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110-744: It is spoken in the Lazio (Latium) region, and in particular in the northern areas of the Province of Frosinone (whose variants are often improperly defined as the Ciociaro dialect or more anciently Campanino), in the central-northern areas of the Province of Latina and in most of the Metropolitan city of Rome with the exception, however, of the city of Rome, where the Romanesco dialect is widespread and which differs widely from

220-522: A Medici , proposed to finish the project but was opposed by the Duke of Sermoneta over the fishing rights. In 1514, he decided to drain the region around Terracina instead, assigning the task to his brother Giuliano de Medici, commander of the papal army. The Medicis would retain all reclaimed land. In 1515, Giuliano hired Leonardo da Vinci to design the project. It provided the Ufente River with outlets through

330-592: A Roman military road constructed in 312 BC, crosses the inland side of the former marsh in a long, straight stretch flanked by trees. Before then, travelers had to use the Via Latina along the flanks of the mountains; Terracina could not be reached across the marsh. Further southward along the coast as far as Minturno is another stretch of former coastal marsh called the South Pontino, the largest section being between Terracina and Sperlonga , as far inland as Fondi . It

440-801: A continuation of the Apennines of Abruzzo: the Reatini Mountains with Terminillo (2,213 m), Mounts Sabini, Prenestini , Simbruini and Ernici which continue east of the Liri into the Mainarde Mountains . The highest peak is Mount Gorzano (2,458 m) on the border with Abruzzo. The region's climate , monitored by several dozen meteorological stations (many of which managed by the Lazio Regional Hydrographic and Mareographic Office), shows considerable variability from area to area. In general, along

550-420: A daily dose of quinine . He invited Roman journalists to a press conference on his property. In 1902, large German newspapers, as well as foreign papers, carried long articles about the project. They often carried a sense of national pride about the development project. Donat argued above all for the extermination of malaria in the countryside surrounding the capital. Malaria prevented the expansion of Rome to

660-513: A distance of 20 km (12 mi). In another estimate, 80% of the rain falling on the Monti Lepini is absorbed, with a single spring at Ninfa exuding 2,000 L/s (71 cu ft/s). These facts explain why the main fill of the lagoon is peat, silt, and clay, and not thicker-grained alluvial deposits, and why it took so long. Alluvial deposits known as the Sezze Fan began about 4000 BC in

770-469: A farmer plowing while German shells landed right in his field. We tried to evacuate people ... But some of them simply refused to leave their homes. Sometimes the Germans would pick out one of the farmhouses, figuring we had a command post in it, I suppose, and blow it to smithereens. Then, and only then, did some Italian families move out ... on any side road we couldn't drive five minutes without seeing

880-460: A fortified point for the defense of the Pontine region." In 433 BC, Rome was struck by an epidemic and again sent buyers to the Pontine, this time successfully. Apparently, at least some of the marsh was under cultivation, which the high density of Roman settlements along the two northern roads might lead one to expect. Strabo says: "In front of Tarracina lies a great marsh, formed by two rivers;

990-518: A land area of 17,242 km (6,657 sq mi) and it has borders with Tuscany , Umbria , and Marche to the north, Abruzzo and Molise to the east, Campania to the south, and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west. The region is mainly hilly (56%) and mountainous (26%), with some plains (20%) along the coast and the Tiber valley. The coast of Lazio is mainly composed of sandy beaches, punctuated by

1100-724: A limited part of the current region, between the lower course of the Tiber , the Tyrrhenian Sea , the Monti Sabini and the Pontine Marshes . At the end of the World War II and the fall of the Fascist regime , from the end of the 1950s Lazio and Italy saw rapid economic growth , in particular in Rome it is remembered as the period of the " Dolce Vita " in which Rome was the fulcrum of worldly life, of

1210-797: A plough and other agricultural tools, a stable, some cows, and several hectares of land, depending on local soil fertility and the size of the family. Mussolini used the 10-year operation for propaganda purposes, and was often photographed between workers, shirtless with a shovel in his hand, or threshing wheat at harvest time; these occasions were regularly filmed by the Istituto Luce for inclusion in nationally shown propaganda newsreels. The new towns of Littoria (1932, now Latina ), Sabaudia (1934), Pontinia (1935), Aprilia (1937), and Pomezia (1939) were founded, side by side with several other small borghi (rural villages). The carefully differentiated architecture and urban planning aspects of these towns

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1320-422: A population of 5,714,882 million (as of 31 December 2021), Lazio is the second-most populated region of Italy. The overall population density in the region is 341 inhabitants per km . However, the population density widely ranges from almost 800 inhabitants per km in the highly urbanized Rome metropolitan area to less than 60 inhabitants per km in the mountainous and rural province of Rieti . As of January 2023,

1430-590: A series of volcanic changes began leading to the current landform: the first four eruptive cycles of a new volcano in the vicinity of the Monti Albani, which spread pyroclastic rock and formed a caldera . In the Campi di Annibale phase, 300-200 thousand years BP, a stratovolcano formed in the caldera. Approximately contemporaneously, in the Middle Pleistocene , 781-126 thousand years BP, beds of sand and clay, termed

1540-549: A vast alluvial plain surrounding the city of Rome, with an area of approximately 2,100 km (811 sq mi). The southern districts are characterized by the flatlands of Agro Pontino , a once swampy and malarial area, that was reclaimed over the centuries. The Preapennines of Latium, marked by the Tiber Valley and the Liri with the Sacco tributary, include on the right of

1650-430: Is pasta . Dishes first attested inside the region's borders include: Guanciale is used in several sauces. Guanciale is the cut of pork obtained from the cheek of the pig, crossed by lean veins of muscle with a component of valuable fat, of a composition different from lardo ("back fat") and pancetta ("belly fat"): the consistency is harder than pancetta and it possesses a more distinctive flavor. Guanciale

1760-516: Is a considerable proportion, but is justified by the presence of Rome, which is the core of public administration, media, utility, telecommunication, transport, tourism and other sectors. Many national and multinational corporations, public and private, have their headquarters in Rome ( ENI , Italiana Petroli , Enel , Acea , Terna , TIM , Poste italiane , Leonardo , ITA Airways , Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane , RAI ). Lazio's limited industrial sector and highly developed service industries allowed

1870-403: Is a thriving sector especially as regards tourism linked to art and monuments and places of interest in the region ( Rome in particular), religious tourism (Rome and the sanctuaries of Lazio), summer seaside tourism especially in upper and lower Lazio ( Santa Marinella , Ladispoli , Anzio , Nettuno , Sabaudia , San Felice Circeo , Terracina , Sperlonga , Gaeta ) and summer/winter tourism in

1980-757: Is also the capital and largest city of Italy, and completely encircles Vatican City . Lazio is rich in a multi-millennial heritage: it was the home of the Etruscan civilization , then stood at the center of the Roman Republic , of the Roman Empire , of the Papal States , of the Kingdom of Italy and of the Italian Republic . The historical, artistic, cultural, architectural, archaeological and religious heritage of Lazio

2090-744: Is even less with 7%, compared with 12% from tourism. Since a large part of Lazio's GDP is produced by the service sector , with high value added . Firms are often small to medium in size and operate in the There is some R&D activity in high technology : IBM ( IBM Rome Software Lab ), Ericsson , Leonardo Electronics (Rome-Tiburtina, Rome-Laurentina, Pomezia , Latina ), Rheinmetall ("Radar House") and tire industry: Bridgestone (R&D center in Rome and proving grounds in Aprilia ). The most distinctive industry in Lazio

2200-585: Is immensely vast and rich in cultural diversity. Some of the greatest artists and historical figures lived and worked in Rome, particularly during the Italian Renaissance period, such as Donato Bramante , Raphael , Leonardo da Vinci , Filippo Brunelleschi , Donatello , Michelangelo , Caravaggio , Gian Lorenzo Bernini , Francesco Borromini , Pietro da Cortona , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Peter Paul Rubens , Anthony van Dyck and Diego Velázquez . In remote antiquity, Lazio ( Latium ) included only

2310-407: Is not possible to find 24 of the size of Terracina or Antium without counting Latium Vetus or the coastal lands south of Terracina. According to Plutarch , Julius Caesar had ambitious plans for the marsh, which if realized or realizable would have diverted the Tiber through it: "During the expedition [a planned campaign around Europe] he intended ... to receive the Tiber immediately below

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2420-672: Is one of four geomorphic divisions of a somewhat larger area, the Pontine Region, also comprising the Monti Albani, the Volscian Mountains and Monte Circeo; in short, all of Roman Latium . The marsh itself was located in Latium Novum , the eastern part of the region, which the Romans removed from the sovereignty of the Volsci. The two terms create some confusion in the literature, as the region

2530-561: Is one of the most visited regions in Italy and Europe and one of the first in terms of number of international presences. Rome is the most visited city in Italy with around 30 million visitors per year. Among the most visited sites of interest include the Colosseum and Imperial fora , Castel Sant'Angelo and the complex of Hadrian's Villa and Villa d'Este , among the museum itineraries the Pantheon ,

2640-482: Is production of household chemicals, pharmaceutical, hygiene goods and medical products: Sigma-Tau , Johnson & Johnson , Procter & Gamble , Colgate Palmolive , Henkel , Pfizer , Abbott , Catalent , Angelini , Menarini , Biopharma, Wepa . From fruits the most important are kiwifruit (1st place in Italy) and hazel nuts "Nocciola romana". Italy itself is the second largest producer of kiwifruit worldwide and

2750-419: Is salted pork fat, different from bacon , which is smoked. It is a typical product of Lazio, Umbria and Abruzzo . Another important ingredient is pecorino romano cheese . Vegetables are common, artichokes (" carciofi ") being among the most popular: Other popular vegetables are romanesco broccoli , asparagus , fava bean , cima di rapa , romaine lettuce , pumpkin , zucchini and chicory . In

2860-566: Is striking even today. On September 8, 1943, Italy changed sides in World War II, the king having already issued an order for Mussolini's arrest. Rescued by the Germans, he became the head of the Republic of Salò, a puppet regime over northern Italy. The defense of Italy and the suppression of its insurgent population were left to the Wehrmacht . After the loss of Sicily , they successfully defended

2970-522: Is the one with the highest number of hours of sunshine and days with clear skies during the year. The Italian word Lazio descends from the Latin word Latium , the region of the Latins , Latini in the Latin language spoken by them and passed on to the Latin city-state of Ancient Rome . Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic , including, for example, Etruscans, Sabines and other Italics besides

3080-495: Is too large to be of modern humans and has been assigned the genus Homo . The animals include Elephas antiquus , Mammuthus primigenius , Equus ferus , Bos primigenius , Cervus elaphus , Capreolus capreolus , and others. A skull of Neanderthal man was found in a grotto on Monte Circeo in Italy on February 25, 1939, by a team of paleontologists headed by Alberto Carlo Blanc dating to about 65 thousand years BP. On May 8, 2021, 9 Neanderthal skeletons were discovered in

3190-480: Is vested in the Regional Council ( Consiglio Regionale ). Rome is centre-left politically oriented by tradition, while the rest of Lazio is centre-right oriented. In the 2008 general election , Lazio gave 44.2% of its vote to the centre-right coalition, while the centre-left block took 41.4% of vote. In the 2013 general election , Lazio gave 40.7% of its vote to the centre-left block coalition, 29.3% to

3300-408: The 2016 Central Italy earthquake . Agriculture, crafts, animal husbandry and fishery are the main traditional sources of income. Agriculture is characterized by the cultivation of wine grapes, fruit, vegetables and olives. Lazio is the main growing region of kiwi in Italy. Approximately 73% of the working population are employed in the services sector, which contribute 85.8% of regional GDP; this

3410-787: The Byzantine Empire , the region became the property of the Eastern Emperor as the Duchy of Rome . However, the long wars against the Longobards weakened the region. With the Donation of Sutri in 728, the Pope acquired the first territory in the region beyond the Duchy of Rome. The strengthening of the religious and ecclesiastical aristocracy led to continuous power struggles between secular lords ( Baroni ) and

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3520-497: The Gardens of Bomarzo , the Abbey of Fossanova , Monte Cassino Abbey and Farfa Abbey . Lazio has many small and picturesque villages, 25 of them have been selected by I Borghi più belli d'Italia (English: The most beautiful Villages of Italy ), a non-profit private association of small Italian towns of strong historical and artistic interest, that was founded on the initiative of

3630-559: The Gustaf Line south of the marshes, necessitating an Allied landing at Anzio and Nettuno in an effort to outflank the Germans. Malaria had returned to the Agro Pontino: quinine and other medicines were in short supply or withheld by the Germans, the food was bad, a shortage of metal prevented repair of the screens, and veterans returning from the Balkans brought back resistant strains of

3740-547: The Monti Aurunci in the south) from 15 to 25 km ( 9 + 1 ⁄ 2 to 15 + 1 ⁄ 2  mi). The northwestern border runs approximately from the mouth of the river Astura along the river and from its upper reaches to Cori in the Monti Lepini. The former marsh is a low tract of mainly agricultural reclaimed land created by draining and filling, separated from the sea by sand dunes . The area amounts to about 80,000 hectares (200,000 acres). The Via Appia ,

3850-472: The Vatican . He leased 95 hectares (240 acres) of the marsh near Terracina and established a model farm, "Tenuta Ponte Maggiore". With the help of waterwheels of ancient Egyptian type, revolved by three oxen , he was able to prove that the moorland had a high percentage of organics in its soil, of over 70 points; this proved that three harvests per year were possible. He protected his 80 workers from malaria with

3960-679: The Via Appia and the Via Latina , "the rest of the cities of Latium ... are situated either on these roads or near them, or between them." He lists a number of settlements of the Monti Lepini Land System, from southeast to northwest: Setia , Signa, Privernum , Cora , Pometia , and a number of others in the north of the Roman Campagna on the Via Latina. Pliny the Elder 's statement on

4070-450: The chyme (mass of partly digested food) is left inside. Typical dishes of this style are: Traditional meat dishes include saltimbocca alla romana (veal wrapped with prosciutto di Parma DOP and sage and cooked in white wine, butter and flour) and abbacchio alla romana (roasted lamb with garlic, rosemary, pepper and chopped prosciutto ). The region gives its name to the professional football club SS Lazio that plays in

4180-536: The coast , there is a mediterranean climate , the temperature values vary between 9–10 °C (48–50 °F) in January and 24–25 °C (75–77 °F) in July. Towards the interior, the climate is more continental and, on the hills, winters are cold and at night, temperatures can be quite frigid. With particular regard to the sunshine duration , it should also be noted that, among the regional capital cities in Italy, Rome

4290-590: The ski resorts of the Lazio Apennines ( Monte Terminillo , Leonessa , Cittareale , Monte Livata, Campo Staffi and Campocatino, Altipiani di Arcinazzo ). Other points of interest in the region are the area of the Roman Castles , located south-east of the city of Rome, around the Alban Hills , made up of a group of towns and cities, partly in the territory of Latium Vetus , surrounded by the Roman Campagna . Also

4400-559: The Agro Pontino was restored. In 1947, the province of Littoria, created by Mussolini, was renamed to Latina. The last of the malaria was conquered in the 1950s, with the aid of DDT . Today, a duct system runs through the dried-out area. Wheat, fruit, and wine grapes are cultivated in the Pontine region. The "Agro Pontino" is a flowering landscape with modern cities with both prewar and postwar architecture. By 2000, about 520,000 inhabitants lived in this formerly deserted region. The Battle of

4510-509: The Canale Giuliano and Canale Portatore. Giuliano died in 1516, and the city of Tarracina combined with Sermoneta and Sezze to halt work, over the issue of property rights. The people of the marsh were not going to allow the Medicis to take their land. Popes Martin V , Sixtus V , and Pius VI all attempted to solve the problem. Pius VI reconstructed the road. In 1561, Pope Pius IV employed

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4620-566: The Elder ) is an approximately quadrangular area of former marshland in the Lazio Region of central Italy, extending along the coast southeast of Rome about 45 km (28 mi) from just east of Anzio to Terracina (ancient Tarracina), varying in distance inland between the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Volscian Mountains (the Monti Lepini in the north, the Monti Ausoni in the center, and

4730-429: The Germans in malariology, but someone on Kesselring's staff—unknown to this day—issued the order. The allies and the Germans equally, therefore, found themselves fighting in a mosquito-infested bog. The new homes were being used as refuges for infantry and cover for tanks. Ernie Pyle relates: "On these little farms of the Pontine marshes Mussolini built hundreds of ... stone farmhouses ... Now and then I saw

4840-468: The Italian Serie A . The region has two professional clubs in the top flight, the other being AS Roma , who also play in the highest division of Italian football. Combined, the two have won five Italian championships with Roma winning three and Lazio two. The main sports stadium in Lazio is Stadio Olimpico in Rome which has housed both teams for a prolonged time and hosts Derby della Capitale between

4950-608: The Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 615,108 foreign-born immigrants live in Lazio, equal to 11.1% of the total regional population. Lazio has a system of representative democracy in which the President of the Region ( Presidente della Regione ) is the head of government and of a pluriform multi-party system . Executive power is vested in the regional government ( Giunta Regionale ) and legislative power

5060-601: The Latina Complex, appeared above sea level over the outer karst, enclosing a lagoon . The beaches survive at the Latina Level from about 560 thousand years BP. The Tyrrhenian II transgression of ocean water into the lagoon left the Minturno level and complex, a dune barrier of about 13 m (43 ft), dated 125–100 thousand years BP. Behind the beach, deep peat and clay deposits alternating with alluvial sediments evidence

5170-506: The Latini, the latter were the dominant constituent. In Roman mythology , the tribe of the Latini took their name from King Latinus . Apart from the mythical derivation of Lazio given by the ancients as the place where Saturn , ruler of the golden age in Latium, hid (latuisset) from Jupiter there, a major modern etymology is that Lazio comes from the Latin word "latus", meaning "wide", expressing

5280-529: The Mussolini Canal, empties into the Tyrrhenian Sea near Anzio . The project reached a peak in 1933 with 124,000 men employed. The previous agrarian population was moved out under protest in the name of progress. Workers were interned in camps surrounded by barbed wire. The camps were overcrowded, wages were low, hours were long, food was bad, sanitation was poor, healthcare was missing, and medical attention

5390-441: The Papal States, so that these territories became provincial administrations of St. Peter's estate; governors in Viterbo , in Marittima and Campagna , and in Frosinone administered them for the papacy. Lazio was part of the short-lived Roman Republic , after which it became a puppet state of the First French Republic under the forces of Napoleon Bonaparte . Lazio was returned to the Papal States in October 1799. In 1809, it

5500-416: The Pontine marshes" and elsewhere to acquire new supplies, but were met with refusal. The Volsci attempted to exploit this momentary weakness by raising an army of invasion but were struck down by an epidemic, of what sort, or whether historians can conclude to be malaria, remains unsaid. The Romans, buying grain in Sicily, reinforced their colony at Velitrae and planted a colony at Norba , "which thus became

5610-410: The Pope until the middle of the 16th century. Innocent III tried to strengthen his own territorial power, wishing to assert his authority in the provincial administrations of Tuscia, Campagna and Marittima through the Church's representatives, in order to reduce the power of the Colonna family . Other popes tried to do the same. During the period when the papacy resided in Avignon, France (1309–1377),

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5720-528: The Romanesco dialect after the establishment of the ghetto in 1555 and therefore not undergoing the influence of the Tuscan as strongly as the dialect of the capital. The dialect is now used for literary and theatrical works. Lazio Lazio ( UK : / ˈ l æ t s i oʊ / LAT -see-oh , US : / ˈ l ɑː t -/ LAHT - ; Italian: [ˈlattsjo] ) or Latium ( / ˈ l eɪ ʃ i ə m / LAY -shee-əm , US also /- ʃ ə m / -⁠shəm ; from

5830-406: The Terracina Complex and Level, which began the Holocene about 11700 years BP, was a single ridge behind which clay, peat, and peaty clay were being deposited at sea level. No land was yet above it. The region was a shallow lagoon interspersed with marshland. Fluvial incisions in the beach let out the excess water, which was brackish and contained salt-water mollusks, leading to the question of where

5940-401: The Tiber, three groups of mountains of volcanic origin: the Volsini , Cimini and Sabatini , whose largest former craters are occupied by the Bolsena , Vico and Bracciano lakes. To the south of the Tiber, other mountain groups form part of the Preapennines: the Alban Hills , also of volcanic origin, and the calcareous Lepini , Ausoni and Aurunci Mountains . The Apennines of Latium are

6050-422: The Tourism Council of the National Association of Italian Municipalities. Lazio GDP growth from 2013 to 2017 in euro : In 2019 there were 657,855 companies, 10.8% of the national total. The table below shows the GDP, produced in Lazio at current market prices in 2006, expressed in millions of euros, broken down into the main economic macro-activities: The unemployment rate stood at 7.7% in 2022. With

6160-444: The added lands or New Latium, and Latium Vetus, or Old Latium, the older, smaller region. The northern border of Lazio was the Tiber river, which divided it from Etruria . The emperor Augustus officially united almost all of present-day Italy into a single geo-political entity, Italia , dividing it into eleven regions. The part of today's Lazio south of the Tiber river – together with the present region of Campania immediately to

6270-459: The areas around Lake Bracciano and Lake Bolsena , Lazio is home to 14 lakes of volcanic origin. One of the most important archaeological park in Italy is Ostia Antica , known as the port of ancient Rome, Ostia was a city of the Latium Vetus, located near the mouth of the Tiber river . Civita di Bagnoregio , also known as "the dying city", has become a popular tourist destination in the country. According to Istat data relating to 2018, Lazio

6380-435: The base of the mountains, cutting through a sand dune at Terracina . This would collect the water flowing from the mountain before it reached the lowest levels where it stagnated. The water collected in the canal system would then be pumped into the Mediterranean. The electricity needed to power the canal system would be collected through dams in the mountains with hydroelectric power plants. The German patent office patented

6490-421: The centre-right coalition and 20.2 to the Five Star Movement . The current president of Lazio is Francesco Rocca , independent politician and former president of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies , in office in the centre-right coalition . Lazio is divided into four provinces and one metropolitan (province-level) city : One of the most famous forms of food in Lazio

6600-423: The city in a deep cut, and giving it a bend toward Circaeum to make it enter the sea by Tarracina, ...besides this he designed to draw off the water from the marshes about Pomentium and Settia, and to make them solid ground, which would employ many thousands of men in the cultivation ..." In 1298, Pope Boniface VIII had a canal dug to connect the Ninfa River with the Cavata River , which drained much of

6710-432: The cuisine of Lazio, spices are widely used. Among the most used are lesser cat-mint , called in Rome " mentuccia " (for artichokes and mushrooms), squaw mint , called in Rome " menta romana " (for lamb and tripe), laurel , rosemary , sage , juniper , chili and grated truffle . Although Roman and Lazio cuisine use cheap ingredients like vegetable and pasta, poor people needed a source of protein. Therefore, they used

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6820-438: The disease. The Germans stopped the pumps and opened the dikes, refilling the marsh with brackish water. They were being advised by the German malariologists Erich Martini and Ernst Rodenwaldt that the return of the salt water would encourage the return of the Anopheles labranchiae Mosquito, which thrives in salty environments. The water would also destroy agriculture, removing essential supplies of food and fresh water from

6930-400: The end of the Pliocene about 2.588 million years ago. The natural outcome of this graben topography was the creation of outer barrier islands and a lagoon that gradually filled with runoff sediment transported from the mountains. The rift valley remained a depression in the Tyrrhenian Sea for about two million years and then in the Tuscolano-Artemisio phase, dated 600–360 thousand years BP ,

7040-421: The entire history of the lagoon and marsh from its first formation, when he hunted and fished along its shores. Paleolithic material comes from Campoverde at the north edge of the Pontino Agro. It is dated by typology, as none has been found in context. The assemblage of amateur collections of surface artifacts "shares affinities with various Lower Palaeolithic industries of Latium. Chronologically referred to

7150-456: The excess water came from and why alluvial fans had not buried the region. The answer is in the composition of the Volscian Mountains, which are limestone , porous, and excessively cracked and faulted. All but the heaviest rainfalls sink into the rock only to appear as a large volume of spring and groundwater at the foot of the mountains. Transport of sediment was minimal. In one estimate, 20 m /s (710 cu ft/s) flow from springs over

7260-421: The existing canals open, and reclaim the district exposed to inundation, for a period of 24 years. Donat's plan failed. This time it was not the technical inadequacy as with the predecessors, but political deliberations that stood in the way of the project. The liberal government hesitated and gave the North preference, where large marshes in the valley of the Po also needed to be reclaimed. Violent resistance by

7370-436: The feudal lords' power increased due to the absence of the Pope from Rome. Small communes, and Rome above all, opposed the lords' increasing power, and with Cola di Rienzo , they tried to present themselves as antagonists of the ecclesiastical power. However, between 1353 and 1367, the papacy regained control of Lazio and the rest of the Papal States . From the middle of the 16th century, the papacy politically unified Lazio with

7480-428: The four large property owners in the Pontine Marshes was the reaction to the necessary expropriation and leasing to the German syndicate of a large part of their marsh country. The cofinancer, the Banca Commerciale in Milan , delayed starting the task. Donat, whose lobbying had operated on his own funds, exhausted his wife's fortune of 75,000 gold marks by 1903. Unsuccessful, he returned to Germany. The Pontine Syndicate

7590-400: The headlands of Cape Circeo (541 m) and Gaeta (171 m). The Pontine Islands , which are part of Lazio, are off Lazio's southern coast. Behind the coastal strip, to the north, lies the Maremma Laziale (the continuation of the Tuscan Maremma), a coastal plain interrupted at Civitavecchia by the Tolfa Mountains (616 m). The central section of the region is occupied by the Roman Campagna ,

7700-404: The idea of "flat land" meaning the Roman Campagna . Much of Lazio is in fact flat or rolling. The lands originally inhabited by the Latini were extended into the territories of the Samnites , the Marsi , the Hernici , the Aequi , the Aurunci and the Volsci , all surrounding Italic tribes. This larger territory was still called Latium, but it was divided into Latium adiectum or Latium Novum,

7810-422: The incorporation ceremony of the last new city, Pomezia , the project was declared complete. Beginning in 1930, the bonifica idraulica cleared the scrub forest, constructed a total of 16,500 km (10,300 mi) of checkerboard canals and trenches, dredged rivers, diked their banks, filled depressions, and constructed pumping stations to change the elevation in the canals where necessary. The final channel,

7920-557: The lagoon. It was deepest at the Terracina end diminishing to the surface at Cisterna , where beds of travertine , sand fused by volcanic activity, reach the surface. At this time, Latium Vetus had been formed as a volcanic land mass, while Latium Novum was a lagoon, the future marsh. The Tyrrhenian III transgression left the Borgo Ermada Complex and Level, about 90 thousand years BP. It consisted of elongated sand ridges parallel to

8030-475: The lake) was undoubtedly uninhabited except possibly for itinerant fowlers and fishers, but further, any evidence of human activity there would be deep in the underlying peat. In the fringes, however, most anciently at the north edge of the lagoon and in the coastal fringe, in both the Fogliano and Borgo Grappa land systems, evidence of hunting-gathering dates from the Middle Pleistocene . Evidently, man has witnessed

8140-509: The land in the Dukedom of Sermoneta , recently bought by his nephews. The increase in water in the Cavata caused severe flooding in the marsh near Sezze . Before he died in 1447, Pope Eugene IV attempted to solve the now-longstanding water dispute between Sermoneta and Sezze by digging another canal to connect and control the rivers of those regions, but the project ended when he died. Pope Leo X ,

8250-575: The larger one is called the Aufidus (Ufente). It is here that the Appian Way first touches the sea ... Near Tarracina, as you go toward Rome, there is a canal that runs alongside the Appian Way, and is fed at numerous places by waters from the marshes and the rivers ... The boat is towed by a mule." In Strabo's view, Latium extends south of Tarracina to Sinuessa . Through the marsh, with reference to

8360-492: The marsh became infected. Starting in 1922, the Italian government's Department of Health, working with the Opera Nazionale Combattenti, developed a new initiative to combat malaria called the bonifica integrale . It featured three stages, the first being the bonifica idraulica , which would drain the swamp and control the waters. Mussolini and his party called it "the battle of the swamps" because it required

8470-622: The marsh below Sezze . The increased rainfall required to move the sediment is attributed to the Atlantic Period , a time of warmer and moister climate dated around 5000-3000 BC. Pollen from the marsh indicates the replacement of mixed oak by alder and willow . The modern rivers incised the marsh: the Ufente, the Sisto, and the Amaseno, which had shifting rather than stable tributaries. The marsh drains to

8580-601: The marsh has been extensive, including surveys, excavations , and core samples . Four land systems have been defined: Fogliano coastal, the beach system; Borgo Grappa Beach Ridge, the region just inland from the beach, rather extensive in the Circeo section; the Latina Plain, the main part of the fields; and the Monti Lepini, the flank of the mountains. The center of the marsh, earlier the lagoon, although currently urban, does not provide any ancient evidence of habitation. The land (or

8690-400: The mountain-chain, That poisons what so far I’ve been achieving; Were I that noisome pool to drain, 'Twould be the highest, last achieving. Thus space to many millions I will give. Where, though not safe, yet free and active they may live." Near the end of the 19th century, a Prussian officer, Major Fedor Maria von Donat (1847–1919), had an idea; he would build a channel that followed

8800-551: The mountains to find clearly defined outlets to the sea through the barrier dunes. Above sea level, it was a forested swamp; below, it was mud flats and pools. Sparsely inhabited throughout much of their history, the Pontine Marshes were the subject of extensive land reclamation work performed periodically. The tribe of the Volsci began with minor draining projects in the vicinity of Tarracina in connection with their occupation of it in

8910-436: The new consumer society , the desire for life, beauty and entertainment exploded, becoming the " Hollywood on the Tiber ". Today, Lazio is a large center of services and international trade , industry , public services and tourism , supported by an extensive network of transport infrastructures thanks to its geographical position in the center of Italian Peninsula and the presence of Rome within it. Lazio comprises

9020-400: The original Latin name , pronounced [ˈɫati.ũː] ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy . Situated in the central peninsular section of the country, it has 5,714,882 inhabitants and a GDP of more than €212 billion per year, making it the country's second most populated region and second largest regional economy after Lombardy . The capital of Lazio is Rome , which

9130-629: The position of industry, favouring the areas with the best links to Rome and those near the Autostrada del Sole , especially around Frosinone . Additional factor was cheap energy supply from Latina Nuclear Power Plant and Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant , which are now out of the operation after Italian nuclear energy referendum. Industry contributes a small part of GDP: its share is 8.9% compared to 25.0% in Veneto and 24.0% in Emilia-Romagna . In Rome it

9240-431: The pre-Roman period. The road proved difficult to keep above water. Under Augustus, a compromise was reached with the construction of a parallel canal. The part of the marsh above sea level was successfully drained by channels, and new agricultural land of legendary fertility came into being. Whenever the channels were not maintained, the swamp reappeared. Meanwhile, frequent epidemics of malaria at Rome and elsewhere kept

9350-527: The project under the number 17,120. He expected to dry out the marshes within a five-year time span. Major von Donat published his idea in Rome and Berlin, and succeeded in gaining the attention of Emil Rathenau , the general manager of AEG in Berlin. Rathenau saw market potential for electric investments, so he and some industrialists in Berlin, as well as private financiers, created the "Pontine Syndicate Ltd" in 1900. Seventy million gold marks were set aside for

9460-491: The project. (With one mark being five grams of pure silver, the amount is equivalent to $ 17.5M in 1900 US dollars.) One of the conditions was that the Italians would have to match the funds on the project. In 1898, Fedor von Donat resigned from his position as battalion commander and moved to Rome with his family. There, he lobbied the government for his project, as well as four large landowners, connections in financial circles, and

9570-427: The reclamation issue alive. Under Benito Mussolini 's regime in the 1930s, the problem was nearly solved by placing dikes and pumping out that portion of the marsh below sea level. It continues to need constant maintenance. Italian confidence in the project was so high, the city placed by Mussolini in 1932 in the center of the marsh, Latina , became the capital of a new province, Latina . The Agro Pontino geologically

9680-540: The recruitment, deployment, and supply of an army of workers. In the second stage, the bonifica agraria , homesteads with stone houses and public utilities were to be constructed and the land was to be parcelled among settlers. The third stage, bonifica igienica , took measures against the mosquitos ( Anopheles labranchiae ), such as screens and whitewash (so the mosquitos could be easily identified and killed), and against malaria, such as distributing quinine and setting up health services. In 1922 also, Benito Mussolini

9790-498: The region to well outperform the Italian economy in 2009 in the heart of the global financial crisis, but it was strongly affected by the COVID-19 crisis of 2020–2021 due to the lock-downs. Industrial development in Lazio is limited to the areas south of Rome. Communications and – above all – the setting of the border of the Cassa del Mezzogiorno some kilometers south of Rome have influenced

9900-415: The region with his painter-friend Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein . He reports in his book, The Italian Journey , that they "have never seen so bad of an appearance as they are usually described in Rome". Goethe became interested in the dewatering attempts, after observing that it is "a large and extensive task". He probably used this image in this scene in his Faust II , Act V: "A marsh extends along

10010-588: The rest of the Latian dialects. The central-northern Lazio is characterized, like the other Central Italian dialects and the Tuscan dialect (but unlike the neighboring Southern Latian dialect and most of the other Italian dialects), by the presence of seven vowels, also typical of standard Italian. The Judaic-Roman dialect can be inserted within the Central-Northern Latian dialect, having diverged considerably from

10120-523: The same cave by a team of archaeologists. The team concluded that the Neanderthals were killed by a pack of hyenas . The geographers and historians of the early Roman empire describe the marsh. Livy reported that after the Secessio plebis of 494 BC, a strike by the common people for political rights, a famine occurred at Rome due to decreased economic activity. Grain buyers were sent to "the people of

10230-420: The second half of the Middle Pleistocene ;" that is, about 500 thousand years BP. These are primarily flint cores and 5–6 cm (2– 2 + 1 ⁄ 2  in) flakes , consisting of denticulate tools , side scrapers, borers, retouched flakes, some microliths , and others. Also from Campoverde come animal bones excavated unscientifically from a trench during construction and one human tooth. The latter

10340-521: The services of the mathematician Rafael Bombelli , who had gained a reputation as a hydraulic engineer in reclaiming marshland in the Val di Chiana in the Tuscan Apennines , but the project also came to naught. The ambitious Sixtus V also made unsuccessful attempts at reclamation of the area and died of malaria after a visit to the Pontine Marshes. On February 17, 1787, Johann Wolfgang Goethe visited

10450-450: The shore, 8 to 15 m (26 to 49 ft) high. During the regression phase, fluvial incisions indicate by then at very latest, the lagoon was totally enclosed. After it drained, aeolian (wind-driven) sand covered the notches. At around 22 thousand years BP, the volcanic complex became active for the last time, erupting in hydromagmatic explosions that created the beds of Lakes Albano and Nemi , both crater lakes. The most recent beach,

10560-411: The skeleton of a cow or a horse." The Battle of Anzio left the marsh in the state of devastation; nearly everything Mussolini had accomplished was reversed. The cities were in ruins, the houses blown up, the marshes full of brackish water, the channels filled in, the plain depopulated, the mosquitos flourishing, and malaria on the rise. The major structures for water control survived, and in a few years,

10670-584: The so-called "quinto quarto" ("fifth quarter"), leftovers from animal carcasses that remained after the sale of prized parts to the wealthy. Quinto quarto includes tripe (the most valuable part of reticulum , also called " cuffia ", " l'omaso " or " lampredotto "), kidneys (which need to be soaked for a long time in water with lemon to remove urine smell), heart, liver, spleen, sweetbreads (pancreas, thymus and salivary glands), brain, tongue, ox tail, trotters and pajata ( intestines of calf, fed only with its mother's milk). The intestines are cleaned and skinned but

10780-402: The south, the settling of which could provide a new province for Italy without a colonial war. The urbanization of the marshes could prevent emigration of 200,000 Italians. Around 1900, one could count fewer than 1,000 inhabitants for a coastal region larger than 700 km . By a law passed in 1899, the proprietors were bound to arrange for the safe outlet of the water from the mountains, keep

10890-569: The southeast of Lazio and the seat of Neapolis – became Region I ( Latium et Campania ), while modern Upper Lazio became part of Regio VII – Etruria , and today's Province of Rieti joined Regio IV – Samnium . After the Gothic conquest of Italy at the end of the fifth century, modern Lazio became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom , but after the Gothic War between 535 and 554 and conquest by

11000-482: The southeast, with channels parallel to the coast, exiting between Circeo and Terracina . Although settlement on the mountain slopes began much earlier, deforestation by the Volsci began in the sixth century BC. The marsh rapidly acquired the alluvial deposits of the Amaseno Fan over the peat, bringing much of it above water. No buried soils indicate any cultivation of dry land in the marsh. Archaeological work on

11110-472: The topic of the marshes: "Another marvel not far from Circello is the Pomptine Marsh, a place that Mucianus , who was three times consul, has reported to be the site of 24 cities. Then comes the river Aufentum, above which is the town of Tarracina ..." is notable for what it does not say, which is the names and locations of the cities. Many more than 24 Roman settlements were built in the marsh, but it

11220-994: The two clubs. The stadium also hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1990 FIFA World Cup final . Outside of Rome the football scene has another club playing in the Serie A, that being Frosinone . Lazio hosts no top-line motorsports events, but the Vallelunga circuit previously hosted the Superbike World Championship in motorcycle racing . Rome is home to many international sporting events and competitions, including: Pontine Marshes The Pontine Marshes ( / ˈ p ɒ n t aɪ n / PON -tyne , US also / ˈ p ɒ n t iː n / PON -teen ; Italian : Agro Pontino [ˈaːɡro ponˈtiːno] , formerly also Paludi Pontine ; Latin : Pomptīnus Ager [ sg. ] by Titus Livius , Pomptīna Palus [ sg. ] and Pomptīnae Paludes [ pl. ] by Pliny

11330-424: The vicinity, an act that had minimal military effect but devastated the population. Although it is true that the bog impeded movement of heavy equipment, the Germans did not flood the marsh for that reason; the equipment under heavy shelling from some of the largest artillery pieces the Germans had was going nowhere, anyway. The flooding was an act of biological warfare and was opposed by former Italian colleagues of

11440-613: Was annexed to the French Empire under the name of the Department of Tibre , but returned to the Pope's control in 1815. On 20 September 1870 the capture of Rome , during the reign of Pope Pius IX , and France's defeat at Sedan , completed Italian unification , and Lazio was incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy . In 1927, the territory of the province of Rieti, belonging to Umbria and Abruzzo , joined Lazio. Towns in Lazio were devastated by

11550-413: Was dissolved on September 4, 1914. With it, a premature but bold attempt at a transnational investment to gain more land ended. In 1928, the population of the marshes was 1,637. They were people who lived in shanties across the fields, herded, practiced agriculture, and were in poor health most of the time. The Italian Red Cross related that, during the malaria season, 80% of those having spent one night in

11660-402: Was lacking. Workers could quit, however, and turnover was high. In 1935, at the completion of the phase, they were all dismissed without notice. Many were infected with malaria. The government placed about 2,000 families (most from northern Italy) in standardised but carefully varied two-storey country houses of blue stucco with tiled roofs. Each settler family was assigned a farmhouse, an oven,

11770-676: Was made prime minister by the king. In 1926, the Department of Health undertook a pilot project of the new strategy in the delta of the Tiber River , reclaiming land and creating 45 new homesteads with great success, after which Mussolini climbed aboard. At his request to the Director-general of the Department of Health, Alessandro Messea submitted a plan for the Pontine Marshes. In 1928, Mussolini brought it before parliament; it became "Mussolini's Law", and began to be implemented in 1929. In 1939, at

11880-413: Was often heavily settled, but the marsh supported no resident population. The underlying landform is a horst – graben , in which expansion of the crust causes a section to drop, creating a rift valley . Underneath the marsh is such a valley, while the steeply-sided Volscian Mountains and the floor under the outer dunes are the corresponding horsts. The graben was formed over a period approximated by

11990-521: Was part of ancient Latium adiectum and still belongs to Lazio . Bordered by the Aurunci Mountains , this land is mainly reclaimed, as well, but the more frequent incursion of hills permitted more dense settlements. Leaving Terracina, the Via Appia crosses it, as well. The marsh was an extensive alluvial plain at about sea level (some above, some below) created by the failure of the streams draining

12100-630: Was surpassed only by China . Infrastructure which has been used for grape growing was easily adapted for kiwifruit cultivation. Only sheep and buffalo herds are significant nationwide. Both are kept predominantly for milk, which is used in the production of pecorino romano and mozzarella di bufala cheese. Sheep herds are the 3rd nationwide after Sardinia and Sicily . 40% of sheep are bred in province of Viterbo . Vineyards cover 47,884 hectares (118,320 acres) in Lazio. 90% of wines are white. In production of quality wine Lazio has rank 14 of 20 with 190.557 hl. There are 3 DOCG wines: Tourism in Lazio

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