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191-464: In contemporary geography, the terms Central Croatia ( Croatian : Središnja Hrvatska ) and Mountainous Croatia ( Gorska Hrvatska ) are used to describe most of the area sometimes historically known as Croatia or Croatia proper ( Uža Hrvatska ), one of the four historical regions of the Republic of Croatia , together with Dalmatia , Istria , and Slavonia . It is located between Slavonia in

382-582: A Catholic city—before proceeding to sack Constantinople . In the 13th century, Venice established itself as a leading maritime nation . During much of the 12th and 13th centuries, Venice and the Republic of Genoa were engaged in warfare culminating in the War of Chioggia , ousting the Genoese from the Adriatic. Still, the 1381 Treaty of Turin that ended the war required Venice to renounce claims to Dalmatia, after losing

573-461: A common polycentric standard language is used, consisting of several standard varieties , similar to the existing varieties of German , English or Spanish . The aim of the new Declaration is to stimulate discussion on language without the nationalistic baggage and to counter nationalistic divisions. The terms "Serbo-Croatian", "Serbo-Croat", or "Croato-Serbian", are still used as a cover term for all these forms by foreign scholars, even though

764-640: A counterclockwise direction, thus bringing clearer waters up the eastern coast and returning increasingly polluted water down the western coast. This circulation has significantly contributed to the biodiversity of the countries along the eastern Adriatic coast; the common bottlenose dolphin is frequent in the eastern coast's waters only, and the Croatian coast provides refuge for the critically endangered monk seal and sea turtles. Recent studies revealed that cetaceans and other marine megafaunas , that were once thought to be vagrants to Adriatic Sea, migrate and live in

955-516: A few days a year, the worst-case sea level rise scenario between 2050 and 2100 would prompt deployment up to 187 days a year, essentially cutting off the Venetian Lagoon from the Adriatic Sea. Among other possible adverse effects, this can be expected to lower the lagoon's oxygen levels and trap pollution inside of the city. Geophysical and geological information indicate that the Adriatic Sea and

1146-581: A major concern in terms of potential environmental impact and damage to tourism and fisheries. It is estimated that if a major oil spill happened, a million people would lose their livelihoods in Croatia alone. An additional risk is presented by oil refineries in the Po River basin where oil spills have occurred before, in addition to accidents occurring in the Adriatic already, so far with no significant environmental consequences. Since 2006, Italy has been considering

1337-673: A narrow road between Karlobag and Gospić—the first to span Velebit. Those first roads were replaced by the more modern Josephina connecting Karlovac to Senj, largely tracing the Roman trading route across the Vratnik pass , and the Theresiana following a different route between Karlobag and Gospić, completed in 1779 and 1784 respectively. In 1789, a road to Dalmatia, branching from the Josephine road at Žuta Lokva towards Gračac via Gospić. Louisiana road

1528-465: A national park in 1999. The Lim Canal is a 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) ria of the Pazinčica river. The Kornati national park was established in 1980; it covers approximately 220 square kilometres (85 sq mi), including 89 islands and islets. The marine environment encompasses three-quarters of the total area, while the island shores' combined length equals 238 kilometres (148 mi). Telašćica

1719-604: A new elevation benchmark referring to the upgraded tide gauge station in the coastal town of Koper . The Alps, which also have a large meteorological impact on the Mediterranean, touch the Adriatic in the area around Trieste towards Duino and Barcola . The Adriatic Sea contains more than 1,300 islands and islets , most along the Adriatic's eastern coast—especially in Croatia, with 1,246 counted. The number includes islands, islets, and rocks of all sizes, including ones emerging at ebb tide only. The Croatian islands include

1910-783: A population of 2,418,214. Croatia proper straddles the boundary between the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Basin . The boundary of these two geomorphological units runs from Žumberak to Banovina , along the Sava River. The Dinaric Alps area is typified by karst topography, while the Pannonian Basin exhibits plains, especially in the river valleys—along the Sava, Drava , and Kupa —interspersed with hills and mountains developed as horst and graben structures. Lika and Gorski Kotar are part of

2101-595: A sea surface of 2,227 hectares (5,500 acres) and is adjacent to the Torre Guaceto State Reserve covering 1,114 hectares (2,750 acres) of coast and sharing an 8-kilometre (5.0 mi) coastline with the marine protected area. Furthermore, there are 10 internationally important (Ramsar) wetland reserves in Italy located along the Adriatic coast. There are seven marine protected areas in Croatia: Brijuni and

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2292-624: A season. The predominant winter winds are the bora and sirocco (called jugo along the eastern coast). The bora is significantly conditioned by wind gaps in the Dinaric Alps bringing cold and dry continental air; it reaches peak speeds in the areas of Trieste, Senj , and Split , with gusts of up to 180 kilometres per hour (97 kn; 110 mph). The sirocco brings humid and warm air, often carrying Saharan sand causing rain dust . [REDACTED] Bari [REDACTED] Venice [REDACTED] Trieste [REDACTED] Durrës On

2483-412: A separate language that is considered key to national identity, in the sense that the term Croatian language includes all language forms from the earliest times to the present, in all areas where Croats live, as realized in the speeches of Croatian dialects, in city speeches and jargons, and in the Croatian standard language. The issue is sensitive in Croatia as the notion of a separate language being

2674-488: A series of 79 inflatable pontoons across the sea bed at the three entrances to the Venetian Lagoon . When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres (43 in), the pontoons will be filled with air and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work was due to be completed by 2014, but as of November 2020 is expected to be completed in 2021. Implemented for the first time on October 3, 2020,

2865-718: A terminal in Slavonski Brod further east on the Sava River, and the Omišalj oil terminal—a part of the Port of Rijeka. The JANAF system also includes a petroleum derivatives pipeline to a fuel handling terminal in Zagreb. The region forms a center of Croatia's natural gas supply system, based on an underground storage facility located approximately 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of Zagreb. The Dinaric mountain ranges of Lika and Gorski Kotar in

3056-492: Is a nature park established on Dugi Otok in 1988. The park covers 69 kilometres (43 mi) of coastline, 22.95 square kilometres (8.86 sq mi) of land and 44.55 square kilometres (17.20 sq mi) of sea. The Bay of Mali Ston is located at the border of Croatia and Bosnia–Herzegovina, north of the Pelješac peninsula. The marine protected area covers 48 square kilometres (19 sq mi). The Lastovo nature park

3247-605: Is also a significant branch of the area's economy—there are 19 seaports in the Adriatic that each handle more than a million tonnes of cargo per year. The largest Adriatic seaport by annual cargo turnover is the Port of Trieste , while the Port of Split is the largest Adriatic seaport by passengers served per year. The origins of the name Adriatic are linked to the Illyrian settlement of Adria , which probably derives its name from Illyrian adur 'water, sea'. In classical antiquity ,

3438-435: Is also a site of international importance for waterbird species. The 429-hectare (1,060-acre) Strunjan Landscape Park was established in 2004 and comprises two nature reserves. It includes a 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long cliff, the northernmost Mediterranean salt field and the only Slovenian lagoon system. It is also the northernmost point of growth of some Mediterranean plant species. The Škocjan Inlet Nature Reserve

3629-537: Is also home to the Ruđer Bošković Institute —the leading Croatia's scientific research institute —and to the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Croatia proper as a region has defined itself historically through territorial losses of the medieval Kingdom of Croatia to the Republic of Venice and Ottoman conquest starting in the 15th century. Modern history recorded the first Ottoman raids in

3820-447: Is also official in the regions of Burgenland (Austria), Molise (Italy) and Vojvodina (Serbia). Additionally, it has co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Carașova and Lupac , Romania . In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian. Croatian

4011-494: Is at the mid-width east of Ancona. The normal tide levels are known to increase significantly in a conducive environment, leading to coastal flooding ; this phenomenon is most famously known in Italy—especially Venice—as acqua alta . Such tides can exceed normal levels by more than 140 centimetres (55 in), with the highest tide level of 194 centimetres (76 in) observed on 4 November 1966. Such flooding

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4202-461: Is caused by a combination of factors, including the alignment of the Sun and Moon , meteorological factors such as sirocco related storm surges, and the basin's geometric shape (which amplifies or reduces the astronomical component). Moreover, the Adriatic's long and narrow rectangular shape is the source of an oscillating water motion ( French : seiche ) along the basin's minor axis. Finally, Venice

4393-516: Is considerable seasonal snow at greater elevations. The region belongs almost exclusively to the Black Sea drainage basin and includes most of the large rivers flowing in Croatia . The boundaries of Croatia proper were shaped by territorial losses of medieval Croatia to the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman conquest starting in the 15th century. In effect, Croatia proper loosely corresponds to what

4584-527: Is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps and in turn, the Mountainous Croatia. There are numerous caves in the Mountainous Croatia . The longest cave in Croatia and in the entire Dinaric Alps, 20,656-metre (67,769 ft) Kita Gaćešina , is located in southern Velebit area of the Mountainous Croatia. The vast majority of the region is encompassed by the Black Sea drainage basin . The area includes all

4775-464: Is geographically divided into the Northern Adriatic, Central (or Middle) Adriatic, and Southern Adriatic. The Adriatic Sea drainage basin encompasses 235,000 square kilometres (91,000 sq mi), yielding a land–sea ratio of 1.8. The drainage basin's mean elevation is 782 metres (2,566 ft) above sea level, with a mean slope of 12.1°. Major rivers discharging into the Adriatic include

4966-548: Is increasingly vulnerable to flooding due to coastal area soil subsidence . Such unusually high tides resulting in flooding have also been observed elsewhere in the Adriatic Sea, and have been recorded in recent years in the towns of Koper , Zadar and Šibenik as well. It is estimated that the Adriatic's entire volume is exchanged through the Strait of Otranto in 3.4±0.4 years, a comparatively short period. (For instance, approximately 500 years are necessary to exchange all

5157-399: Is no doubt of the near 100% mutual intelligibility of (standard) Croatian and (standard) Serbian, as is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others' films, TV and sports broadcasts, newspapers, rock lyrics etc.", writes Bailyn. Differences between various standard forms of Serbo-Croatian are often exaggerated for political reasons. Most Croatian linguists regard Croatian as

5348-621: Is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. However, in January 2023, the Croatian Parliament passed a law that prescribes the official use of the Croatian language, regulates the establishment of the Council for the Croatian language as a coordinating advisory body whose work will be focused on the protection and development of the Croatian language. State authorities, local and regional self-government entities are obliged to use

5539-588: Is not typically used, and instead its territory is variously classified under Pannonian Croatia ( Croatian : Panonska Hrvatska ), Central Croatia ( Središnja Hrvatska ), Mountainous Croatia ( Gorska Hrvatska ), Zagreb macroregion ( Zagrebačka makroregija ), Rijeka macroregion ( Riječka makroregija ). Croatia proper roughly corresponds to the area of Zagreb and ten Croatian counties : Bjelovar-Bilogora , Karlovac , Koprivnica-Križevci , Krapina-Zagorje , Lika-Senj , Međimurje , Primorje-Gorski Kotar , Sisak-Moslavina , Varaždin , and Zagreb County . In

5730-1049: Is officially used and taught at all universities in Croatia and at the University of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studies of Croatian language are held in Hungary (Institute of Philosophy at the ELTE Faculty of Humanities in Budapest ), Slovakia (Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University in Bratislava ), Poland ( University of Warsaw , Jagiellonian University , University of Silesia in Katowice , University of Wroclaw , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan ), Germany ( University of Regensburg ), Australia (Center for Croatian Studies at

5921-411: Is often considered the most significant centre of baroque culture and heritage in Croatia. That claim is reflected in the city's historical architecture and cultural events, based on traditions of the city from the era. Zagreb, on the other hand, is the largest cultural centre, not only in the region, but also in Croatia as a whole. It is home to dozens of galleries, museums, and theatres as well as being

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6112-574: Is presented by ballast water discharge by ships, especially tankers . Still, since most of the cargo handled by the Adriatic ports, and virtually all liquid (tanker) cargo handled by the ports, is coming to—not coming from—the Adriatic Basin, the risk from ballast water (from tankers expelling ballast water then loading in the Adriatic) remains minimal. However, proposed export oil pipelines were objected to specifically because of this issue. Oil spills are

6303-536: Is represented by the editions of " Adrianskoga mora sirena " ("The Siren of the Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and " Putni tovaruš " ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska . However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671. Subsequently, the Croatian elite in

6494-421: Is shallower and closer to land than are oceans. During particularly cold winters, sea ice may appear in the Adriatic's shallow coastal areas, especially in the Venetian Lagoon but also in isolated shallows as far south as Tisno (south of Zadar). The Southern Adriatic is about 8 to 10 °C (14 to 18 °F) warmer during the winter than the more northerly regions. The Adriatic's salinity variation over

6685-589: Is still used now in parts of Istria , which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with Ekavian, Ijekavian and Ikavian isoglosses . The most standardised form (Kajkavian–Ikavian) became the cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura . The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom

6876-712: Is the 22nd-ranked food processing industry company Vindija , while the 31st-ranked also food processing industry company Podravka , based in Koprivnica , is the largest company in Koprivnica-Križevci County .The 41st-ranked petrochemical plant Petrokemija , based in Kutina is the largest company in Sisak-Moslavina County , while the 57th-ranked PPK Karlovac a meat processing company headquartered in Karlovac

7067-452: Is the largest city in Croatia proper, followed by Rijeka , Karlovac, Varaždin, Sisak , and Velika Gorica . Other cities in Croatia proper have populations below 30,000. According to the 2001 census, Croats account for 92.0 percent of population of the region, and the most significant ethnic minority are Serbs , comprising 3.4 percent of the population. The largest proportion of the Serb minority

7258-656: Is the largest company in Karlovac County .The 106th-ranked glass-packaging producing company Vetropack Straža is the largest company in Krapina-Zagorje County , while the 168th-ranked meat processing company headquartered in Čakovec is the largest company in Međimurje County .The largest company in Lika-Senj County is 237th-ranked Calcit Lika . In contrast, the regions of Lika and Gorski Kotar are

7449-637: Is the most indented Mediterranean coastline. Most of the eastern coast is characterised by a karst topography, developed from the Adriatic Carbonate Platform's exposure to weathering. Karstification there largely began after the Dinarides' final uplift in the Oligocene and the Miocene , when carbonate deposits were exposed to atmospheric effects; this extended to the level of 120 metres (390 ft) below

7640-729: Is the most significant economic area of the country, contributing well over 50% of Croatia's gross domestic product . The capital of the Republic of Croatia, Zagreb , is the largest city and most important economic centre in Central Croatia. Croatia proper comprises several smaller regions of its own: Lika , Gorski Kotar , Zagorje , Međimurje , the Croatian Littoral, Podravina , Posavina , Kordun , Banovina , Prigorje , Turopolje , Moslavina , and Žumberak . The region covers 28,337 square kilometres (10,941 square miles) of land and has

7831-557: Is the national official language and literary standard of Croatia , one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , the Serbian province of Vojvodina , the European Union and a recognized minority language elsewhere in Serbia and other neighbouring countries. In the mid-18th century, the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of

Central Croatia - Misplaced Pages Continue

8022-468: Is threatened by excessive input of nutrients through drainage from agricultural land and wastewater flowing from cities; this includes both along its coast and from rivers draining into the sea—especially from the Po River . Venice is often cited as an example of polluted coastal waters where shipping, transportation, farming, manufacturing and wastewater disposal contribute to polluting the sea. A further risk

8213-639: Is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet . Besides the Shtokavian dialect, on which Standard Croatian is based, there are two other main supradialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, Chakavian and Kajkavian . These supradialects, and the four national standards, are usually subsumed under the term "Serbo-Croatian" in English; this term is controversial for native speakers, and names such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" (BCMS) are used by linguists and philologists in

8404-812: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian (2009 Croatian government official translation): Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Adriatic Sea The Adriatic Sea ( / ˌ eɪ d r i ˈ æ t ɪ k / ) is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula . The Adriatic is the northernmost arm of the Mediterranean Sea , extending from

8595-556: The A4 motorway , spanning from Zagreb to Varaždin and the border of Hungary , and a section of the A1 and A6 motorways , extending south of Zagreb towards Karlovac and Rijeka . The transport corridor also contains a parallel railway line connecting the Port of Rijeka and Budapest via Zagreb. The second major transport route is the corridor X, represented as the A3 motorway and a double-track railway spanning

8786-725: The Adriatic Basin 's climate. The Adriatic Sea sits on the Apulian or Adriatic Microplate , which separated from the African Plate in the Mesozoic era . The plate's movement contributed to the formation of the surrounding mountain chains and Apennine tectonic uplift after its collision with the Eurasian Plate . In the Late Oligocene , the Italian Peninsula first formed, separating

8977-570: The Adriatic Sea , because of the absence of its moderating effect. The lowest temperature of −35.5 °C (−31.9 °F) was recorded on 3 February 1919 in Čakovec , and the highest temperature of 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) was recorded on 5 July 1950 in Karlovac . Gorski Kotar and Lika represent the coldest parts of Croatia as mean annual temperature there ranges between 8 and 10  °C (46 and 50  °F ) at lower elevations and 2 and 4  °C (36 and 39  °F ) at greater elevations. Gorski Kotar mountain peaks of Risnjak and Snježnik receive

9168-431: The Apennine Mountains are further away from the shoreline. The coastal water dynamics are determined by the asymmetric coasts and the inflow of the Mediterranean seawater through the Straits of Otranto and further on along the eastern coast. The smooth Italian coast (with very few protrusions and no major islands) allows the Western Adriatic Current to flow smoothly, which is composed of the relatively freshwater mass on

9359-416: The Banovina region , along the Sava River, and their westernmost landforms being 1,272-metre (4,173 ft) Ćićarija and 1,396-metre (4,580 ft) Učka mountains in Istria. The Mountainous Croatia contains five out of eight mountains in Croatia higher than 1,500 metres (4,900 feet): Velebit , Plješivica , Velika Kapela , Risnjak and Snježnik . Karst topography makes up about half of Croatia and

9550-524: The Black Sea 's water.) This short period is particularly important as the rivers flowing into the Adriatic discharge up to 5,700 cubic metres per second (200,000 cu ft/s). This rate of discharge amounts to 0.5% of the total Adriatic Sea volume, or a 1.3-metre (4 ft 3 in) layer of water each year. The greatest portion of the discharge from any single river comes from the Po (28%), with an average discharge from it alone of 1,569 cubic metres per second (55,400 cu ft/s). In terms of

9741-407: The Dinaric Alps , and contain five out of eight mountains in Croatia higher than 1,500 metres (4,900 feet). Karst topography predominates in that area, resulting in specific landforms and hydrology because of the interaction of the karst and the region's watercourses—this is exemplified by the Plitvice Lakes . Most of the region has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate , although there

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9932-528: The Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire . The Napoleonic Wars resulted in the Austrian Empire gaining control of most of the eastern Adriatic shore and the Po Valley, while the Kingdom of Italy gradually took control of the remaining Italian coast during the 19th century. Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, control of the eastern coast passed to Yugoslavia and Albania, which agreed on their maritime boundaries with Italy in 1975 and 1992 respectively. After Yugoslavia's dissolution during

10123-399: The Ionian Sea at the 72-kilometre (45 mi) wide Strait of Otranto . The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the boundary between the Adriatic and the Ionian seas as a line running from the Butrinto River 's mouth ( latitude 39°44'N) in Albania to the Karagol Cape in Corfu , through this island to the Kephali Cape (these two capes are in latitude 39°45'N), and on to

10314-488: The Karaburun Peninsula where the Adriatic and Ionian Seas meet. The park covers a total of 12,570 hectares (31,100 acres). Two additional marine protection areas are planned in Albania: the Cape of Rodon ( Albanian : Kepi i Rodonit ) and Porto Palermo . In addition, Albania is home to two Ramsar wetland reserves: Karavasta Lagoon , and Butrint . Neither Bosnia–Herzegovina nor Montenegro have or plan to establish any marine protection areas. The Adriatic Sea ecosystem

10505-456: The Late Oligocene , the motion was reversed and the Apennine Mountains' orogeny took place. An unbroken zone of increased seismic activity borders the Adriatic Sea, with a belt of thrust faults generally oriented in the northeast–southwest direction on the east coast and the northeast–southwest normal faults in the Apennines, indicating an Adriatic counterclockwise rotation. An active 200-kilometre (120 mi) fault has been identified to

10696-408: The Latin alphabet and are living in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina , different parts of Croatia , southern parts (inc. Budapest ) of Hungary as well in the autonomous province Vojvodina of Serbia . The Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics added the Bunjevac dialect to the List of Protected Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Croatia on 8 October 2021. Article 1 of

10887-420: The Lim Canal off the Istria peninsula's coast, near Pula and Rovinj respectively; Kornati and Telašćica in the Middle Adriatic basin, near Zadar ; and Lastovo , Bay of Mali Ston ( Croatian : Malostonski zaljev ) and Mljet in southern Dalmatia. The Brijuni national park encompasses the 743.3-hectare (1,837-acre) archipelago itself and 2,651.7 hectares (6,552 acres) of surrounding sea; it became

11078-506: The Macquarie University ), Northern Macedonia (Faculty of Philology in Skopje ) etc. Croatian embassies hold courses for learning Croatian in Poland, United Kingdom and a few other countries. Extracurricular education of Croatian is hold in Germany in Baden-Württemberg , Berlin , Hamburg and Saarland , as well as in North Macedonia in Skopje , Bitola , Štip and Kumanovo . Some Croatian Catholic Missions also hold Croatian language courses (for. ex. CCM in Buenos Aires ). There

11269-466: The NUTS-2 statistical classification , Međimurje County, Varaždin County, Koprivnica-Križevci County, Krapina-Zagorje County, and Zagreb County make up Northern Croatia , Primorje-Gorski Kotar and Lika-Senj counties are part of Adriatic Croatia , while Bjelovar-Bilogora, Karlovac and Sisak-Moslavina counties are part of the Pannonian Croatia . The ten counties and Zagreb cover 28,337 square kilometres (10,941 square miles) of land, corresponding to 50% of

11460-434: The Pleistocene epoch during the formation of the Transdanubian Mountains . Ultimately up to 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) of sediment was deposited in the basin, and the sea eventually drained through the Iron Gate gorge. The result is large plains, particularly in river valleys, and especially along the Sava, Drava , and Kupa rivers. The plains are interspersed with horst and graben structures, believed to have broken

11651-451: The Plitvice Lakes , listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and Rastoke , to the north of the Plitvice Lakes. Lika and Gorski Kotar are marked by several significant rivers draining north towards the Pannonian Basin. Those are the Kupa , tracing the northern boundary of the region, Dobra , Mrežnica and the Korana —forming travertine barriers and waterfalls before discharging into Kupa in area of Karlovac , as well as Una , in

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11842-447: The Po River delta, where an emporium (trading station) was founded in Adria . Roman economic and military influence in the region began to grow with the creation by 246 BC of a major naval base at Brundisium (now Brindisi ), which was established to bar Carthaginian ships from the Adriatic during the Punic Wars . This led to conflict with the Illyrians , who lived in a collection of semi- Hellenized kingdoms that covered much of

12033-512: The Po Valley are associated with a tectonic microplate —identified as the Apulian or Adriatic Plate —that separated from the African Plate during the Mesozoic era . This separation began in the Middle and Late Triassic , when limestone began to be deposited in the area. Between the Norian and Late Cretaceous , the Adriatic and Apulia Carbonate Platforms formed as a thick series of carbonate sediments ( dolomites and limestones), up to 8,000 metres (26,000 ft) deep. Remnants of

12224-415: The Po Valley , at the Adriatic's north-west coast, and as far west as Piacenza , dating to the Pleistocene as the sea advanced and receded over the valley. An advance began after the Last Glacial Maximum, which brought the Adriatic to a high point at about 5,500 years ago. Since then, the Po delta has been prograding (expanding/extending). The rate of coastal zone progradation between 1000 BC and 1200 AD

12415-438: The Ramsar list of internationally important wetlands are located in the region— Lonjsko Polje along the Sava and Lonja rivers near Sisak , and Crna Mlaka near Jastrebarsko . A high degree of karstification of the terrain in the Dinaric Alps has resulted in an increased permeability of soil and rocks and the formation of travertine barriers and waterfalls. The finest examples of the interaction of watercourses and karst are

12606-427: The Santa Maria di Leuca Cape (latitude 39°48'N). It extends 800 kilometres (500 mi) from the northwest to the southeast and is 200 kilometres (120 mi) wide. It covers 138,600 square kilometres (53,500 sq mi) and has a volume of 35,000 cubic kilometres (8,400 cu mi). The Adriatic extends northwest from 40° to 45° 47' north, representing the Mediterranean 's northernmost portion. The sea

12797-550: The Sava River. The Dinaric Alps are linked to a fold and thrust belt active from the Late Jurassic to recent times, and is itself part of the Alpine orogeny that extends southeast from the southern Alps . Karst topography is especially prominent in the Dinaric Alps. The Pannonian Basin took shape through Miocenian thinning and subsidence of crust structures formed during the Late Paleozoic Variscan orogeny . Paleozoic and Mesozoic structures are visible in Papuk and other Slavonian mountains. The processes also led to

12988-413: The Strait of Otranto (where it connects to the Ionian Sea ) to the northwest and the Po Valley . The countries with coasts on the Adriatic are Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Italy , Montenegro , and Slovenia . The Adriatic contains more than 1,300 islands, mostly located along its eastern coast. It is divided into three basins, the northern being the shallowest and the southern being

13179-428: The Trakošćan Castle —the most beautiful castle in Croatia. Its construction started in the 14th century, and it has been substantially expanded and rebuilt since. Another example is the Veliki Tabor Castle —the best-preserved medieval castle in Croatia—completed in the second half of the 15th century. Among the cities in the region, Varaždin and Zagreb occupy particularly prominent places in terms of culture. Varaždin

13370-426: The Via Egnatia , a road that by about 130 BC the Romans had extended eastward across the Balkans to Byzantium (later Constantinople , now Istanbul ). This made the sea passage across the Adriatic between Brundisium and Dyrrachium (or Apollonia) a link in the primary route for travelers, trade, and troop movements, between Rome and the East. This route played a major role in some of the military operations that marked

13561-410: The maritime republics , was founded during this period and went on to become a significant maritime power after receiving a Byzantine tax exemption in 1082. The end of the period brought about the Holy Roman Empire 's control over the Kingdom of Italy (which would last until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648), the establishment of an independent Kingdom of Croatia and the Byzantine Empire's return to

13752-526: The medieval Kingdom of Croatia was governed by rulers based further south, in areas closer to the Adriatic Sea coast, there are few Early and High Middle Ages monuments preserved in the region—most of them date back to the Late Middle Ages and later periods. There are, however, archaeological sites with features from prehistory and classical antiquity . The most significant prehistoric site in

13943-701: The 1,200-metre (3,900 ft) deep South Adriatic Pit and the Middle Adriatic basin from the South Adriatic Basin. Further on to the south, the sea floor rises to 780 metres (2,560 ft) to form the Otranto Sill at the boundary to the Ionian Sea. The South Adriatic Basin is similar in many respects to the Northern Ionian Sea, to which it is connected. Transversely, the Adriatic Sea is also asymmetric:

14134-655: The 1593 Battle of Sisak , the first decisive Ottoman defeat, which led to a more lasting stabilisation of the frontier. As the Ottoman control of the area waned, the Military Frontier expanded to include the entirety of Lika. In 1881, that region was incorporated into the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , together with Gorski Kotar , which remained a part of the Kingdom of Croatia throughout the Croatian–Ottoman Wars . After

14325-537: The 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard. The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century pan- South Slavic political and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardise the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge them into a common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been several literary languages over four centuries. The leader of

14516-464: The 1960s, but the city remains threatened by the acqua alta floods. Recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking, but a state of alert remains in place. In May 2003, then-Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE project ( Italian : Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico ), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of inflatable gates. The project proposes laying

14707-437: The 1990s, its four coastal successor states—Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro—continued to recognise the previous maritime border with Italy, but have disputed the borders between themselves. Fisheries and tourism are significant sources of income all along the Adriatic coast. Adriatic Croatia 's tourism industry has grown faster economically than the rest of the Adriatic Basin 's. Maritime transport

14898-836: The 21st century. In 1997, the Croatian Parliament established the Days of the Croatian Language from March 11 to 17. Since 2013, the Institute of Croatian language has been celebrating the Month of the Croatian Language , from February 21 ( International Mother Language Day ) to March 17 (the day of signing the Declaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language ). In

15089-553: The 50th anniversary of the Declaration, at the beginning of 2017, a two-day meeting of experts from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro was organized in Zagreb, at which the text of the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs and Montenegrins was drafted. The new Declaration has received more than ten thousand signatures . It states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro

15280-488: The Adriatic Basin from the rest of the Mediterranean. The western coast is alluvial or terraced , while the eastern coast is highly indented with pronounced karstification . There are dozens of marine protected areas in the Adriatic, designed to protect the sea's habitats and biodiversity—more than 7,000 species are identified as native to the Adriatic, many of them endemic , rare and threatened ones. The Adriatic's shores are populated by more than 3.5 million people;

15471-479: The Adriatic Sea in Italy alone, also forming alluvial coastlines, including the lagoons of Venice , Grado and Caorle . There are smaller eastern Adriatic alluvial coasts—in the deltas of the Dragonja, Buna and Neretva rivers. The Adriatic Sea is a unique water body in respect of its overall biogeochemical physiognomy. It exports inorganic nutrients and imports particulate organic carbon and nitrogen through

15662-527: The Adriatic Sea's coasts and islands, there are numerous small settlements and a number of larger cities. Among the largest are (counterclockwise) Trieste, Venice, Rimini, Ancona, Pescara and Bari in Italy; Vlorë and Durrës in Albania; Split, Zadar and Rijeka in Croatia; Koper in Slovenia. In total, more than 3.5 million people live on the Adriatic coasts. There are also some larger cities that are located very near

15853-605: The Adriatic Sea. Exclusive economic zones in Adriatic Sea: The Adriatic Sea's average depth is 259.5 metres (851 ft), and its maximum depth is 1,233 metres (4,045 ft); however, the North Adriatic basin rarely exceeds a depth of 100 metres (330 ft). The North Adriatic basin, extending between Venice and Trieste towards a line connecting Ancona and Zadar , is only 15 metres (49 ft) deep at its northwestern end; it gradually deepens towards

16044-544: The Adriatic Sea. The Northern Adriatic's comparatively shallow seabed is characterised by relict sand (from times when the water level was lower and the area was a sandy beach), while a muddy bed is typical at depths below 100 metres (330 ft). There are five geomorphological units in the Adriatic: the Northern Adriatic (up to 100 metres (330 ft) deep); the North Adriatic islands area protected against sediments filling it in by outer islands (pre- Holocene karst relief);

16235-401: The Adriatic Sea. The most common species are Cymodocea nodosa and Zostera noltii , while Zostera marina and Posidonia oceanica are comparatively rare. A number of rare and threatened species are also found along the Adriatic's eastern coast; it is relatively clearer and less polluted than the western Adriatic coast—in part because the sea currents flow through the Adriatic in

16426-467: The Adriatic Sea. These are particularly due to or dependent upon the karst morphology of the coastal or submarine topography; this includes inhabiting subterranean habitats, karst rivers, and areas around freshwater springs. There are 45 known subspecies endemic to the Adriatic's coasts and islands. In the Adriatic, there are at least 410 species and subspecies of fish, representing approximately 70% of Mediterranean taxa, with at least 7 species endemic to

16617-563: The Adriatic for a few centuries. The last part of the period saw the rise of the Carolingian Empire and then the Frankish Kingdom of Italy , which controlled the Adriatic Sea's western coast, while Byzantine Dalmatia on the east coast gradually shrunk into Dalmatian city-states following the Avar and Croatian invasions starting in the 7th century. The Republic of Venice , one of

16808-430: The Adriatic is solid waste. Drifting waste—occasionally relatively large quantities of material, especially waste plastic—is transported northwest by the sirocco. Air pollution in the Adriatic Basin is associated with the large industrial centres in the Po River valley and the large industrial cities along the coast. Italy and Yugoslavia established a joint commission to protect the Adriatic Sea from pollution in 1977;

16999-746: The Adriatic's coasts were ruled by Ostrogoths , Lombards and the Byzantine Empire . The Ostrogothic Kingdom ruled Italy following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD. However, during the reign of Justinian the Byzantine Empire sent an army under the general Belisarius to regain control of Italy, resulting in the Gothic War (535–554) . The Byzantines established the Exarchate of Ravenna and by 553 AD their viceroy (Exarch) ruled almost

17190-437: The Adriatic. Sixty-four known species are threatened with extinction, largely because of overfishing. Only a small fraction of the fish found in the Adriatic are attributed to recent processes such as Lessepsian migration , and escape from mariculture . The biodiversity of the Adriatic is relatively high, and several marine protected areas have been established by countries along its coasts. In Italy, these are Miramare in

17381-558: The Apennine peninsular coast is relatively smooth with very few islands and the Mount Conero and Gargano promontories as the only significant protrusions into the sea; in contrast, the Balkan peninsular coast is rugged with numerous islands, especially in Croatia. The coast's ruggedness is exacerbated by the Dinaric Alps ' proximity to the coast, in contrast to the opposite (Italian) coast where

17572-721: The Balkans and controlled the eastern shore of the sea, resulting in the Illyrian Wars from 229 to 168 BC. The initial Roman intervention in 229 BC, motivated in part by a desire to suppress Illyrian piracy in the Adriatic, marked the first time that the Roman navy crossed that sea to launch a military campaign. Those wars ended with the eastern shore becoming a province of the Roman Republic. However, resistance to Roman rule continued sporadically and Rome did not completely consolidate control of

17763-642: The Croatia proper by income among were INA , Konzum plus (a part of Fortenova Grupa corporate group ) and Hrvatska elektroprivreda — all of them headquartered in Zagreb. The largest company by income in Zagreb County is 5th-ranked Lidl Hrvatska , while the 8th-ranked retail chain Plodine is the largest company in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County .The largest company by income in Varaždin County

17954-481: The Croatian Littoral and Mountainous Croatia has become more pronounced over time, as the western, mountainous areas of Lika and Gorski Kotar suffered from population depletion during the 20th century, especially during World War II and the Croatian War of Independence . The 2001 census indicated a large proportion of elderly, when 31.5% of population of Lika was over 60 years of age. The Ogulin-Plaški Valley contains

18145-585: The Croatian language. The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities . In 2013, a Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics received an official sole seal of approval from

18336-473: The Dinaric Alps. The region is a part of the Dinaric Alps , linked to a Late Jurassic to recent times fold and thrust belt , itself part of the Alpine orogeny , extending southeast from the southern Alps . The Dinaric Alps in Croatia encompass the entire Gorski Kotar and Lika regions, as well as considerable parts of Dalmatia , with their northeastern edge running from 1,181-metre (3,875 ft) Žumberak to

18527-603: The Gulf of Trieste (in the Northern Adriatic), Torre del Cerrano and Tremiti Islands in the Middle Adriatic basin and Torre Guaceto in southern Apulia. The Miramare protected area was established in 1986 and covers 30 hectares (74 acres) of coast and 90 hectares (220 acres) of sea. The area encompasses 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) of coastline near the Miramare promontory in the Gulf of Trieste. The Torre del Cerrano protected area

18718-559: The Gulf of Trieste coast, especially along Slovenia's coast where the 80-metre (260 ft) Strunjan cliff —the highest cliff on the entire Adriatic and the only one of its type on the eastern Adriatic coast—is located, on the Kvarner Gulf coast opposite Krk, and in Dalmatia north of Split. Rocks of the same type are found in Albania and on the western Adriatic coast. There are alternations of maritime and alluvial sediments occurring in

18909-714: The Holy Widow Judith Composed in Croatian Verses ". The Croatian–Hungarian Agreement designated Croatian as one of its official languages. Croatian became an official EU language upon accession of Croatia to the European Union on 1 July 2013. In 2013, the EU started publishing a Croatian-language version of its official gazette. Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia and, along with Standard Bosnian and Standard Serbian , one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It

19100-619: The Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb , Gaj supported using the more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on. Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian

19291-687: The Middle Adriatic islands area (large Dalmatian islands); the Middle Adriatic (characterized by the Middle Adriatic Depression); and the Southern Adriatic consisting of a coastal shelf and the Southern Adriatic Depression. Sediments deposited in the Adriatic Sea today generally come from the northwest coast, being carried by the Po, Reno , Adige , Brenta , Tagliamento , Piave and Soča rivers. The volume of sediments carried from

19482-478: The Ministry of Education. The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are: Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska , the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, and the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography , as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since

19673-544: The Mountainous Croatia, along with Risnjak and Sjeverni Velebit . Croatia proper has a moderately warm and rainy continental climate (Dfb) as defined by the Köppen climate classification . Mean monthly temperatures range between −3 °C (27 °F) (in January) and 18 °C (64 °F) (in July). Temperature peaks are pronounced in the region compared to parts of Croatia closer to

19864-462: The Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca – pushing back regional Chakavian , Kajkavian , and Shtokavian vernaculars . The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians , who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, in addition to designing a phonological orthography. Croatian

20055-552: The Northern Adriatic, the Central Adriatic, and the Southern Adriatic. The unique nature of the Adriatic gives rise to an abundance of endemic flora and fauna. The Croatian National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan identified more than 7,000 animal and plant species in the Adriatic Sea. The Central Adriatic is especially abundant in endemic plant species, with 535 identified species of green , brown and red algae . Four out of five Mediterranean seagrass species are found in

20246-519: The Northern Adriatic, the coast of the Gulf of Trieste and western Istria is gradually subsiding, having sunk about 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in the past two thousand years. In the Middle Adriatic Basin, there is evidence of Permian volcanism in the area of Komiža on the island of Vis and the volcanic islands of Jabuka and Brusnik . Earthquakes have been observed in the region since

20437-636: The Ottoman defeat in the Great Turkish War and the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), a separate Kingdom of Slavonia was formed out of the regained territories, confirming the established borders of the Kingdom of Croatia. Pursuant to provisions of the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868, Slavionia was added to the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia —the territory ruled from Zagreb—and the military frontier

20628-539: The Pannonian Sea's surface as islands . The tallest among these landforms are 1,059-metre (3,474 ft) Ivanščica and 1,035-metre (3,396 ft) Medvednica , north of Zagreb . Parts of 489-metre (1,604 ft) Moslavačka gora , along with igneous landforms on Papuk and Požeška gora mountains in Slavonia to the east, are possibly remnants of a volcanic arc from the same tectonic plate collision that caused

20819-525: The Po, Soča , Krka , Neretva , Drin , Buna , and Vjosë . In the late 19th century, Austria-Hungary established a geodetic network with an elevation benchmark using the average Adriatic Sea level at the Sartorio pier in Trieste , Italy . The benchmark was subsequently retained by Austria , adopted by Yugoslavia , and retained by the states that emerged after its dissolution . In 2016, Slovenia adopted

21010-629: The Strait of Otranto—acting as a mineralization site. The exchange of the substances is made more complex by bathymetry of the Adriatic Sea—75% of water flowing north through the strait recirculates at the Palagruža Sill and North Adriatic adds no more than 3–4% of water to the South Adriatic. This is reflected in its biogeography and ecology , and particularly in the composition and properties of its ecosystems . Its main biogeographic units are

21201-510: The annual total discharge into the entire Mediterranean Sea, the Po is ranked second, followed by the Neretva and Drin , which rank as third and fourth. Another significant contributor of freshwater to the Adriatic is the submarine groundwater discharge through submarine springs ( Croatian : vrulja ); it is estimated to comprise 29% of the total water flux into the Adriatic. The submarine springs include thermal springs , discovered offshore near

21392-450: The area are Plitvice Lakes —16 interlinked lakes between Mala Kapela and Plješevica, through which Korana River flows. The area is abundant in travertine barriers, waterfalls and caves of biological origin—created through deposition of calcium carbonate through agency of moss, algae and aquatic bacteria. The Plitvice Lakes are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and they are a part of one of three Croatia's national parks located in

21583-532: The area in the late 15th century after fall of the Medieval Kingdom of Bosnia —culminating in the Battle of Krbava Field in 1493. The region now known as Croatia proper only became so in 1522, when the capital of Croatia was moved from Dalmatia to Bihać . In response, Croatian Military Frontier was established under direct Habsburg imperial rule. By 1528, nearly all of Lika was under Ottoman control. Venice seized

21774-513: The area of present-day Dalmatia as the Ottomans advanced, winning the decisive Battle of Krbava Field in 1493 and the Battle of Mohács in 1526. This led to the loss of Slavonia and the defeat of the Kingdom of Hungary , to which Croatia was tied through a personal union . The extent of the Ottoman conquest still marks the southern and eastern boundaries of Croatia proper as a geographical region. In effect, Croatia proper loosely corresponds to what

21965-444: The barriers are made to seal off three inlets that lead to the Venetian Lagoon and counteract floods of up to ten feet; in addition to protecting the city from flooding, the barrier system is also intended to stabilize Venice's water levels so as to minimize erosion of the brick walls and, subsequently, the foundations of various buildings in the city. However, concern has been raised regarding the frequency of its use—while only necessary

22156-511: The boundary between the Adriatic and Ionian seas at various places ranging from adjacent to the Gulf of Venice to the southern tip of the Peloponnese , eastern shores of Sicily and western shores of Crete . Mare Superum on the other hand normally encompassed both the modern Adriatic Sea and the sea off the Apennine peninsula's southern coast, as far as the Strait of Sicily . Another name used in

22347-436: The campaign moved inland. Marc Antony and Octavian (later Augustus) crossed the Adriatic to Dyrrachium with their armies in their campaign against two of Caesar's assassins, Brutus and Cassius , that culminated in the Battle of Philippi . Brundisium and Dyrrachium remained important ports well after the Roman period, but an earthquake in the 3rd century AD changed the path of a river causing Apollonia's harbor to silt up, and

22538-600: The city to decline. Another city on the Italian coast of the Adriatic that increased in importance during the Roman era was Ravenna . During the reign of Augustus, it became a major naval base as part of his program to re-organize the Roman navy to better protect commerce in the Mediterranean. During the 4th century AD the emperors of the Western Roman Empire had moved their official residence north from Rome to Mediolanum (now Milan ) in order to be better able to control

22729-489: The coast, such as the Italian cities of Ravenna and Lecce . Venice , which was originally built on islands off the coast, is most at risk due to subsidence, but the threat is present in the Po delta as well. The causes are a decrease in sedimentation rate due to loss of sediment behind dams, the deliberate excavation of sand for industrial purposes, agricultural use of water, and removal of ground water. The sinking of Venice slowed after artesian wells were banned in

22920-478: The construction of an offshore and an onshore LNG terminal in the Gulf of Trieste , as well as a pipeline, in the immediate vicinity of the Slovenian–Italian border. The Slovenian government and municipalities, the municipal council of Trieste, and non-governmental organisations have voiced concern over their environmental hazards, effect on transport and effect on tourism. Another source of pollution of

23111-511: The control of a substantial part of the eastern Adriatic coast by the Kingdom of Hungary after a personal union was established between Croatia and Hungary in 1102. In this period, the Republic of Venice began to expand its territory and influence. In 1202, the Fourth Crusade was diverted to conquer Zadar at the behest of the Venetians—the first instance of a Crusader force attacking

23302-551: The deepest, with a maximum depth of 1,233 metres (4,045 ft). The prevailing currents flow counterclockwise from the Strait of Otranto. Tidal movements in the Adriatic are slight, although larger amplitudes occur occasionally. The Adriatic's salinity is lower than the Mediterranean's because it collects a third of the fresh water flowing into the Mediterranean, acting as a dilution basin . The surface water temperatures generally range from 30 °C (86 °F) in summer to 12 °C (54 °F) in winter, significantly moderating

23493-475: The earliest historical records. A recent strong earthquake in the region was the 1979 Montenegro earthquake , measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale . Historical earthquakes in the area include the 1627 Gargano peninsula and the 1667 Dubrovnik earthquakes, both followed by strong tsunamis. In the last 600 years, fifteen tsunamis have occurred in the Adriatic Sea. All types of seafloor sediments are found in

23684-429: The east and the Adriatic Sea in the west. Its exact borders are determined ambiguously, and the extent of the region is defined differently by various sources. The border with Slavonia to the east was variously defined throughout history, depending on the political divisions of Croatia. Modern-day Croatian sources often discuss different kinds of regional division of Croatia, where the historical region of Croatia proper

23875-539: The east, the Adriatic Sea in the west, and Dalmatia to the south. The region is not officially defined, and its borders and extent are described differently by various sources. The term Central Croatia refers to the northeastern part, and the term Mountainous Croatia refers to the southwestern part of the territory; the far western part is known as the Croatian Littoral ; likewise the terms 'Zagreb macroregion' and 'Rijeka macroregion' can be used instead. Central Croatia

24066-687: The eastern Adriatic coast, related to the Cardium pottery culture. During classical antiquity, Illyrians inhabited the eastern coast, and the western coast was inhabited by the peoples of Ancient Italy , mainly Etruscans , before the Roman Republic 's rise. Greek colonisation of the Adriatic dates back to the 7th and 6th centuries BC when the ancient cities of Epidamnos and Apollonia were founded. The Greeks soon expanded further north establishing several cities, including Ancona , Black Corcyra , Epidaurus , Issa , with trade established as far north as

24257-456: The eastern part of the region, at the border of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore, there are losing streams such as Gacka , Krbava and Lika rivers, reflecting a high degree of karstification of the terrain in the region, resulting in increased permeability of soil and rocks. Ingress of water underground resulted in formation of subterranean watercourses and lakes. Probably the finest example of interaction of karst terrain and watercourses in

24448-485: The eastern shore by the Rječina , Zrmanja , Krka, Cetina , Ombla , Dragonja , Mirna , Raša and Neretva rivers is negligible, because these sediments are mostly deposited at the river mouths. The Adriatic's western shores are largely either alluvial or terraced , whereas the eastern shores are predominantly rocky, except for the southernmost part of the shore located in Albania that consists of sandy coves and rocky capes. The eastern Adriatic shore's Croatian part

24639-407: The economy of the city of Zagreb, the county's economic income is largely generated by small and medium businesses (64.6%). The city of Zagreb and Zagreb County dominate the economy of the Croatia proper and Croatia as a whole: nearly 91% of all Croatia's wholesale and retail trade companies and 45% of the Croatian processing industry is headquartered there. In 2020, largest companies headquartered in

24830-476: The end of the Roman Republic and the start of the imperial period . Sulla used it during the First Mithridatic War . During Caesar's Civil War , there was a three-month delay in Caesar's Balkan campaign against Pompey caused when winter storms on the Adriatic and a naval blockade held up Mark Antony from reaching him from Brundisium with reinforcements; after the reinforcements finally arrived Caesar made an unsuccessful attempt to capture Dyrrachium before

25021-417: The entire Italian peninsula from that city. In 568 AD the Lombards invaded northern Italy, and over the course of the next century or so the importance of the Exarchate declined as the territory under Lombard control expanded and as the Byzantine outpost of Venice became increasingly independent. In 752 AD the Lombards overthrew the Exarchate, ending the influence of the Byzantine Empire on the western shore of

25212-488: The formation of a stratovolcanic chain in the basin 12–17  Mya ; intensified subsidence was observed until 5 Mya as well as flood basalts at about 7.5 Mya. The contemporary tectonic uplift of the Carpathian Mountains cut off the flow of water to the Black Sea , and the Pannonian Sea formed in the basin. Sediments were transported to the basin from the uplifting Carpathian and Dinaric mountains, with particularly deep fluvial sediments being deposited in

25403-421: The former are found in the Adriatic Sea, as well as in the southern Alps and the Dinaric Alps , and remnants of the latter are seen as the Gargano Promontory and the Maiella mountain. In the Eocene and early Oligocene , the plate moved north and north-east, contributing to the Alpine orogeny (along with the African and Eurasian Plates ' movements) via the tectonic uplift of the Dinarides and Alps. In

25594-411: The former being intermittent and the latter permanent. The SAG measures 150 kilometres (93 miles) in diameter. It contributes to the flow of bottom water from the Adriatic to the Levantine Basin through the Ionian Sea. Through that process, the Adriatic Sea produces most of the East Mediterranean deep water. The Adriatic's surface temperature usually ranges from 22 to 30 °C (72 to 86 °F) in

25785-561: The frequency of use. However, as professor John F. Bailyn states, "an examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system." Croatian, although technically a form of Serbo-Croatian , is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself. This is at odds with purely linguistic classifications of languages based on mutual intelligibility ( abstand and ausbau languages ), which do not allow varieties that are mutually intelligible to be considered separate languages. "There

25976-437: The greatest precipitation in Croatia—3,500 millimetres (140 inches) per year. Overall, the region has no arid periods of the year. Gorski Kotar also receives the least sunlight—1,700 hours per year on average. According to the 2011 census, the total population of the ten counties of Croatia proper, together with that of the city of Zagreb, is 2,418,214—representing 56.4% of the population of Croatia. The largest proportion of

26167-451: The independence of Croatia, among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian. In 2021, Croatia introduced a new model of linguistic categorisation of the Bunjevac dialect (as part of New-Shtokavian Ikavian dialects of the Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language) in three sub-branches: Dalmatian (also called Bosnian-Dalmatian), Danubian (also called Bunjevac), and Littoral-Lika. Its speakers largely use

26358-416: The largest cities are Bari , Venice , Trieste and Split . Early settlements on the Adriatic shores were Etruscan , Illyrian , and Greek . By the 2nd century BC, the region was under Rome 's control. In the Middle Ages , the Adriatic shores and the sea itself were controlled, to a varying extent, by a series of states—most notably the Byzantine Empire , the Croatian Kingdom , the Republic of Venice ,

26549-417: The largest rivers flowing in the country—Sava, Drava, Mura , and Kupa—except the Danube . The largest lakes in Croatia proper are 17.1-square-kilometre (6.6 sq mi) Lake Dubrava and 10.1-square-kilometre (3.9 sq mi) Lake Varaždin reservoirs, both near Varaždin , through which the Drava River flows. Croatia proper has a wealth of wetlands. Two out of the four Croatian wetlands included in

26740-413: The largest settlement of the area, Ogulin , with a population of 8,216. The second-largest settlement in Mountainous Croatia, and the largest in Lika, is Gospić . Croatia proper straddles the boundary between the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Basin , two of three major geomorphological parts of Croatia. The boundary runs from the 1,181-metre (3,875 ft) Žumberak range to the Banovina area, along

26931-470: The largest— Cres and Krk , each covering about the same area of 405.78 square kilometres (156.67 sq mi)—and the tallest— Brač , whose peak reaches 780 metres (2,560 ft) above sea level. The islands of Cres and the adjacent Lošinj are separated only by a narrow navigable canal dug in the time of classical antiquity ; the original single island was known to the Greeks as Apsyrtides . The Croatian islands include 47 permanently inhabited ones ,

27122-644: The late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes ( banovi ), the Zrinski and the Frankopan , which were linked by inter-marriage. Toward the 17th century, both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing in a mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian), and calling it "Croatian", "Dalmatian", or "Slavonian". Historically, several other names were used as synonyms for Croatian, in addition to Dalmatian and Slavonian, and these were Illyrian (ilirski) and Slavic (slovinski) . It

27313-455: The least developed area of the region and the country in general. The main source of income in the area was forestry , farming and animal husbandry . Forests represent a development potential of the area as 45% of Lika and as much as 83% of Gorski Kotar is forested. Industrialisation of the region started after the World War II, with a particular emphasis on development of wood processing industry in Gorski Kotar and other industries elsewhere in

27504-508: The locals in the upper Adriatic for thousands of years. The very large schools consisted mainly of little tunny and moved as far as the Gulf of Trieste . However, increasing fishing prevented the migration of large schools of fish to the north. The last major tuna catch was made there in 1954 by the fishermen from Santa Croce, Contovello and Barcola . The Northern Adriatic in particular is rich in endemic fish fauna. Around thirty species of fish are found in only one or two countries bordering

27695-411: The marine and coastal protected nature areas are the Sečovlje Salina Landscape Park , Strunjan Landscape Park , Škocjan Inlet Nature Reserve , and the Debeli Rtič , Cape Madona and Lakes in Fiesa natural monuments. The Sečovlje Salina Landscape Park was established in 1990, covers 721 hectares (1,780 acres), and includes four nature reserves . In 1993, the area was designated a Ramsar site; it

27886-425: The military frontier with the Germanic tribes. In 402 AD, during a period of repeated Germanic invasions of Italy, the capital was shifted to Ravenna because nearby marshes made it more defensible, and the Adriatic provided an easy escape path by sea. When the Western Empire fell in 476 AD Ravenna became the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy. In the Early Middle Ages , after the Roman Empire's decline ,

28077-405: The most important characteristic of a nation is widely accepted, stemming from the 19th-century history of Europe. The 1967 Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , in which a group of Croatian authors and linguists demanded greater autonomy for Croatian, is viewed in Croatia as a linguistic policy milestone that was also a general milestone in national politics. On

28268-441: The most populous among them being Krk, Korčula and Brač. The islands along the Adriatic's western (Italian) coast are smaller and less numerous than those along the opposite coast; the best-known ones are the 117 islands on which the city of Venice is built. The northern shore of the Greek island of Corfu also lies in the Adriatic Sea as defined by the IHO. The IHO boundary places the Diapontia Islands (northwest of Corfu) in

28459-454: The most significant economic area of Croatia in terms of its contribution to the national gross domestic product (GDP). The city of Zagreb alone contributes 34.3 % of Croatia's GDP, followed by Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Zagreb and Varaždin counties contributing 8.3, 5.9 and 3.6 percent of the nation's GDP respectively. The area contributes 65.5 percent of Croatia's GDP and has an average GDP per capita of 14,414  euros —17.5 percent above

28650-687: The national average. The economy of the city of Zagreb represents the bulk of the economy of Croatia proper. Its most significant components are wholesale and retail trade, accounting for 38.1% of the city's economic income, followed by the processing industry , encompassing 20.3% of the economy of Zagreb. Further industries, by income share, are the energy industry —the supply of electric power , natural gas , steam, and air conditioning (7.8%); information and communications (7.2%); civil engineering (5.4%), professional technical and scientific services (4.6%); financial services (4.5%); and transport and storage services (3.9%). These account for 91.8% of

28841-444: The northern part of the eastern shore; Istria contained the important Roman colony at Pula and was incorporated into the province of Italy . During the Roman period, Brundisium, on the western shore, and Apollonia and Dyrrachium (originally called Epidamnos, now Durrës in Albania) on the eastern shore became important ports. Brundisium was linked by the Via Appia road to the city of Rome, and Dyrrachium and Apollonia were both on

29032-407: The northwest of Dubrovnik, adding to the Dalmatian islands as the Eurasian Plate slides over the Adriatic microplate. Furthermore, the fault causes the Apennine peninsula's southern tip to move towards the opposite shore by about 0.4 centimetres (0.16 in) per year. If this movement continues, the seafloor will be completely consumed and the Adriatic Sea closed off in 50–70 million years. In

29223-451: The organization later changed with Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro replacing Yugoslavia. Future pollution hazards are addressed and pollution hotspots are assessed not only by nations in the basin but also through regional projects with World Bank support. 27 such hotspots have been determined as of 2011, 6 warranting an urgent response. Settlements along the Adriatic dating to between 6100 and 5900 BC appear in Albania and Dalmatia on

29414-405: The period was Mare Dalmaticum , applied to waters off the coast of Dalmatia or Illyricum . During the early modern period , the entire sea was also known as the Gulf of Venice ( Italian : golfo di Venezia ), although that name is now informally applied only to the northern area of the sea, from Maestra Point in the Po Delta to Cape Kamenjak on the Istrian Peninsula . The names for

29605-422: The present sea level, exposed during the Last Glacial Maximum . It is estimated that some karst formations are from earlier sea level drops, most notably the Messinian salinity crisis . Similarly, karst developed in Apulia from the Apulian Carbonate Platform. The largest part of the eastern coast consists of carbonate rocks, while flysch (a particular type of sedimentary rock) is significantly represented in

29796-452: The region from west to east, as well as the A2 motorway —the Xa branch of the corridor X. The three routes form junctions near Zagreb. The region is also home to the largest airport in Croatia—the Zagreb Airport . In April 2012, a 30-year concession contract to develop and manage the airport as a regional transport centre was signed by the Government of Croatia and Zagreb Airport International Company Limited . The only navigable river in

29987-476: The region is a Homo neanderthalensis site discovered in Krapina . The region contains most of the 180 preserved or restored castles and manor houses in Croatia —most of the best preserved-ones were built in the 17th and 18th centuries, when the Ottoman conquest was no longer a threat. A substantial number of buildings were destroyed in the Second World War. The largest number of preserved castles and manor houses are situated in Hrvatsko Zagorje, including

30178-438: The region is the Sava, downstream of Sisak. The navigable route became disused after onset of the Croatian War of Independence in 1991, and it has not been fully restored since the end of the war, limiting the size of vessels that may reach Sisak. Pipeline transport infrastructure in the region comprises the Jadranski naftovod (JANAF) pipeline, connecting the Sisak and Virje crude oil storage facilities and terminals to

30369-414: The region until Augustus 's general Tiberius put down the Great Illyrian Revolt , a bitter struggle waged from 6 to 9 AD. Following the repression of the revolt the Roman province of Illyricum was split into Dalmatia and Pannonia . Most of the eastern shore of the Adriatic was part of Dalmatia, except for the southernmost portion, part of the province of Macedonia , and the peninsula of Istria on

30560-434: The region's cities. The west of the region represents a natural barrier between the Adriatic Sea and the Pannonian Basin , and this, along with Ottoman conquest and resulting military frontier status, has contributed to the relatively poor development of the economy and infrastructure of that area. Croatia proper is a historical region of Croatia that encompasses territory around Zagreb , located between Slavonia in

30751-612: The region's western reaches represent a natural barrier between the Adriatic Sea to its west and the Pannonian Basin and to its east, traversed by few high-performance transport routes until recently. The region was first spanned by a trading route between Senj and Pannonia in classical antiquity and later in Middle Ages , but the first modern road in the area was the Caroline road , completed in 1732 connecting Rijeka and Karlovac via Fužine , Mrkopalj , Ravna Gora and Vrbovsko , and named after Charles VI who ordered its construction. The same emperor commissioned construction of

30942-427: The region, but it did not create sufficient jobs to prevent economic migrations. Furthermore, the economic structure of the area sustained great downturn in the 1990s during the Croatian War of Independence. Since the 2000s, an increasing prominence is given to tourism sector, especially rural tourism . Three Pan-European transport corridors and corridor branches run through Croatia proper. The corridor Vb encompasses

31133-446: The sea in the languages of the surrounding countries include Albanian : Deti Adriatik ; Emilian : Mèr Adriatic ; Friulian : Mâr Adriatic ; Greek : Αδριατική θάλασσα , romanized :  Adriatikí thálassa ; Istro Romanian : Marea Adriatică ; Italian : Mare Adriatico ; Serbo-Croatian : Jadransko more , Јадранско море; Slovene : Jadransko morje ; Venetian : Mar Adriàtico . In Serbo-Croatian and Slovene,

31324-411: The sea is often referred to as simply Jadran . The Adriatic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea, bordered in the southwest by the Apennine or Italian Peninsula , in the northwest by the Italian regions of Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia , and in the northeast by Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , and Albania —the Balkan peninsula . In the southeast, the Adriatic Sea connects to

31515-421: The sea was known as Mare Adriaticum ( Mare Hadriaticum , also sometimes simplified to Adria ) or, less frequently, as Mare Superum '[the] upper sea'. The two terms were not synonymous, however. Mare Adriaticum generally corresponds to the Adriatic Sea's extent, spanning from the Gulf of Venice to the Strait of Otranto. That boundary became more consistently defined by Roman authors—early Greek sources place

31706-541: The semi-closed sea on larger scales. Largest of these live normally is the fin whale , and sperm whale , the largest of toothed whales also migrate but less common than fin whales, followed by Cuvier's beaked whales . Basking sharks and manta rays are some of migrant species to the sea. Historical presences of depleted or extinct species such as North Atlantic right whales (extinct or functionally extinct), Atlantic gray whales (extinct), and humpback whales have been speculated as well. Tuna has been caught by

31897-511: The site of numerous landmarks . The landmarks include the Zagreb Cathedral , founded in 1093 and rebuilt numerous times since, the last major reconstruction being after the 1880 earthquake . The cathedral is the tallest structure in Croatia. Zagreb is the most significant centre of scientific work and education in the region and the entire country. It is the site of the University of Zagreb —the oldest place of higher education in Croatia and Southeast Europe , operating continuously since 1669. It

32088-410: The southeast. It is the largest Mediterranean shelf and is simultaneously a dilution basin and a site of bottom water formation. The Middle Adriatic basin is south of the Ancona–Zadar line, with the 270-metre (890 ft) deep Middle Adriatic Pit (also called the Pomo Depression or the Jabuka Pit). The 170-metre (560 ft) deep Palagruža Sill is south of the Middle Adriatic Pit, separating it from

32279-435: The southern Apennine peninsula. In addition, the Papal States were carved out in the area around Rome and central Italy in the 8th century. The High Middle Ages in the Adriatic Sea basin saw further territorial changes, including the Norman conquest of southern Italy ending the Byzantine presence on the Apennine peninsula in the 11th and 12th centuries (the territory would become the Kingdom of Naples in 1282) and

32470-426: The speakers themselves largely do not use it. Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnopolitical terms Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian. The use of the name "Croatian" for a language has historically been attested to, though not always distinctively. The first printed Croatian literary work is a vernacular Chakavian poem written in 1501 by Marko Marulić , titled " The History of

32661-422: The start of the Croatian War of Independence . After the January 1992 ceasefire, a United Nations peacekeeping force was deployed to the area. The area remained outside control of the government of Croatia until August 1995, when it was recaptured in Operation Storm . The Croatian Army campaign ended following the surrender of the last operational corps of the RSK military in Viduševac, near Glina . After

32852-406: The summer, or 12 to 14 °C (54 to 57 °F) in the winter, except along the western Adriatic coast's northern part, where it drops to 9 °C (48 °F) in the winter. The distinct seasonal temperature variations, with a longitudinal gradient in the Northern and transversal gradient in the Middle and Southern Adriatic, are attributed to the continental characteristics of the Adriatic Sea: it

33043-478: The surface and the cold and dense water mass at the bottom. The coastal currents on the opposite shore are far more complex owing to the jagged shoreline, several large islands and the proximity of the Dinaric Alps to the shore. The last produces significant temperature variations between the sea and the hinterland, which leads to the creation of local jets. The tidal movement is normally slight, usually remaining below 30 centimetres (12 in). The amphidromic point

33234-434: The territory of Croatia, and have a population of 2,418,214 yielding a population density of 85.3377/km (221.024/sq mi). Croatia proper comprises several smaller historical regions of its own: the Croatian Littoral , Lika , Gorski Kotar , Zagorje , Međimurje , Podravina , Posavina , Kordun , Banovina , Prigorje , Turopolje , Moslavina , and Žumberak . The sociogeographical distinction between Central Croatia,

33425-421: The total income of the city's economy. Small businesses generate 22% of the total income; 14.4% is attributed to medium enterprises and the rest to large companies. The economy of Zagreb County, largely contiguous with Zagreb's metropolitan area, is dominated by wholesale and retail trade (53.5% of total income) and the processing industry (25.7%), followed by transport (6.1%) and civil engineering (5.3%). Unlike

33616-444: The total population lives in the city of Zagreb, followed by Zagreb County. Lika-Senj County is the least populous county of Croatia proper. The population density of the counties ranges from 156.9 to 9.5 persons per square kilometre, with the highest density recorded in Međimurje County and the lowest in Lika-Senj County. The highest population density is recorded in the city of Zagreb area, at 1,236.9 persons per square kilometre. Zagreb

33807-469: The town of Izola . The thermal spring water is rich with hydrogen sulfide , has a temperature of 22 to 29.6 °C (71.6 to 85.3 °F), and has enabled the development of specific ecosystems. The inflow of freshwater, representing a third of the freshwater volume flowing into the Mediterranean, makes the Adriatic a dilution basin for the Mediterranean Sea. The Middle and South Adriatic Gyres (SAG), are significant cyclonic circulation features, with

33998-405: The war, a number of towns and municipalities in the region were designated Areas of Special State Concern . Croatian language North America South America Oceania Croatian ( / k r oʊ ˈ eɪ ʃ ən / ; hrvatski [xř̩ʋaːtskiː] ) is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats . It

34189-503: The year is likewise distinct: it ranges between 38 and 39  PSUs . The southern Adriatic is subjected to saltier water from the Levantine Basin. According to the Köppen climate classification , the upper half of the Adriatic is classified as humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ), with wetter summers and colder and drier winters, and the southern Adriatic are classified as hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) . The air temperature can fluctuate by about 20 °C (36 °F) during

34380-435: Was 4 metres (13 ft) per year. In the 12th century, the delta advanced at a rate of 25 metres (82 ft) per year. In the 17th century, the delta began to become a human-controlled environment, as the excavation of artificial channels started; the channels and new distributaries of the Po have been prograding at rates of 50 metres (160 ft) per year or more since then. There are more than 20 other rivers flowing into

34571-468: Was abolished. Rijeka was removed from the new kingdom, as the Corpus separatum attached it to Hungary instead. Following World War I and the Treaty of Trianon , Hungary lost Rijeka and Međimurje , as well as other territories, to the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . The 1921 constitution defined the country as a unitary state and abolished the historical administrative divisions, effectively ending Croatia's autonomy. Međimurje

34762-427: Was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850, laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in the Croatian elite. In the 1860s, the Zagreb Philological School dominated the Croatian cultural life, drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the Illyrian movement. While it

34953-480: Was assigned to Croatia in 1947—when all the borders of the former Yugoslav constituent republics were defined by demarcation commissions, pursuant to decisions of the AVNOJ of 1943 and 1945. After the break-up of Yugoslavia and Croatia's declaration of independence in 1991, the Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK) was proclaimed in parts of Croatia, including parts of the Croatia—Banovina and Kordun—encompassing areas east of Karlovac and south of Sisak, marking

35144-606: Was completed in 1809, also running between Rijeka and Karlovac, although via Delnice . The first railway built in the region was the Zagreb  – Rijeka railway, completed in 1875. Since the 2000s, the region is spanned by modern motorways . Most of Central Croatia is distinguished in Croatia by its relatively high population density – a consequence of the fact that the region was largely spared from large-scale war damage. This also allowed preservation of numerous cultural heritage sites, including medieval city cores, hill forts , manor houses , castles, palaces, and churches. Because

35335-459: Was created in 2009, extending 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) into the sea and along 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of coastline. Various zones of the protected area cover 37 square kilometres (14 sq mi) of sea surface. The Tremiti Islands reserve has been protected since 1989, while the Tremiti islands themselves are part of the Gargano National Park . The Torre Guaceto protected area, located near Brindisi and Carovigno , covers

35526-488: Was dominant over the rival Rijeka Philological School and Zadar Philological Schools , its influence waned with the rise of the Croatian Vukovians (at the end of the 19th century). Croatian is commonly characterized by the ijekavian pronunciation (see an explanation of yat reflexes ), the sole use of the Latin alphabet, and a number of lexical differences in common words that set it apart from standard Serbian. Some differences are absolute, while some appear mainly in

35717-441: Was established in 1998 and covers 122 hectares (300 acres). The Debeli Rtič natural monument covers 24 hectares (59 acres), the Cape Madona natural monument covers 12 hectares (30 acres), and the Lakes in Fiesa natural monument, with the coastal lake as the only brackish lake in Slovenia, covers 2.1 hectares (5.2 acres). In 2010, Albania established its first marine protection area, the Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park at

35908-407: Was established in 2006, and it includes 44 islands and islets, 53 square kilometres (20 sq mi) of land and 143 square kilometres (55 sq mi) of sea surface. The Mljet national park was established in 1960, covering a 24-square-kilometre (9.3 sq mi) marine protection area. In addition, there is a Ramsar wetland reserve in Croatia—the Neretva river's delta . In Slovenia,

36099-404: Was recorded in the Sisak-Moslavina and Karlovac counties (11.7 percent and 11.0 percent respectively), while a significant Czech minority was observed in Bjelovar-Bilogora County, comprising 5.3 percent of population of the county. [REDACTED] Zagreb [REDACTED] Rijeka [REDACTED] Karlovac [REDACTED] Varaždin The lowland regions of Croatia proper are

36290-460: Was termed reliquiae reliquiarum olim magni et inclyti regni Croatiae (the relics of the relics of the formerly great and glorious Kingdom of Croatia) and the subsequent Kingdom of Croatia within the Habsburg monarchy . Central Croatia contains most of the 180 preserved or restored castles and manor houses in Croatia , as it sustained less large-scale war damage in history. Varaždin and Zagreb occupy prominent spots in terms of culture among

36481-496: Was termed the relics of the relics of the formerly great and glorious Kingdom of Croatia ( Latin : reliquiae reliquiarum olim magni et inclyti regni Croatiae ) and subsequent Kingdom of Croatia within the Habsburg Empire. The Croatian Military Frontier was gradually established in the second half of the 16th century, removing further territory from the Kingdom of Croatia and placing the military zone under direct imperial rule. Ottoman advances into Croatian territory continued until

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