likely originated in Punjab . The Muslims are referred to by the name of Zuberi. The Kamboh Sheikhs were found among
5123-478: The British had been expelled from Delhi, interpreted as the breakdown of British authority, acted as a catalyst for mutiny as well as revolt. Regiments in other parts of northern India only revolted after Delhi had fallen. British characterizations of Muslims as fanatics took the fore during and after the Great Rebellion, as well as produced the Indian Muslims as a unified, cogent group, who were easily agitated, aggressive, and inherently disloyal. Even in later days,
5232-523: The Marathas. According to the Urdu poet, Mir Taqi Mir, it was a Sayyid of Amroha , Syed Sadaat Ali, who convinced him to pursue poetry in Urdu, the verse which resembled Persian poetry, which was the "language of Hindustan by the authority of the king". The first use of the term Rohilla was in the 1600s, to refer to the community of Diler Khan Rohilla, who was born in India, and was the founder of his community in Shahjahanpur and Hardoi . This community over generations had become culturally closer to
5341-399: The Mughal Court under leadership of the Sayyid Brothers , Qutb-ul-Mulk and Hussain Ali Khan , who became de-facto sovereigns of the empire when they began to make and unmake emperors. The Sayyids had developed a sort of common brotherhood among themselves and took up the cause of every individual as an insult to the whole group and an infringement to the rights of Sayyids in general. In
5450-404: The Muhajirs as they did not speak the Sindhi language. In the 1977 Pakistani general election , Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan and Jamiat Ulema-e-Pakistan joined in a coalition named the Pakistan National Alliance . Since the Muhajirs voted mostly for the Pakistan National Alliance, they enthusiastically participated in the 1977 right-wing movement against the Bhutto regime which was caused by
5559-642: The Muhajirs feared that they would be further sidelined, this time by the economic and political resurgence of Sindhis under Bhutto. From the 1970s and onwards, Bhutto implemented a series of policies in Sindh that the Urdu-speaking population viewed as an assault on their political and economic rights as well as cultural identity. The Pakistan People's Party government nationalized the financial industry, educational institutions, and industry. The nationalization of Pakistan's educational institutions, financial institutions, and industry in 1972 by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan People's Party impacted
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#17328553830905668-448: The Muhajirs hardest as their educational institutions, commerce, and industries were nationalized without any compensation. Subsequently, the quota system introduced by Liaquat Ali Khan which allowed Muhajirs to take government jobs was reversed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto preventing them from taking government jobs and other government institutions, by introducing urban rural quota divide in government job slots. These policies also included
5777-452: The Muhajirs. There are an estimated 14.7 million Urdu speakers presumably mostly of Muhajir origin in Pakistan. Most of them are settled in the towns and cities of Pakistan mainly those of Urban Sindh, such as Karachi , Hyderabad , Mirpur Khas and Sukkur . Muhajir pockets are also found in other metropolises of Pakistan such as Islamabad and Lahore . A large number of Urdu-speaking Muslims from Bihar went to East Pakistan after
5886-440: The Muslim League of Fatima Jinnah against Ayub Khan. The rivalry reached a peak after the electoral fraud of the 1965 presidential election and a post-election triumphal march by Gohar Ayub Khan, the son of General Ayub Khan, set off ethnic clashes between Pashtuns and Muhajirs in Karachi on 4 January 1965. Four years later, on 24 March 1969, President Ayub Khan directed a letter to General Yahya Khan , inviting him to deal with
5995-411: The Pakistani province of Sindh . Estimates say there are 3,500,000 speakers of the Gujarati language in Karachi . Although the Gujaratis speak their own language, they tend to identify with the Urdu-speakers This group includes Muhammad Ali Jinnah , Abdul Sattar Edhi , Javed Miandad , Abdul Razzak Yaqoob , I. I. Chundrigar , and Ahmed Dawood . Non-Urdu speaking Muslim peoples from what
6104-689: The Rajputs, to the campaigns in Kandahar. The current Shahi Imam of the Jāmi’ah Masjid in Delhi is a Bukhari Sayyid. Indo-Persian cultural synthesis meant that Indo-Persian influence played a large role in the making of Indo-Muslim cuisine in Northern India. Characteristic ingredients of this cuisine include onions and garlic, spices such as cloves, cardamom, nutmeg, mace, back pepper and cinnamon, and use of yoghurt, cream and butter. Special dishes include biryani , qorma , kofta , seekh kabab , nihari , haleem , nargisi koftay , roghani naan , naan , sheer-khurma (dessert) , other Indo-Persian origin flat-breads and chai (sweet, milky tea) . Although
6213-458: The Ranghars were the nucleus of the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry which captured Delhi in 1857 Barabasti refers to a Biradari of Indian Pathans named after their origin from twelve villages known as Barah Basti in Bulandshahr , where "Barah" means "twelve" in Hindustani, similar to the naming of the Indian Muslim Barah Sayyids of Muzaffarnagar . Like other Pathans in Northern India, they are quite Indian in language, manners and appearance. In
6322-418: The U.P. In October 1952, up to the 14th, 6,808 went by this route. After that Pakistan became much stricter on allowing entry on the introduction of the passport system. From 15 October to the end of October, 1,247 went by this route. From 1 November, 1,203 went via Khokhropar. Indian Muslim migration to West Pakistan continued unabated despite the cessation of the permit system between the two countries and
6431-416: The alleged electoral fraud by Pakistan People's Party . The movement was particularly strong among Karachi 's middle and lower-middle-classes who clashed with state forces and political opponents in deadly gun battles and destroyed state-owned plants. On 5 July 1977, Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq led a coup d'état against Bhutto and imposed martial law , due to the rising unrest in
6540-431: The alliance fell apart in the wake of ensuing violence. The MQM lent its support to Nawaz Sharif 's Islami Jamhoori Ittehad instead. In June 1992, a massive ‘ Operation Cleanup ’ was launched to rid the city of terrorism but MQM was selectively targeted. The Party's political offices were shut down as scores of its workers were killed in extra judicial murders and shootouts, forcing to move its offices to London. After
6649-404: The army was a form of Urdu referred to in colonial usage as "military Hindustani". The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was initiated by the 3rd Bengal Light Cavalry in Meerut, which was composed mainly of Indian Muslims. The mutineers made for Delhi, where its garrison revolted, massacring its British population, and installed Bahadur Shah Zafar as its nominal leader. The spread of the word that
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#17328553830906758-458: The authenticity of the claims about Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan , since the 1961 Census of Pakistan did not corroborate these figures. However, the 1961 Census of Pakistan did incorporate a statement suggesting that there had been a migration of 800,000 people from India to Pakistan throughout the previous decade. Of those who had left for Pakistan, most never came back. The Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru conveyed distress about
6867-423: The community amid nation building. In Punjab , although most migrants were of East Punjab origin and Punjabi speaking, a sizable number of natively Urdu speaking communities also migrated to its urban centres mainly from Delhi , Rohtak , Hisar , Karnal , Alwar , Bharatpur , Jodhpur , Mewat and UP as well as non-native Pathans . There is a large community of Gujarati Muhajirs mainly settled in
6976-476: The continued migration of Indian Muslims to West Pakistan : There has...since 1950 been a movement of some Muslims from India to Western Pakistan through Jodhpur–Sindh via Khokhropar. Normally, traffic between India and West Pakistan was controlled by the permit system. But these Muslims going via Khokhropar went without permits to West Pakistan. From January 1952 to the end of September, 53,209 Muslim emigrants went via Khokhropar....Most of these probably came from
7085-408: The country's religious political parties such as Jamiat Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP) because of their non affiliation with any particular ethnic group. Upon arrival in Pakistan, the Muhajirs did not assert themselves as a separate ethnic identity, being multi-ethnic themselves, but were at the forefront of trying to construct an Islamic Pakistani identity. Muhajirs dominated the bureaucracy of Sindh in
7194-418: The country. A year after Zia's coup , Jamaat e Islami started losing support to the newly founded APMSO , which believed that Jamat Islami and Jamiat Ulema Pakistan were "playing the muhajirs false". APMSO created several militant cells, such as Black Tigers and Nadeem Commandos , to counter the heavily armed Thunder squad of Islami Jamiat-e-Talaba . On March 18, 1984, the senior members of APMSO launched
7303-441: The creation of Pakistan received overwhelming popular support among Indian Muslims, especially in those provinces of British India such as U.P. where Muslims were a minority. The Muhajirs of Pakistan were largely settled in Sindh province , particularly in the province's capital, Karachi , where the Muhajirs were in a majority. As a result of their domination of major Sindhi cities, there had been tensions between Muhajirs and
7412-486: The cuisine of the muhajir people and is covered under both Indian and Pakistani cuisines , and is mostly found in the Pakistani city of Karachi . Muhajirs, after arriving in Karachi, have revived their old culture, including numerous desserts, savory dishes, and beverages. The Mughal and Indo-Iranian heritage played an influential role in the making of their cuisine and therefore compared to other Pakistani cuisines, Muhajir cuisine tends to use royal cuisine specific to
7521-592: The death of Fatima , the prophet's daughter. In the Indian subcontinent , they settled mainly in Hyderabad and present-day Uttar Pradesh . The former president of Pakistan, Arif Alvi belongs to the same Alvi clan. Like Urdu-speaking people, the Alvis of Kakori are referred to as Moulvizadigan (Moulvis) or Makhdûmzadigan (Makhdûms) indicating whether they are descendants of Mullah Abu Bakr Jami Alavi, who settled in Kakori in 1461 or descendants of Qari Amir Saifuddin Alavi, who settled in Kakori in 1552, they are mostly known as Shaikh . The Ansaris who claim origin from
7630-447: The descendants of Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (the stand-bearer of the Islamic prophet, in Medina ), mainly through the 13th century Khwaja Abdullah Pir Haravi , inhabited the town of Panipat . Prominent Ansaris in the pre-modern era include Lutfullah Khan Sadiq, the governor of Shahjahanabad under the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah . His brother Sher Afkan Panipati possessed an armed train composed solely of Indian Muslims or Hindustanis. In
7739-557: The descendants of the Khwaja Bayazid Ansari, the ethnic Ormur leader and founder of the Roshaniyya movement who had settled in Mau and Shamsabad. Muhammad Khan Bangash, the first Hindustani Pathan mercenary, was rewarded with the jagir of Farrukhabad area. He was so illiterate that he did not understand a single word of Persian or Pashto . Being few in number, the bulk of Muhammad Khan's soldiers were elite slaves known as 'disciples', primarily Hindu Rajputs and sometimes Brahmins who were adopted, converted to Islam and submitted to
7848-621: The districts of Bulandshahr . Nahar Ali Khan, who received the Taluqa of Pitampur from the Emperor Shah Alam II in 1774, offered resistance against the East India Company with his nephew Dunde Khan. Mir Muhammad Baquar Ali Khan was the Raja Of Pindrawal while Nawab Saeed-ul-Mulk Chhatari , the last Prime Minister of the Nizam of Hyderabad , was one of the most prominent politicians of
7957-482: The early years of the Pakistani state, largely due to their higher levels of educational attainment. Prior to the partition, Hindus dominated the professions of lawyers, teachers, and tradesmen in Sindh and the vacancies they left behind were filled up by the Muhajirs. Many upper class Muhajirs people had higher education and civil service experience from working for the British Raj and Muslim princely states . Out of
8066-580: The empire. The members of the movement who are now Muhajirs and West Punjabis granted the money to preserve the Ottoman Empire but were unable to prevent its decline; it was the biggest political eminence in pre-Muhajir history. The Pakistan movement , to constitute a separate state comprising the Muslim-majority provinces, was supported by the Urdu-speaking Muslim elite and many notables of
8175-594: The fanatic Muslims of Barah Basti community from which many of the sowars of the Irregular Cavalry were recruited, along with the Sayyids of Shikarpur , and his 'near relation' Ismail Khan, who was the kotwal of Meerut and had served in the Skinner's Horse . The Lalkhanis are Muslim Rajput converts from the Bargujar tribe, who assimilated to Lalkhani identity after their conversion. The Lalkhanis held estates in
8284-525: The fiction of running the territories on behalf of the Urdu-speaking Mughal empire . The defeat of Mutineers in 1857 -1858 led to the abolition of the Mughal empire and the British government taking direct control of the Indian territories. In the immediate aftermath of the rebellion, upper-class Muslims, the ancestors of present-day Muhajirs, were targeted by the British, as some of the leadership for
8393-643: The forceful retirement, dismissal or demotion of over 1,000 Urdu-speaking officers. In 1972, language riots broke out between Sindhis and Muhajirs after the passage of the "Teaching, Promotion, and use of Sindhi Language" bill in July 1972 by the Sindh Assembly ; which declared Sindhi as the only official language of Sindh. Due to the clashes, Prime Minister Bhutto compromised and announced that Urdu and Sindhi would both be official languages in Sindh. The move had frustrated
8502-652: The highest employment rate and monthly income among all major ethnic groups of Pakistan. And according to the 1951 census of Pakistan, less than 15 per cent of Muhajirs were unskilled labourers, with almost 61 percent classified as skilled workers and more than 5 percent belonging to professional and managerial backgrounds. By settlements, 68.4% Muhajirs lived in planned areas and 88.9% have access to basic utilities. They have been very successful in finance institutions, and have founded most of Pakistan's banking institutions including State Bank of Pakistan , Habib Bank Limited , United Bank Limited , and Bank AL Habib . Until
8611-454: The independence of India and Pakistan. After the formation of Bangladesh in 1971 , the Biharis maintained their loyalty to Pakistan and wanted to leave Bangladesh for Pakistan. The majority of these people still await repatriation, however. About 178,000 have been repatriated. In 2015, the Pakistani government stated that the remaining ' Stranded Pakistanis ' are not its responsibility but rather
8720-615: The independence of Pakistan in 1947, the majority of Sindh's Hindus migrated to India, although a substantial number of Hindus did remain in Sindh. 1.1 million Muslims from Uttar Pradesh, Bombay Presidency, Delhi, and Rajasthan settled in their place; half in Karachi and the rest across Sindh's other cities. By the 1951 census, the migrants constituted 57 percent of the population of Karachi, 65 percent in Hyderabad, and 55 percent in Sukkur. As Karachi
8829-470: The introduction of the passport system between them. The third stage, which lasted between 1973 and the 1990s, was when migration levels of Indian Muslims to Pakistan was reduced to its lowest levels since 1947. Indian Muslim migration to Pakistan had declined drastically by the 1970s, a trend noticed by the Pakistani authorities . In June 1995, Pakistan's interior minister, Naseerullah Babar , informed
8938-405: The large number of muhajirs being descended from Mughals, and because of the impact of Mughals, they are sometimes referred to as "the grandchildren of Mughals". The Partition of India was the largest migration in human history. Many Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan were killed by Hindus and Sikhs, while many Hindus and Sikhs were killed by Muslims. After the independence of Pakistan ,
9047-452: The local bodies’ election in Karachi and Hyderabad . After the 1988 General Elections , MQM, the largest Muhajir nationalist party to exist at the time (with more than 100,000 party workers), emerged as the third-largest political party of Pakistan, in alliance with PPP. Differences developed between the PPP and MQM after dozens were killed at an MQM congregation by Sindhi nationalists, and
9156-426: The locals. The migrants were also more educated than the native, and predominantly rural Sindhi Muslims who had been less educated and less prosperous than the former Sindhi Hindu residents, suffered as a result. The migrants, who were urban, also tended to regard the local Sindhis as "backwards" and subservient to landowners. Prior to the partition, the majority of urban Sindh's population had been Hindu, but after
9265-461: The mainstream areas of the economy and politics, coupled with completely ousting Muhajirs from the ruling elite. This caused the Muhajirs' to agitate against the Ayub dictatorship from the early 1960s onwards. The relation was further deteriorated when the quota system, revived and expanded by the 1962 constitution, increased the number of seats in professional colleges for students from backward areas which
9374-450: The majority of Urdu-speakers reside in Pakistan (including 30 million native speakers, and up to 94 million second-language speakers), where Urdu is the national and official language, most speakers who use Urdu as their native tongue live in northern India , where it is one of 22 official languages . The Urdu-speaking community is also present in other parts of the subcontinent with
9483-491: The military and service gentry of the region in the Mughal empire. Amroha became a hereditary jagir, as the family of Saiyyid Khwaja Ahmad Khan, sadat-i-Amroha, held pargana Amroha in their jagir for about a hundred years. When the Marathas invaded and plundered Rohilkhand , the country of Western Uttar Pradesh was burnt with the exception of Amroha owing to a few thousand Amrohi Sayyid soldiers that drove out and conciliated with
9592-624: The modern era, the Urdu poet Altaf Hussain Hali , wrote the book Musaddas-e Hali is considered by Pakistani scholars as an important text leading to the development of the Pakistan Movement . Many other towns were also inhabited by the descendants of Abdullah Ansari . Lucknow 's Firangi Mahal is home to many Ansari scholars, Saharanpur , Kakori , Gorakhpur , Aligarh and Yusufpur . Indian political activist Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari hailed from
9701-497: The native Sindhis , and this has been a major factor in the shaping of Muhajir politics. The Muhajirs, upon their arrival in Pakistan, soon joined the Punjabi-dominated ruling elite of the newborn country due to their high rates of education and urban background. They possessed the required expertise for running Pakistan's nascent bureaucracy and economy. Although the Muhajirs were, socially, urbane and liberal, they sided with
9810-616: The offender repends and expresses a desire to retrieve his guilt, he must atone by means of a grand feast to the community. Occasions of celebration in the villages include the event of Ghazi Salar Masud's invasion on his way to Bahraich, which are celebrated with wrestling and fencing matches. The Sadaat-i-Amroha belong mainly to the Naqvi sub-group, because they are descendants of the Sufi saint Syed Sharfuddin Shah Wilayat. The Amrohi Sayyids formed
9919-527: The old royal dynasties of now defunct states in ancient India. Most dastarkhawans (dining tables) include chapati , rice , dal , vegetable , and meat curry . Special dishes include biryani , qorma , kofta , seekh kabab , nihari , haleem , Nargisi koftay , roghani naan , naan , sheer-khurma (dessert) , and chai (sweet, milky tea) are associated with Muhajir cuisine. Urdu-speaking people Native speakers of Urdu are spread across South Asia . The vast majority of them are Muslims of
10028-488: The operation ended, MQM staged a comeback and a second crackdown against MQM was carried out during the tenure of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto , in which many associated with the party were killed. After the military takeover in 1999 by Pervez Musharraf , the MQM backed Pervez Musharraf strongly till his resignation in 2008. Even after Musharraf's fall from power, MQM continued to dominate Muhajir politics until 2016 when it broke up into four factions and collapsed. Amid
10137-409: The partition; it was the largest mass migration in human history. There were three predominant stages of Muslim migration from India to West Pakistan. The first stage lasted from August–November 1947. In this stage of migration the Muslim immigrants originated from East Punjab , Delhi , the four adjacent districts of U.P. , and the princely states of Alwar and Bharatpur which are now part of
10246-450: The present-day Indian state of Rajasthan . The violence affecting these areas during partition precipitated an exodus of Muslims from these areas to Pakistan. Punjabi Muslims from East Punjab crossed to West Punjab and settled in a culturally and linguistically similar environment. The migration to Sindh was of a different nature to that in Punjab, as the migrants to Sindh were ethnically heterogenous and were linguistically different from
10355-509: The reign of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb : The language of the Moors is different from that of the ancient original inhabitants of India, but is oblig'd to these Gentiles for its characters. For though the Moors dialect is peculiar to themselves, yet it is destitute of Letters to express it; and therefore in all their Writings in their Mother Tongue, they borrow their letters from the Heathens , or from
10464-739: The reign of the Emperor Bahadur Shah I . When Ruh-ul-Amin Khan of Bilgram reportedly entered state service with only 60 horsemen and foot soldiers, the Grand Vizier Munim Khan created him a mansab of 6000 and made him his close associate. In the 20th century, Syed Hussain Bilgrami was one of the early leaders of the Muslim League . The Barha tribe of Sayyids are an Indian Muslim community claiming Zaidi Sayyid descent who are named after
10573-489: The responsibility of Bangladesh. Nearly 300,000 Biharis are currently settled in the urban areas of Bangladesh . These muhajirs are settled mainly in Shahjahan Pur, Kamla Pur , Motijheel , Purana Pultan , Nawabpur road , Nawab Bari, Thatheri Bazar, Moulvi Bazar , Armani Tola , Islam Pur , Azim Pur , Saddar Ghat , Eskatan, Dhanmandi , Dhakeshwari , Neel Khet. In 2003, these Muhajirs were granted nationality and
10682-481: The right to vote. The ancestors of the present day muhajirs started gaining political and cultural influence during the reign of the mughal emperor, Shah Alam II , who gave Urdu the status of literary language, and replaced Persian as the language of the Muslim elite. Prior to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , British territories in South Asia were controlled by the East India Company . The company maintained
10791-590: The rising middle and upper classes. The Muslims launched the movement under the banner of the All India Muslim League and Delhi was its main centre. The headquarters of the All India Muslim League (the founding party of Pakistan) was based, since its creation in 1906, in Dhaka (present-day Bangladesh). The Muslim League won 90 percent of reserved Muslim seats in the 1946 elections and its demand for
10900-549: The same clans were dominant groups in the associations in the defence of Urdu and district Muslim Leagues which were among the first forays of Muslims into electoral and pressure-group politics. In the19th century, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and his followers such as Mohsin-ul-Mulk further advocated for the adoption of Urdu as the language of Indian Muslims , and led organizations such as the Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu and Urdu Defence Association , which won popular support in
11009-471: The tense political situation in Pakistan. On 26 March 1969, General Yahya appeared on national television and proclaimed martial law over the country. Yahya subsequently abrogated the 1962 Constitution , dissolved parliament , and dismissed President Ayub's civilian officials. The 1970 Pakistani general election on 7 December 1970, saw the Awami League winning the elections. The Muhajirs had voted for
11118-506: The territory comprising Pakistan in 1947. Most of them were born in the United provinces . On 27 October 1958, General Ayub Khan staged a coup and imposed martial law across Pakistan. By the time of Pakistan's first military regime (Ayub Khan, 1958), the Muhajirs had already begun to lose their influence in the ruling elite, especially after he changed the federal capital of Karachi to Islamabad. Ayub slowly began to pull non-muhajirs into
11227-455: The traditions of Mughal cavalry, which had a political purpose because it absorbed pockets of cavalrymen who might otherwise become disaffected plunderers. The Governor-general insisted that it was incumbent upon the British to "give military employment" to various north Indian Muslim soldiers, particularly those "formerly engaged in military service of the Native powers". The lingua franca spoken in
11336-419: The war came from this community based in areas around Delhi and what is now Uttar Pradesh ; thousands of them and their families were shot, hanged, or blown away by cannons. According to Mirza Ghalib , Urdu-speaking women were also targeted because the rebel soldiers sometimes disguised themselves as women. This era left a great impact on the history, culture and ideologies of present-day Muhajirs, and due to
11445-796: Was Shaikh Farid Murtaza Khan , the Indian Muslim of Delhi who was the Mir Bakhshi of Akbar and Jahangir. The Bukhari Sayyids, the Barha Sayyids and the Kambohs were specially favoured for high military posts. Jahangir mentioned the great commanders and armies as involved in the Deccan campaigns with Shah Jahan as a prince, especially the Sayyids of Barha and Bukhara, the Shaikhzadas, the Hindustani Pathans and
11554-614: Was also a common feature of society. The Sadaat-i Bilgram are a tribe of Indian Muslim Sayyid families who inhabit the historic district of Bilgram in Hardoi District . The Bilgrami Sayyid were important power brokers in the southern part of Awadh , and remained an important and influential clan, throughout the Middle Ages. The Bilgrami Sayyids were supporters of the Indo-Muslim Shaikhzada faction of Munim Khan II during
11663-515: Was anathema to the middle-class literate Muhajirs. The percentage of Muhajirs in the civil service declined while the percentage of others increased. In the presidential election of 1965 , the Muslim League split into two factions: the Muslim League (Fatima Jinnah) supported Fatima Jinnah , the younger sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, while the Convention Muslim League supported General Ayub Khan. The Muhajirs at this time supported
11772-499: Was authorized to issue documents to educationally-qualified Indians to migrate to Pakistan. The legal route was taken by unemployed but educated Indian Muslims seeking better fortunes, however poorer Muslims from India continued to go illegally via the Rajasthan-Sindh border until the 1965 India–Pakistan war when that route was shut. After the conclusion of the 1965 war, most Muslims who wanted to go to Pakistan had to go there via
11881-666: Was the capital of the new nation, educated urban migrants from Delhi , Uttar Pradesh , Bombay , Bihar , and Hyderabad Deccan preferred it as their site of settlement for better access to employment opportunities. The migrants were compensated for their properties lost in India by being granted the evacuee property left behind by the departing Hindus. A sizable community of Malayali Muslims (the Mappila ), originally from Kerala in South India , also settled in Karachi. Many Muslim families from India continued migrating to Pakistan throughout
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