Sandalwood is a class of woods from trees in the genus Santalum . The woods are heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and, unlike many other aromatic woods, they retain their fragrance for decades. Sandalwood oil is extracted from the woods. Sandalwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world. Both the wood and the oil produce a distinctive fragrance that has been highly valued for centuries. Consequently, some species of these slow-growing trees have suffered over-harvesting in the past.
52-722: [REDACTED] Look up चन्दन or cendana in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Chandan may refer to: Chandan, is a surname used by Hindus in India Chandana , the Sanskrit name for Indian sandalwood ( Santalum album ) Chandan (film) , a 1958 film Chandan Hola , a census town in Delhi Chandan Yatra , an Indian festival Chandan, son of Panna Dai , 16th century nursemaid who let him be murdered to save
104-534: A perfume , it acts as a fixative , enhancing the longevity of other, more volatile, materials in the composite. Sandalwood is also a key ingredient in the "floriental" (floral- ambery ) fragrance family – when combined with white florals such as jasmine , ylang ylang , gardenia , plumeria , orange blossom , tuberose , lily of the valley , etc. Its also acts as a versatile base that blends well with other woody scents like patchouli and cedar . Sandalwood oil in India
156-514: A source of income for the fire temple. Santalum spicatum Santalum spicatum , the Australian sandalwood , also Waang and other names ( Noongar ) and Dutjahn ( Martu ), is a tree native to semi-arid areas at the edge of Southwest Australia , in the state of Western Australia . It is also found in South Australia , where it is protected and listed as a vulnerable species . It
208-502: A few months or years. Isobornyl cyclohexanol is a synthetic fragrance chemical produced as an alternative to the natural product. Sandalwood's main components are the two isomers of santalol (about 75%). It is used in aromatherapy , in scented candles and to prepare soaps . Sandalwood lends itself well to carving and has thus, traditionally, been a wood of choice for statues and sculptures of Hindu gods. Due to its low fluorescence and optimal refractive index , sandalwood oil
260-467: A hard shell forms the bulk of the fruit; the shell is smoother than S. acuminatum's deeply pitted surface. Germination occurs during warm and moist conditions. Once found across the southwest of Australia, at the Swan Coastal Plain and inland regions of low rainfall, the impact of over-harvesting and land-clearing for wheat and sheep since the 1880s has greatly reduced the range and population of
312-448: A superior quality of Santalum Album, with FP Aromatics being the largest exporter. Australia is the largest producer of S. album , with the majority grown around Kununurra , in the far north of the state by Quintis (formerly Tropical Forestry Services), which in 2017 controlled around 80% of the world's supply of Indian sandalwood, and Santanol . India used to be the world's biggest producer, but it has been overtaken by Australia in
364-440: A year is primarily sourced from wild stands of the remote rangelands and Goldfields region of Western Australia. The harvest of naturally occurring trees is reduced when compared to the industry of the 19th century. Exports of over 50 000 tonnes in the last decade were related to agricultural expansion by increased access and harvesters. According to the research and development corporation AgriFutures Australia in 2020,
416-480: Is also used as a flavour component in different food items, including candy, ice cream, baked food, puddings, alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, and gelatin. The flavouring is used at levels below 10 ppm, the highest possible level for use in food products being 90 ppm. Oil is extracted from Sandalwood through distillation. Many different methods are used, including steam distillation , water distillation, CO 2 extraction, and solvent extractions. Steam distillation
468-462: Is believed to calm the mind during meditation and prayer. It is also distributed to devotees, who apply it to their foreheads or necks and chests. Sandalwood paste is used for most pujas both in temples and private households. Sandalwood use is an integral part of the daily practices of Jainism. Sandalwood paste mixed with saffron is used to worship the Tirthankaras of Jainism . Sandalwood powder
520-611: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages cendana The nomenclature and the taxonomy of the genus are derived from this species' historical and widespread use. Etymologically it is ultimately derived from Sanskrit चन्दन Chandana ( čandana ), meaning "wood for burning incense" and related to candrah , "shining, glowing" and the Latin candere , to shine or glow. It arrived in English via Late Greek , Medieval Latin and Old French in
572-509: Is mentioned in various suttas of the Pāli Canon . In some Buddhist traditions, sandalwood is considered to be of the padma ( lotus ) group and attributed to Amitabha Buddha . Sandalwood scent is believed by some to transform one's desires and maintain a person's alertness while in meditation . It is also one of the most popular scents used when offering incense to the Buddha and the guru. In
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#1732854597144624-560: Is mostly harvested and sold in log form, graded for heartwood content. The species is unique in that the white sapwood does not require removal before distilling the oil. The logs are either processed to distill the essential oil , or made into powders for making incense . Indian sandalwood, used mainly for oil extraction, does require removal of the sapwood prior to distillation. As of 2020 , Australian Sandalwood oil sells for around US$ 1,500 per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), while Indian Sandalwood oil, due to its higher alpha santalol content,
676-528: Is native to semi-arid areas in the Southwest. It has a similar distribution to quandong ( Santalum acuminatum ) and is a hemi-parasite requiring macronutrients from the roots of hosts. It has a shrubby to small tree habit, but can grow to 6 metres (20 ft) and is tolerant of drought and salt. The foliage is grey-green in colour. The fruit of S. spicatum is spherical, about 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter, and orange in colour. An edible kernel with
728-475: Is not used as much anymore because of the high costs and time associated with heating large quantities of water. Sandalwood is considered sacred in the Hindu Ayurveda and is known in Sanskrit as chandana. The wood is used for worshipping the deities, and it is said that Lakshmi (Sri), the goddess of well-being, lives in the sandalwood tree; therefore, it is also known as Srigandha . Sandalwood paste
780-503: Is often employed as an immersion oil within ultraviolet and fluorescence microscopy . Aboriginal Australians eat the seed kernels, nuts, and fruit of local sandalwoods, such as the quandong ( S. acuminatum ). Early Europeans in Australia used quandong in cooking damper by infusing it with its leaves, and in making jams, pies, and chutneys from the fruit. In Scandinavia , pulverised bark from red sandalwood ( Pterocarpus soyauxii )
832-657: Is prepared by grinding a piece of dry sandalwood into powder, against a stone slab. With the gradual addition of water, a thick paste forms, (called kalabham "കളഭം" in Malayalam language and gandha ಗಂಧ in Kannada ) and it is mixed with saffron or other such pigments to make chandanam . Chandanam , further mixed with herbs, perfumes, pigments, and some other compounds, results in javadhu . Kalabham, chandanam, and javadhu are dried and used as kalabham powder, chandanam powder, and javadhu powder, respectively. Chandanam powder
884-484: Is priced at about US$ 2,500 per kg. Sandalwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world, along with African blackwood , pink ivory , agarwood and ebony . Sandalwood has historically been an important tree in the development of the political economy of the Pacific. Prior to colonization in the region, the sandalwood tree was a marker of status, rank and beauty. It then became an important part of
936-526: Is showered as blessings by Jain monks and nuns ( sadhus and sadhvis ) onto their disciples and followers. Sandalwood garlands are used to dress the body during Jain cremation ceremonies. During the festival of Mahamastakabhisheka that is held once in every 12 years, the Gommateshwara statue is bathed and anointed with libations such as milk, sugarcane juice, and saffron paste, and sprinkled with powders of sandalwood, turmeric , and vermilion . Sandalwood
988-535: Is still considered to have the best and original quality in terms of religion and alternative medicine. Santalum spicatum is marketed as the notable members of this group today by merchants because of its stable sources; others in the genus also have fragrant wood. These are found in India , Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, Indonesia, Hawaii, and other Pacific Islands , Various unrelated plants with scented wood and also referred to as sandalwood, but not in
1040-415: Is the most common method used by sandalwood companies. It occurs in a four-step process, incorporating boiling, steaming, condensation, and separation. Water is heated to high temperatures (60–100 °C or 140–212 °F) and is then passed through the wood. The oil is very tightly bound within the cellular structure of the wood, but can be released by the high heat of the steam. The mixture of steam and oil
1092-641: Is the most commonly used incense material by the Chinese , Korean and Japanese in worship and various ceremonies. Some Taoist sects, following the Ming Dynasty Taoist Manual, avoid the use of sandalwood (as well as benzoin resin and frankincense ) as incense in worship. In Korean Shamanism , sandalwood is considered the Tree of Life . It was transmitted to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan during
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#17328545971441144-417: Is then cooled and separated so that the essential oil can be collected. This process is much longer than any other essential oil 's distillation, taking 14 to 36 hours to complete, but generally produces much higher quality oil. Water, or hydro, distillation is the more traditional method of sandalwood extraction which involves soaking the wood in water and then boiling it until the oil is released. This method
1196-612: Is traded as sandalwood , and its sandalwood oil has been used as an aromatic and a food source over history. S. spicatum is one of four Santalum species occurring in Australia. S. spicatum has been used sustainably as a source of bush food and medicine for thousands of years by Aboriginal Australians , who also use it in smoking ceremonies . Soon after the arrival of Europeans in Western Australia, colonists began harvesting sandalwood trees to export overseas for incense production. This decimated sandalwood populations in
1248-508: Is used - with other tropical spices - when marinating anchovies and some types of pickled herring such as matjes , sprat , and certain types of traditional spegesild , inducing a reddish colour and slightly perfumed flavour. Present-day chefs have begun experimenting in using the nut as a substitute for macadamia nuts or a bush food substitute for almonds, hazelnuts, and others in Southeast Asian-styled cuisine. The oil
1300-519: Is very popular in India and is also used in Nepal. In Tirupati, after religious tonsure, sandalwood paste is applied to protect the skin. In Hinduism and Ayurveda, sandalwood is thought to bring one closer to the divine. Thus, it is one of the most used holy elements in Hindu and Vedic societies. This paste is integral to rituals and ceremonies, for making religious utensils, for decorating sacred images, and it
1352-552: Is widely used in the cosmetic industry . The main source of true sandalwood, S. album , is a protected species, and demand for it cannot be met. Many species of plants are traded as "sandalwood". The genus Santalum has more than 19 species. Traders often accept oil from closely related species, as well as from unrelated plants such as West Indian sandalwood ( Amyris balsamifera ) in the family Rutaceae or bastard sandalwood ( Myoporum sandwicense , Myoporaceae ). However, most woods from these alternative sources lose their aroma within
1404-621: The El Niño cycle. Success has been reported by placing the kernels in moist vermiculite in sealed plastic bags at room temperature. Once germinated, seeds should be planted next to a (preferably Australian native) seedling, and watered adequately. The main host species is Acacia acuminata , which is used in plantations, which sustains a 15- to 30-year, long-term host species in loamy sands over clay duplex soils. Rock sheaok Allocasuarina huegeliana , wodjil Acacia resinimarginea , and mulga Acacia aneura are also used. The oils produced by
1456-509: The fire temple , including the Atash Dadgahs . Sandalwood is not offered to the divo , a smaller lamp that is kept in the homes of Zoroastrians. Often, money is offered to the mobad (priest) as payment, along with sandalwood. Sandalwood is called sukhad in the Zoroastrian community. The sandalwood in the fire temple is often more expensive to buy than at a Zoroastrian store. It is often
1508-642: The incense trade route by the vast Indian and Arab mercantile networks and the Chinese maritime trade routes until the sixteenth century CE. The sandalwood of peninsular India and the Malay Archipelago supported most consumption in East Asia and West Asia during the time of the incense trade route before the commercialization of Australian sandalwood ( Santalum spicatum ) in sandalwood plantations in Australia and China, although sandalwood album ( Santalum album )
1560-458: The 14th or 15th century. Sandalwoods are medium-sized hemiparasitic trees, and part of the same botanical family as European mistletoe . Sandalwood is indigenous to the tropical belt of the peninsular India, Malay Archipelago and northern Australia. The main distribution is in the drier tropical regions of India and the Indonesian islands of Timor and Sumba. It spread to other regions through
1612-426: The 21st century. Over-exploitation is partly to blame for the decline. However, ethical plantations in India are on the rise, and India is expected to increase its supply manyfold by 2030, owing to favourable weather conditions and competitive pricing. Australian sandalwood ( S. spicatum ) is grown in commercial plantations throughout the wheatbelt of Western Australia, where it has been an important part of
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1664-736: The Goldfields and the Great Western Woodlands regions. Despite being protected and listed as a Vulnerable threatened species on the IUCN Red List., it is still being unsustainably harvested from the wild. It is listed as a vulnerable threatened species in South Australia, and there are calls to do the same at the National level and in WA. It is currently being assessed as a Threatened Species by
1716-520: The Indian variants of Sufism , sandalwood paste is applied on a revered Sufi's grave by the disciples as a mark of devotion. The tradition is practiced particularly by devotees in the Indian Subcontinent . In Tamil culture, irrespective of one's religious identity, sandalwood paste or powder is applied to the graves of Sufi saints as a mark of devotion and respect. In East Asia , sandalwood (檀木),
1768-604: The Pacific trade during the colonial period, as it was one of the few resources the West was able to successfully trade with Chinese merchants. This western trade began to put pressure on the production of sandalwood in the region. Tonga , a Polynesian kingdom in the Oceania region, saw a severe depletion of its sandalwood tree (locally known as “‘ahi”) due a disruption of the social hierarchy, known as “fahu”, which led to heightened local competition and eventually an over harvest. Nearly all of
1820-482: The WA sandalwood industry provides about 40 per cent of the international sandalwood oil market. Since 2015, for the first time Aboriginal Australians have been involved in the production of the oil. The Dutjahn custodians, representing the wider Martu community , who are connected to the land in the Gibson Desert where sandalwood is harvested, co-manage the company along with Kutkabbuba Aboriginal Corporation and
1872-522: The eastward expansion of Buddhism. Zoroastrians offer sandalwood twigs to the afarganyu, the urn in which the fire is kept at the fire temple (called agiyari in Gujarati and dar-e mehr in Persian ), to keep the fire burning during religious ceremonies. After the firekeeping priests complete the ceremony, attendees are allowed to come up to the afarganyu and place their own pieces of sandalwood into
1924-429: The economy since colonial times. As of 2020 WA has the largest plantation resource in the world. Sandalwood is expensive compared to other types of woods. To maximize profit , sandalwood is harvested by removing the entire tree instead of felling at the trunk near ground level. This way wood from the stump and root, which possesses high levels of sandalwood oil, can also be processed and sold. Australian sandalwood
1976-524: The fire. Fire has been a sacred symbol in the Zoroastrian religion since ancient times and it is considered very important to keep the fires in the temples constantly burning . Because of its high sensitivity to fire, sandalwood works very well for this. Also, the wood has been accepted by the Yasna and Yashts (sacred texts) as an appropriate fuel for the fire. It is offered to all of the three grades of fire in
2028-471: The founders of WA Sandalwood Plantations. The harvesters stay at the tiny outstation of Mungilli , built in the early 1980s by Muntiljarra people. The company has a distillery in Kalgoorlie and markets the oil to some of the biggest names in the industry, such as Estee Lauder . The Dutjahn Sandalwood Oils company is 50 per cent owned by Indigenous Australians. Germination is difficult, and may depend on
2080-434: The life of the heir to the throne of Mewar Chandan Brahma , Indian politician Chandan Dass , Indian singer Chandan Kumar , Indian actor Chandan Channakeshava , Indian entrepreneur Chandan Prabhakar , Indian comedian Chandan Shetty , Indian composer Chandan Dass , Indian ghazal singer See also [ edit ] Chandana (disambiguation) Sandalwood (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
2132-573: The market, lower-ranking family members began to harvest the trees without permission, encouraging many farmers to harvest their trees defensively and thus leading to over harvest. In 2007, Mike Evans published a scholarly report on Tongan sandalwood overharvest and the socio-environmental implications of resource commodification and privatized land tenure. Evan’s concluded that “whatever the short-term ecological benefits of enforcing privatized land tenure, because private property not only fragments social ties by allowing an individual to deny others, it has
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2184-534: The past 80 to 100 years, and most current plants 100 to 200 years old. This is partly because the current level of harvesting is too high (a government scientist has suggested it should be around 200 tonnes), and partly because of the impact of a number of over-lapping threats such as land clearing; fire; grazing by livestock (sheep and cattle), feral goats and camels, and native herbivores; loss of natural seed dispersers (Boodies and Woylies); and climate change, especially increasing drought and associated poor rainfall in
2236-471: The potential to fragment the regional ecology as well.” Sandalwood oil has a distinctive soft, warm, smooth, creamy, and milky precious-wood scent. Its quality and scent profile is greatly influenced by the age of the tree, location and the skill of the distiller. It imparts a long-lasting, woody base to perfumes from the oriental, woody, fougère , and chypre families, as well as a fixative to floral and citrus fragrances. When used in smaller proportions in
2288-468: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chandan . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandan&oldid=1259668826 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
2340-438: The sandalwood resources were depleted over the span of two years. Tongan people have a unique social dynamic referred to as “fahu.” On the one hand, the kinship system of fahu is able to ensure biodiversity and sustainability in contemporary Tonga. But on the other hand, a principal factor in the over harvest of the ‘ahi tree was the result of the defensive actions of farmers defying fahu customs. As sandalwood became valuable in
2392-498: The south west agricultural zone, and pushed harvesting out into the arid and semi-arid interior. Millions of trees have been exported since the 1840s, pushing the species towards extinction in the wild. The Noongar peoples know the plant as uilarac , waang , wolgol , or wollgat , while the Martu people of the Gibson Desert call it dutjahn . It is one of four species of the family Santalaceae to occur in Western Australia, and
2444-461: The species. The marsupial species Bettongia penicillata , known as the woylie, is known to consume and cache the seeds of this species, and is thought to have played a significant role in its dispersal before their decline in the twentieth century. The harvest and export of S. spicatum has been an important part of the Western Australian economy, at one time forming more than half of
2496-455: The state's revenue. Settlement of the Wheatbelt area was accelerated by the funds generated by sandalwood found there. Distribution and population of the endemic stands were significantly affected during periods of rural development and economic downturn. The state conservator of forests, Charles Lane-Poole , reported in the 1920s that the export value of the 331205 tons shipped from 1845 to date
2548-570: The tree contain a great complexity of chemicals, many of which have antimicrobial qualities, and contains ximenynic acid . Scientists have warned for many years about the decline and over-harvesting of Australian sandalwood in the wild in Western Australia, with present harvesting and management under the WA Forest Products Commission allowing 2,500 tonnes to be harvested annually. Recent research has shown that wild populations have decreased dramatically, with no regeneration over
2600-423: The true sandalwood genus: Producing commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils requires Indian sandalwood ( S. album ) trees to be a minimum of 15 years old – the yield, quality and volume are still to be clearly understood. Yield of oil tends to vary depending on the age and location of the tree; usually, the older trees yield the highest oil content and quality. India continues to produce
2652-577: Was undertaken into the cultivation of the tree and the properties of its wood and nuts. Replanting has occurred at some properties as a land restoration strategy, a food crop and in the long term for harvest. Oil valued at A$ 1,000 per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) is produced at Mount Romance in Albany, Western Australia . The area of commercial plantations rose from 7-square-kilometre (2.7 sq mi) to 70-square-kilometre (27 sq mi) between 2000 and 2006. The export of 2 000 tonnes of sandalwood
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#17328545971442704-535: Was £3,061,661; the primary use when imported to China was the manufacture of incense . However, Poole also notes the development of an oil extraction industry and use as an effective medical product. A much smaller, but economically significant, source was in the Quorn region of South Australia , reported in 1928. Research by the Forestry Products Commission (WA), state universities and private industry
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