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66-454: Ali-Shir Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature. Chagatai literature is still studied in modern Uzbekistan , where the language is seen as the predecessor and the direct ancestor of modern Uzbek , and the literature is regarded as part of the national heritage of Uzbekistan. The word Chagatai relates to the Chagatai Khanate (1225–1680s), a descendant empire of

132-464: A lingua franca in Central Asia, with a strong infusion of Arabic and Persian words and turns of phrase. Mehmet Fuat Köprülü divides Chagatay into the following periods: The first period is a transitional phase characterized by the retention of archaic forms; the second phase began with the publication of Ali-Shir Nava'i 's first divan and is the highpoint of Chagatai literature, followed by

198-503: A Chaghatay-influenced layer in sixteenth-century Azerbaijanian have been studied separately from each other. There has been a tendency to disregard certain characteristics of Chaghatay itself, e.g. its complex syntax copied from Persian . Chagatai developed in the late 15th century. It belongs to the Karluk branch of the Turkic language family. It is descended from Middle Turkic , which served as

264-656: A collection of Nava'i's letters written to different classes of people about various kinds of matters. The collection also includes letters addressed to Nava'i himself and his adopted son. Munshaot was collected between 1498 and 1499. The work contains information about Husayn Bayqarah and Badi' al-Zaman Mirza . It also contains letters expressing Nava'i's dream about performing the Hajj pilgrimage. In Munshaot , Nava'i provides much insight about political, social, moral, and spiritual matters. Mufradot – Nava'i's work about problem solving written in 1485. In this work, Nava'i discussed

330-558: A conclusion. In the introduction, Nava'i writes about Jami's genealogy , birth, upbringing, studies, and about how he became a scientist and a poet. The first part tells about Jami's spiritual world, and his ideas about creative works; the second part reveals the closeness between Nava'i and Jami in creative collaborations. The conclusion sheds light on Jami's death. It includes Nava'i's eulogy in Persian that consists of seven sections of ten lines. Gharoyib us-Sighar ( Wonders of Childhood ) –

396-475: A documentary work by Nava'i. He wrote it under the pen name Fāni in 1481. Waqfiya depicts the poet's life, spiritual world, dreams, and unfulfilled desires. Waqfiya is an important source of information about the social and cultural life in the 15th century. Layli wa Majnun ( Layli and Majnun ) – the third dastan in the Khamsa. It is about a man mad with love. Layli wa Majnun is divided into 36 chapters and

462-609: A high-ranking officer in Khorasan in the palace of the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh . His mother served as a prince's governess in the palace. Ghiyāth al-Din Kichkina served as governor of Sabzawar at one time. He died while Alisher was young, and another ruler of Khorasan, Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza , adopted guardianship of the young man. Alisher was a schoolmate of Sultan Husayn Bayqara , who would later become sultan of Khorasan. Alisher's family

528-631: A history of the Golden Horde entitled the Tarikh-i Dost Sultan in Khwarazm . In terms of literary production, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are often seen as a period of decay. It is a period in which Chagatai lost ground to Persian. Important writings in Chagatai from the period between the 17th and 18th centuries include those of Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur : Shajara-i Tarākima (Genealogy of

594-502: A martyr, God be thanked I am become a ghazi. Uzbek ruler Muhammad Shaybani Khan wrote a prose essay called Risale-yi maarif-i Shaybāni in Chagatai in 1507, shortly after his capture of Greater Khorasan , and dedicated it to his son, Muhammad Timur. The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work, "Bahr ul-Khuda", written in 1508, is located in London Ötemish Hajji wrote

660-518: A modern borrowed pronunciation from Tatar that is not consistent with historic Kazakh and Kyrgyz treatments of these letters Many orthographies, particularly that of Turkic languages, are based on Kona Yëziq. Examples include the alphabets of South Azerbaijani , Qashqai , Chaharmahali , Khorasani , Uyghur , Äynu , and Khalaj . Virtually all other Turkic languages have a history of being written with an alphabet descended from Kona Yëziq, however, due to various writing reforms conducted by Turkey and

726-587: A part of the Soviet Union , Chagatai was initially intended to be the national and governmental language of the Uzbek SSR . However, when it became evident that the language was too archaic for that purpose, it was replaced by a new literary language based on a series of Uzbek dialects. Ethnologue records the use of the word "Chagatai" in Afghanistan to describe the "Tekke" dialect of Turkmen . Up to and including

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792-623: A renowned historian of the Islamic world, called him "the Chaucer of the Turks". Among the many notable figures who were financially backed by Alisher include the historians Mirkhvand (died 1498), Khvandamir (died 1535/6) and Dawlatshah Samarqandi (died 1495/1507); the poets Jami (died 1492), Asafi Harawi (died 1517), Sayfi Bukhari (died 1503), Hatefi (died 1521), and Badriddin Hilali (died 1529/30); and

858-737: A series of disastrous attempts to retake his throne, Humayun crossed the Indus in 1543. Rather than welcoming him, Kamran sent his younger brother Askari out to catch him and bring him to Kabul . Humayun managed to escape his brother's clutches though and sought refuge in the court of the ruler of Persia , Shah Tahmasp I . When Humayun was in Persia , Kamran offered the Shah the city of Kandahar if he would hand his brother over to him. Shah Tahmasp favoured Humayun in this fraternal squabble however, and provided him with troops with which he defeated Kamran. Humayun

924-446: A short risala that has only three pages. The risala, which seems to be a commentary on one of the hadiths , was included in Nava'i's unfinished work Kulliyot. Kulliyot was published as a book in 1667–1670 and consisted of 17 works. In his book Navaiy , Yevgeniy Bertels chose Risolai tiyr andohtan as the last work in his list of 22 works by Nava'i. Rukh ul-Quds ( The Holy Spirit ) –

990-438: Is 138 verses long. It was written in response to Khaqani 's and Ansori's triumphal poems. Munojot – a work written in prose by Nava'i in the last years of his life. It is a small work about pleading and repenting before Allah . In Munojot , Nava'i wrote about his unfulfilled dreams and regrets. The work was translated into English in 1990. It has also been translated into Russian. Munshaot ( A Collection of Letters ) –

1056-413: Is 3,622 verses long. It was written in 1484. Lison ut-Tayr – an epic poem that is an allegory for the man's need to seek God. The story begins with the birds of the world realizing that they are far from their king and need to seek him. They begin the long and hard journey with many complaints, but a wise bird encourages them through admonishment and exemplary stories. Nava'i wrote Lison ut-Tayr under

1122-480: Is devoted to the description of diseases, their recognition and treatment. One of the manuscript lists is kept in the library in Budapest . Prominent 19th-century Khivan writers include Shermuhammad Munis and his nephew Muhammad Riza Agahi. Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva also wrote ghazals . Musa Sayrami 's Tārīkh-i amniyya , completed in 1903, and its revised version Tārīkh-i ḥamīdi , completed in 1908, represent

1188-465: Is one of the six qasidas included in Nava'i's collection of poems Sittai zaruriya. Favoid ul-Kibar ( Benefits of Old Age ) – the fourth diwan in Nava'i's Hazoin ul-maoniy. The work consists of 650 ghazals, one mustazod, two muhammases, one musaddas, one musamman, one tarjeband, one sokiynoma, 50 qit'as, 80 fards, and 793 poems. Favoid ul-Kibar is 888.5 verses long. It was written between 1492 and 1498. Farhod wa Shirin ( Farhad and Shirin ) –

1254-615: The Battle of Kannauj in May 1540 and became the new ruler of northern India . He ordered Humayun to leave India. Humayun went back to Kabul but Kamran was unwilling to hand the city over to his brother. At this point Kamran went behind Humayun's back and offered to support Sher Shah, if the latter would give him the Punjab in return. His offer was refused. At this point Humayun was urged by his advisors to put his brother to death, but he refused. After

1320-632: The Mongol Empire left to Genghis Khan 's second son, Chagatai Khan . Many of the Turkic peoples , who spoke this language claimed political descent from the Chagatai Khanate. As part of the preparation for the 1924 establishment of the Soviet Republic of Uzbekistan , Chagatai was officially renamed "Old Uzbek", which Edward A. Allworth argued "badly distorted the literary history of the region" and

1386-592: The Perso-Arabic alphabet . This variation is known as Kona Yëziq, ( transl.  old script ). It saw usage for Kazakh , Kyrgyz , Uyghur , and Uzbek . А а Ә ә U u, Oʻ oʻ Ұ ұ, Ү ү О о, Ө ө О о, Ө ө ئۆ/ئو, ئۈ/ئۇ Ө ө, У у, Ү ү Ө ө, У у, Ү ү A a Э э, е Э э, е ئە/ئا Ә ә Ә ә Е e, I i Ы ы, І і Ы ы, И и ئى، ئې The letters ف، ع، ظ، ط، ض، ص، ژ، ذ، خ، ح، ث، ء are only used in loanwords and do not represent any additional phonemes. For Kazakh and Kyrgyz, letters in parentheses () indicate

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1452-610: The Soviet Union , many of these languages now are written in either the Latin script or the Cyrillic script . The Qing dynasty commissioned dictionaries on the major languages of China which included Chagatai Turki, such as the Pentaglot Dictionary . The basic word order of Chagatai is SOV. Chagatai is a head-final language where the adjectives come before nouns. Other words such as those denoting location, time, etc. usually appear in

1518-662: The USA . Alisher Nava'i was born in 1441 at the city of Herat to a family of well-read Turkic chancery scribes. During Alisher's lifetime, Herat was ruled by the Timurid Empire and became one of the leading cultural and intellectual centres in the Muslim world . Alisher belonged to the Chaghatai mir class of the Timurid elite. Alisher's father, Ghiyāth al-Din Kichkina ("The Little"), served as

1584-472: The Birds ", in which he expressed his philosophical views and ideas about Sufism . He translated Jami 's Nafahat al-uns (نفحات الانس) to Chagatai and called it Nasayim al-muhabbat (نسایم المحبت). His Besh Hayrat ( Five Wonders ) also gives an in-depth look at his views on religion and Sufism. His book of Persian poetry contains 6,000 lines ( bayts ). Nava'i's last work, Muhakamat al-Lughatayn "The Trial of

1650-683: The Khalasiya madrasa in Herat. He was one of the instrumental contributors to the architecture of Herat, which became, in René Grousset 's words, "the Florence of what has justly been called the Timurid Renaissance ". Moreover, he was a promoter and patron of scholarship and arts and letters, a musician, a composer, a calligrapher , a painter and sculptor, and such a celebrated writer that Bernard Lewis ,

1716-489: The Tashkent State Institute of Oriental Studies. Badoe ul-Vasat ( Marvels of Middle Age ) – the third diwan of Nava'i's Hazoin ul-maoniy. It consists of 650 ghazals , one mustazod, two mukhammases , two musaddases , one tarjeband, one qasida , 60 qit'as, 10 chistons, and three tuyuks. Overall, Badoe ul-Vasat has 740 poems and is 5,420 verses long. It was compiled between 1492 and 1498. Waqfiya –

1782-433: The Turkic military elite (such as Alisher) enjoyed. Alisher remained in the service of Bayqarah until his death on 3 January 1501. He was buried in Herat. Alisher Nava'i led an ascetic lifestyle, "never marrying or having concubines or children." Alisher served as a public administrator and adviser to his sultan, Husayn Bayqara . Mirkhvand composed his Timurid universal history under the patronage of Ali-Shir Nava’i. He

1848-507: The Turkmens) and Shajara-i Turk (Genealogy of the Turks). Abu al-Ghāzī is motivated by functional considerations and describes his choice of language and style in the sentence ‘I did not use one word of Chaghatay (!), Persian or Arabic’. As is clear from his actual language use, he aims at making himself understood to a broader readership by avoiding too ornate a style, notably saj’ , rhymed prose. In

1914-575: The Two Languages" is a comparison of Turkic and Persian and was completed in December 1499. He believed that the Turkic language was superior to Persian for literary purposes, and defended this belief in his work. Nava'i repeatedly emphasized his belief in the richness, precision and malleability of Turkic vocabulary as opposed to Persian. This is the excerpt from Nava'i's "Twenty-One Ghazals", translated into English: Without Fortune and prospect, I ignite

1980-505: The best sources on the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877) in Xinjiang . The following are books written on the Chagatai language by natives and westerners: Sounds /f, ʃ, χ, v, z, ɡ, ʁ, d͡ʒ, ʔ, l/ do not occur in initial position of words of Turkish origin. Vowel length is distributed among five vowels /iː, eː, ɑː, oː, uː/. Chagatai has been a literary language and is written with a variation of

2046-417: The common title of the four diwans that include Nava'i's completed lyric poems. Hazoin ul-maoniy consists of 2,600 ghazals, four mustazods, ten muhammases, four tarjebands, one tarkibband, one masnaviy (a poetic letter to Sayyid Khsan), one qasida, one sokiynoma, 210 qit'as, 133 ruba'is, 52 problems, 10 chistons, 12 tuyuks, 26 fards, and 3,132 poems. Hazoin ul-Maoniy is 22,450.5 verses (44,901 lines) long. It

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2112-538: The conquests of Alexander the Great and expresses his views on governance . Saddi Iskandari was written in 1485 and consists of 88 chapters and is 7,215 verses long. Siroj ul-Muslimin ( The Light of Muslims ) – Nava'i's work about Islamic Law. Siroj ul-Muslimin was written in 1499 and discusses the five pillars of Islam , sharia , namaz , fasting , the Hajj pilgrimage, signs of God, religious purity, and zakat . The work

2178-586: The court of Humayun's enemy, the Sur king Islam Shah in Delhi in 1552, where he was effectively rebuffed in his hopes for an alliance against his brother. Islam Shah arrested him and deputed his trusted adviser Hemu to hand over Kamran to Humayun at Kabul . A significant architectural structure built for Kamran exists today in Lahore. It is called Kamran ki Baradari . Bara means twelve and dar means doors. Kamran ki baradari

2244-482: The death of Abu Sa'id Mirza in 1469, Husayn Bayqarah seized power in Herat. Consequently, Alisher left Samarkand to join his service. In 1472, Alisher was appointed emir of the dīvān -i aʿlā (supreme council), which eventually led him into a conflict with the powerful Persian bureaucrat Majd al-Din Muhammad Khvafi , due to the latter's centralising reforms, which posed a danger to the traditional privileges that

2310-470: The eighteenth century, Chagatai was the main literary language in Turkmenistan and most of Central Asia. While it had some influence on Turkmen, the two languages belong to different branches of the Turkic language family. The most famous of Chagatai poets, Ali-Shir Nava'i, among other works wrote Muhakamat al-Lughatayn , a detailed comparison of the Chagatai and Persian languages. Here, Nava’i argued for

2376-456: The fire Of impatience – the guards of prudence have vanished: My caravan defenseless in the coming fire. A lightening flash has struck and changed me utterly As rushes burst and spread in a sea of fire... Understand, Navoiy, I deny my suffering As the Mazandaran forests turned red with fire. Below is a list of Alisher Nava'i's works compiled by Suyima Gʻaniyeva, a senior professor at

2442-399: The first diwan in Nava'i's Hazoin ul-maoniy. The work consists of 650 ghazals, one mustazod, three muhammases, one musaddas, one tarjeband, one masnaviy, 50 qit'as, 133 ruba'is, and 840 poems. Gharoyib us-Sighar is 5,718.5 verses (11,437 lines) long. It was compiled between 1492 and 1498. Kamran Mirza Kamran Mirza ( Persian : کامران میرزا ) (1512 – 5 October 1557) was

2508-458: The first qasida in Nava'i's Persian collection of qasidas entitled Sittai zaruriya. Rukh ul-Quds, which is 132 verses long, is about divine love . Sab'ai Sayyor ( Seven Travelers ) – the fourth dastan in Nava'i's Khamsa. Sab'ai Sayyor is divided into 37 chapters and is 8,005 lines long. The poem was written in 1485. Saddi Iskandari ( Alexander's Wall ) – the fifth dastan in Nava'i's Khamsa. In this work, Nava'i positively portrays

2574-425: The front vowel inflections; and, if the stem contains [q] or [ǧ], which are formed in the back of the mouth, back vowels are more likely in the inflection. These affect the suffixes that are applied to words. Ali-Shir Nava%27i ' Ali-Shir Nava'i (9 February 1441 – 3 January 1501), also known as Nizām-al-Din ʿAli-Shir Herawī ( Chagatai : نظام الدین علی شیر نوایی, Persian : نظام‌الدین علی‌شیر نوایی )

2640-491: The many different types of problems and offered his own solutions. The first section of Mufradot entitled Hazoin-ul-maoni contains 52 problems in Chagatai and the second section entitled Devoni Foni contains 500 problems in Persian. Muhakamat al-Lughatayn – Nava'i's work about his belief in the richness, precision and malleability of Turkic as opposed to Persian. In this work, Nava'i also wrote about some poets who wrote in both of these languages. Muhakamat al-Lughatayn

2706-498: The meaning of every proverb in Ali 's collection of proverbs entitled Nasr ul-laoliy is told in one ruba'i . The creation and purpose of the work is given in the preface. Nasim ul-Huld – Nava'i's qasida written in Persian. The qasida was influenced by Khaqani's and Khusrow Dehlawī 's works. The Russian historian Yevgeniy Bertels believed that Nasim ul-Huld was written in response to Jami 's Jilo ur-ruh. Risolai tiyr andohtan –

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2772-543: The monumental Majalis al-Nafais "Assemblies of Distinguished Men", a collection of over 450 biographical sketches of mostly contemporary poets. The collection is a gold mine of information about Timurid culture for modern historians. Alisher's other important works include the Khamsa (Quintuple), which is composed of five epic poems and is a response of Nizami Ganjavi's Khamsa: Alisher also wrote Lisan al-Tayr after Attar of Nishapur 's Mantiq al-Tayr or " The Conference of

2838-454: The musicians Shaykh Na'i and Husayn Udi. Under the pen name Nava'i, Alisher was among the key writers who revolutionized the literary use of the Turkic languages . Nava'i himself wrote primarily in the Chagatai language and produced 30 works over a period of 30 years, during which Chagatai became accepted as a prestigious and well-respected literary language. Nava'i also wrote in Persian under

2904-624: The order of emphasis put on them. Like other Turkic languages , Chagatai has vowel harmony (though Uzbek , despite being a direct descendant of Chaghatai, notably doesn't ever since the spelling changes under USSR; vowel harmony being present in the orthography of the Uzbek perso-arabic script). There are mainly eight vowels, and vowel harmony system works upon vowel backness . The vowels [i] and [e] are central or front-central/back-central and therefore are considered both. Usually these will follow two rules in inflection : [i] and [e] almost always follow

2970-478: The pen name Fāni , and, to a much lesser degree, in Arabic . Nava'i's best-known poems are found in his four diwans , or poetry collections, which total roughly 50,000 verses. Each part of the work corresponds to a different period of a person's life: To help other Turkic poets, Alisher wrote technical works such as Mizan al-Awzan "The Measure of Meters", and a detailed treatise on poetical meters. He also crafted

3036-551: The pen name Fāni between 1498 and 1499. The poem is 3,598 verses long. In the introduction, the author notes that he wrote this poem as a response to Attar of Nishapur 's Mantiq-ut Tayr . Majolis un-Nafois – Nava'i's tazkira (anthology). Written in 1491–92, the anthology was completed with additions in 1498. It consists of eight meeting reports and has much information about some poets of Nava'i's time. Overall, in Majolis un-Nafois Nava'i wrote about 459 poets and authors. The work

3102-1007: The richness, precision and malleability of Turkic vocabulary as opposed to Persian. Due to his distinguished Chagatai language poetry, Nava'i is considered by many throughout the Turkic-speaking world to be the founder of early Turkic literature. Many places and institutions in Central Asia are named after him, including the province and city of Navoiy in Uzbekistan . Many monuments and busts in honour of Alisher Navoi's memory have been erected in different countries and cities such as Tashkent , Samarkand , Navoiy of Uzbekistan , Ashgabat of Turkmenistan , Ankara of Turkiye , Seoul of South Korea , Tokyo of Japan , Shanghai of China , Osh of Kyrgyzstan , Astana of Kazakhstan , Dushanbe of Tajikistan , Herat of Afghanistan , Baku of Azerbaijan , Moscow of Russia , Minsk of Belarus , Lakitelek of Hungary and Washington D.C. of

3168-522: The second dastan in Nava'i's Khamsa. Farhod wa Shirin, which was written in 1484, is often described as a classic Romeo and Juliet story for Central Asians. The poem is divided into 59 chapters and is 5,782 verses long. Fusuli arba'a ( The Four Seasons ) – the common title of the four qasidas written in Persian by Nava'i. Each qasida is about one of the four seasons – Spring (57 verses), The Hottest Part of Summer (71 verses), Autumn (35 verses), and Winter (70 verses). Hazoin ul-Maoniy –

3234-499: The second half of the 18th century, Turkmen poet Magtymguly Pyragy also introduced the use of classical Chagatai into Turkmen literature as a literary language, incorporating many Turkmen linguistic features . Bukharan ruler Subhan Quli Khan (1680–1702) was the author of a work on medicine, "Subkhankuli's revival of medicine" ("Ihya at-tibb Subhani") which was written in the Central Asian Turkic language (Chaghatay) and

3300-567: The second son of Babur , the founder of the Mughal Empire and the first Mughal Emperor . Kamran Mirza was born in Kabul to Babur's wife Gulrukh Begum. He was half-brother to Babur's eldest son Humayun , who would go on and inherit the Mughal throne, but he was full-brother to Babur's third son, Askari . A divan written in Persian and Chagatai is attributed to him. While his father, Babur Mirza ,

3366-559: The stories contained within this work originate from the Sanskrit book Kathāsaritsāgara which has, for example, the “Story of King Prasenajit and the Brāhman who lost his Treasure”. Mezon ul-Avzon – Nava'i's work about Persian and Turkic aruz . Mezon ul-Avzon was written in 1490. Minhoj un-Najot ( The Ways of Salvation ) – the fifth poem in the Persian collection of poems Sittai zaruriya ( The Six Necessities ). Minhoj un-Najot

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3432-423: The superiority of the former for literary purposes. His fame is attested by the fact that Chagatai is sometimes called "Nava'i's language". Among prose works, Timur 's biography is written in Chagatai, as is the famous Baburnama (or Tuska Babure ) of Babur , the Timurid founder of the Mughal Empire . A Divan attributed to Kamran Mirza is written in Persian and Chagatai, and one of Bairam Khan 's Divans

3498-445: The third phase, which is characterized by two bifurcating developments. One is preservation of the classical Chagatai language of Nava'i, the other the increasing influence of dialects of the local spoken languages. Uzbek and Uyghur , two modern languages descended from Chagatai, are the closest to it. Uzbeks regard Chagatai as the origin of their language and Chagatai literature as part of their heritage. In 1921 in Uzbekistan , then

3564-438: Was a Timurid poet, writer, statesman, linguist, Hanafi Maturidi mystic and painter who was the greatest representative of Chagatai literature. Nava'i believed that his native Chagatai Turkic language was superior to Persian for literary purposes, an uncommon view at the time and defended this belief in his work titled Muhakamat al-Lughatayn ( The Comparison of the Two Languages ). He emphasized his belief in

3630-482: Was a twelve-door building on the bank of River Ravi. The river changed its course over time, with the result that the Baradari stands not on the bank but in the waters as an island while the gardens have deteriorated. Although Humayun resisted the pressure to put his rebellious brother to death, he was persuaded that something needed to be done about him so he reluctantly had him blinded. Humayun then sent him off to perform

3696-486: Was able to enter Kabul in November 1545 in a bloodless takeover, as Kamran's rule had been oppressive, and the population of the city was keen to be rid of him. After his ignominious flight, Kamran managed to retake Kabul twice, but he remained a hated figure to the residents of the city, as his periods of rule involved atrocities against large numbers of them. Following his third and final ejection from Kabul, Kamran went to

3762-585: Was also a builder who is reported to have founded, restored, or endowed some 370 mosques, madrasas , libraries, hospitals, caravanserais , and other educational, pious, and charitable institutions in Khorasan . In Herat , he was responsible for 40 caravanserais, 17 mosques, 10 mansions, nine bathhouses, nine bridges, and 20 pools. Among Alisher's constructions were the mausoleum of the 13th-century mystical poet, Farid al-Din Attar , in Nishapur (north-eastern Iran ) and

3828-553: Was away fighting in Bengal . He appeared to have come in order to put down the rebellion of his brother Hindal against Humayun. However, despite Humayun's calls for help, Kamran offered him no aid whatsoever. After Humayun returned from his defeat at the Battle of Chausa , Kamran refused to place his troops under Humayun's command as he was more interested in taking power for himself. Seeing no chance of furthering his ambition, Kamran withdrew back to Lahore . Sher Shah defeated Humayun in

3894-515: Was conquering northern India from 1525 onwards, Kamran remained in Kandahar in order to secure his northern flank. He was still in charge of the northern part of the newly formed empire, when his father died in 1530. According to the Mughal historian Abul Fazl , Babur's last words to Humayun were "do nothing against your brothers, even though they may deserve it". In 1538, Kamran first crossed into India, bringing with him 12,000 soldiers, while Humayun

3960-493: Was finished in 1498. Sixteen different lyrical genres are used in this collection. Khamsa – the common title of the five dastans by Nava'i that were written in 1483–85. With this work Nava'i established a precedent for quality literature in Chagatay. The five dastans included in Nava'i's Khamsa are: Hamsat ul-Mutaxayyirin – Nava'i's work about Jami written in 1494. The work consists of an introduction, three sections, and

4026-521: Was first published in Uzbekistan in 1992. Tarixi muluki Ajam – Nava'i's work about the Shahs of Iran . The work describes the good deeds that the Shahs performed for their people. Tarixi muluki Ajam was written in 1488. Tuhfat ul-Afkor – Nava'i's qasida in Persian written as a response to Khusrow Dehlawī's Daryoi abror. This work was also influenced by Jami's qasida Lujjat ul-asror. Tuhfat ul-Afkor

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4092-497: Was forced to flee Herat in 1447 after the death of Shah Rukh created an unstable political situation. His family returned to Khorasan after order was restored in the 1450s. In 1456, Alisher and Bayqarah went to Mashhad with Abul-Qasim Babur Mirza. The following year Abul-Qasim died and Alisher and Bayqarah parted ways. While Bayqarah tried to establish political power, Alisher pursued his studies in Mashhad, Herat, and Samarkand . After

4158-486: Was translated three times into Persian in the 16th century. It has also been translated into Russian. Mahbub ul-Qulub – Nava'i's work written in 1500, a year before his death. Mahbub ul-Qulub consists of an introduction and three main sections. The first part is about status and the duties of different social classes; the second part is about moral matters; the third, final part contains advice and wise sayings. Mahbub ul-Qulub has been translated into Russian. Some of

4224-514: Was used to give authors such as Ali-Shir Nava'i an Uzbek identity. It was also referred to as "Turki" or "Sart" in Russian colonial sources. In China, it is sometimes called "ancient Uyghur ". In the twentieth century, the study of Chaghatay suffered from nationalist bias. In the former Chaghatay area, separate republics have been claiming Chaghatay as the ancestor of their own brand of Turkic. Thus, Old Uzbek, Old Uyghur, Old Tatar , Old Turkmen, and

4290-507: Was written in 1499. Navodir ush-Shabob ( Rarities of Youth ) – the second diwan of Nava'i's Hazoin ul-maoniy. Navodir ush-Shabob contains 650 ghazals, one mustazod, three muhammases, one musaddas, one tarjeband, one tarkibband, 50 qit'as, and 52 problems. Overall, the diwan has 759 poems and is 5,423.5 verses long. Navodir ush-Shabob was compiled between 1492 and 1498. Nazm ul-Javohir – Nava'i's work written in 1485 in appreciation of Husayn Bayqarah's risala . In Nazm ul-Javohir ,

4356-413: Was written in Chagatai. The following is a prime example of the 16th-century literary Chagatai Turkic, employed by Babur in one of his ruba'is . Islam ichin avara-i yazi buldim, Kuffar u hind harbsazi buldim Jazm aylab idim uzni shahid olmaqqa, Amminna' lillahi ki gazi buldim I am become a desert wanderer for Islam, Having joined battle with infidels and Hindus I readied myself to become

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