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26-573: Its successors include the intelligence departments of the Ministry of Public Security and of the People's Liberation Army . The Central Committee Investigation Department was formed in 1955 to integrate civilian intelligence services of China. In 1983, the Investigation Department and other relevant agencies were merged to form the Ministry of State Security (MSS) as its successor. The creation of

52-555: A classified serial publication for internal purposes. During the disastrous Great Leap Forward between 1958 and 1961, the circular Public Security Work Bulletin ( Chinese : 公安工作简报 ; pinyin : Gōng'ān gōngzuò jiǎnbào ) was a top-secret serial which often described China's serious food shortages, social unrest and famine directly contradicting Mao Zedong 's claims of "bountiful economic fruit". MPS also produces another journal, People's Public Security News ( Chinese : 人民公安报 ; pinyin : Rénmín gōng'ān Bào ), and

78-891: A law-enforcement police body, separate from intelligence agencies." According to analyst Alex Joske , "the MPS lost much of its foreign intelligence remit after the MSS's creation, but has established new units for cross-border clandestine operations since then." The MPS remains a commonly used cover by MSS officers. Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre , the MPS worked to counter Operation Yellowbird . The MPS and its officers have been active abroad in Operation Fox Hunt and Operation Sky Net . The MPS under Sun Lijun had reporters from The Wall Street Journal in Hong Kong under "full operational surveillance" for their reporting of

104-483: A system of public security bureaus throughout the provinces, cities, municipalities and townships of China. The special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau maintain nominally separate police forces. The ministry is headed by the minister of public security . Wang Xiaohong has been the minister in charge since June 2022. The ministry's functions include intelligence gathering, counterintelligence and maintaining public and political security . It has

130-495: A website, China Police Daily ( Chinese : 中国警察网 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Jǐngchá Wǎng ), for both internal communication and external publicity. The MPS' First Bureau operates a united front organization called the China Association for Friendship . Jiang (rank)#Dajiang Jiang ( formerly romanized chiang and usually translated general ) is a general officer rank used by China and Taiwan . It

156-559: Is a government ministry of the People's Republic of China responsible for public and political security. It oversees more than 1.9 million of the country's law enforcement officers and as such the vast majority of the People's Police . While the MPS is a nationwide police force, conducting counterintelligence and maintaining the political security of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) remain its core functions. The ministry

182-559: Is also used as jang in North and South Korea , shō in Japan , and tướng in Vietnam . The same rank names are used for all services, prefixed by haijun ( simplified Chinese : 海军 ; traditional Chinese : 海軍 ; lit. 'naval force') or kongjun ( simplified Chinese : 空军 ; traditional Chinese : 空軍 ; lit. 'air force'). Under the rank system in place in

208-578: The 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) scandal . In 2017, Europol signed a "strategic cooperation agreement" with the MPS. Starting in 2019, the MPS began replacing "domestic security" with "political security" in the names of its units. In 2020, the United States Department of Commerce added the MPS Institute of Forensic Science to the Entity List over human rights issues related to

234-707: The Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China , while the task of collecting political and military intelligence overseas was assigned to the Intelligence Department of the Central Military Commission . In 1955, the task of political intelligence work was transferred to a newly created Communist party body, the CCP Central Investigation Department (CID) with Li Kenong as its first director. Today, China's Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of State Security of

260-587: The Uyghur genocide . The institute was removed from the list in 2023 as part of an agreement during the APEC United States 2023 to combat fentanyl trafficking. MPS has at times been involved in security diplomacy between China and other countries. For example, between 1997 and 2020, it organized 11 bilateral police diplomacy meetings with African countries. Under Xi Jinping, MPS has increased its training of police officers from other countries. In 2022, it

286-627: The Central Social Affairs Department (SAD) followed a decision taken by the Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party on 18 February 1939. The decision assigned to the department some five major tasks, including those of overseeing CCP counter-intelligence work and intelligence . An alternative designation of the department at this early stage was the "Central Commission for Enemy Area Operations." The first director of

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312-636: The Department of Social Affairs of the regional CCP Committee (orig. Work Committee) was not abolished until 2 May 1961. Directors: Kang Sheng (October 1939 – 1948?), Li Kenong (acting dir. May 1948-?; - May 1951?) Deputy directors: Kong Yuan (October 1939-), Pan Hannian (October 1939-), Li Kenong (March 1941-), Chen Gang (November 1945-August 1949), Tan Zhengwen (June 1948-November 1949), Liu Shaowen (May 1948-) Ministry of Public Security (China) The Ministry of Public Security ( MPS , Chinese : 公安部 ; pinyin : Gōng'ānbù )

338-654: The MPS include the General Office, Supervision, Personnel & Training, Public Relations, Economic Crime Investigation, Public Order Administration, Border Control, Criminal Investigation, Exit & Entry Administration, Special Services, Cyber Security, Detention Center Management, Traffic Control, Legal Affairs, International Cooperation, Equipment & Finance, Drug Control, Counter Terrorism, Science & Technology, Information Technology, Political Security , and others. The journal Public Security Construction （ Chinese : 公安建设 ; pinyin : Gōng'ān jiànshè ）was

364-447: The MPS. In the run-up to the 2024 United States elections , Spamouflage was identified as having used fake social media accounts in an attempt to amplify divisions in US society. The MPS is organized into functional departments (see below). Subordinate to the MPS are the provincial- and municipal-level PSB's ( Public Security Bureau ) and sub-bureaus at the county and urban district levels. At

390-536: The PLA in the era 1955–1965, there existed the rank of dajiang ( Chinese : 大将 ; lit. 'Grand commander'). This rank was awarded to 10 of the veteran leaders of the PLA in 1955 and never conferred again. It was considered equivalent to the Soviet rank of army general . The decision to name the equivalent rank yiji shangjiang ( Chinese : 一级上将 ; lit. 'Upper commander first class') when it

416-683: The People's Republic of China (which succeeded the CID in 1983) both trace their institutional origins to the SAD. Worth noting in an institutional history context is the fact that some of the SAD's sub-national counterparts (e.g., the Department of Social Affairs of the CCP Committee of province X) continued to exist as party bodies for quite some time after the founding of the PRC. In the Tibet Autonomous Region ,

442-510: The SAD was Kang Sheng . By the time the Chinese Civil War flared up again after World War II, Kang had been replaced by his senior deputy Li Kenong as acting director. Li was officially department director in August 1949, when the SAD was dissolved and its tasks parceled out to other agencies. After the founding of the PRC, domestic counter-intelligence work was at the central level managed by

468-520: The central government. The ministry is also closely associated with the development of surveillance technologies used by police in China through the Third Research Institute ( Chinese : 第三研究所 ; pinyin : Dì-sān Yánjiūsuǒ ; lit. 'No. 3 Research Institute') focused on the development of AI based “smart surveillance,” and censorship technologies. The internal departments of

494-451: The end of a two-week-long National Conference of Senior Public Security Cadres. Most of its initial staff of less than 500 cadres came from the (former) regional CCP North China Department of Social Affairs. At the national level, its creation signaled the formal abolition of the SAD. The ministry moved to its present location, in the heart of the one-time foreign legation quarters in Beijing , in

520-541: The grassroots level, finally, there are police stations ( Chinese : 派出所 ; pinyin : Pàichūsuǒ ) which serve as the direct point of contact between police and ordinary citizens. While public security considerations have weighed heavily at all levels of administration since the founding of the PRC, the police are perceived by some outside observers to wield progressively greater influence at lower levels of government. Provincial public security bureaus are subject to dual supervision by both local provincial governments and

546-683: The primary authority for preventing cyberattacks and it operates the Golden Shield Project . The Ministry of Public Security was among the first government organs established in the PRC. It superseded the Ministry of Public Security of the CCP's Central Military Commission (CMC), a transitional body created in July 1949 by removing the security service remit from the CCP's Central Social Affairs Department (SAD). The MPS began operations on 1 November 1949, at

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572-399: The spring of 1950. The MPS's Guangzhou office historically handled foreign spies such as Larry Wu-tai Chin . With the creation of the Ministry of State Security (MSS) in July 1983, MPS lost much of its counterintelligence personnel and remit. Scholars Jichang Lulu and Filip Jirouš have argued that the establishment of the MSS "may have contributed to the illusion that the MPS is simply

598-680: Was briefly re-established in 1988-1994 was likely due to a desire to keep the rank of dajiang an honorary one awarded after a war, much as General of the Armies in the United States Army . It was offered to Deng Xiaoping who declined the new rank. Thus it was never conferred and scrapped in 1994. The same rank names are used for all services, prefixed by riku ( Japanese : 陸 , lit.   'land'), kai ( Japanese : 海 , lit.   'sea') or kū ( Japanese : 空 , lit.   'air'). The rank insignia of

624-542: Was established in 1949 after the CCP's victory in the Chinese Civil War as the successor to the Central Social Affairs Department and was known as Ministry of Public Security of the Central People's Government until 1954. Grand General Luo Ruiqing of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) served as its first minister. As the ministry's organization was based on Soviet and Eastern Bloc models, it

650-487: Was reported that the MPS had established numerous overseas police service stations , which sparked investigations by law enforcement organs in multiple countries. In 2023, the United States Department of Justice stated that the MPS engages in covert "intelligence and national security operations far beyond China's borders," including "illicit, transnational repression schemes". The same year, disinformation operations known as Spamouflage or "Dragonbridge" were linked to

676-538: Was responsible for all aspects of national security ; ranging from regular police work to intelligence , counterintelligence and the suppression of anti-CCP political and social sentiments. Military intelligence affairs remained with the General Staff Department , while the CCP's International Department was active in fomenting revolutionary tendencies worldwide by funneling weapons, money and resources into various pro-CCP movements. The ministry employs

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