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31-623: Several classical sources, Greek and Roman, mentioned the Celtici. Strabo (3, 1, 6) echoed Poseidonius when he mentioned the Keltikoi as the main inhabitants of the region located between the rivers Tagus and Guadiana , approximately where the Alentejo ( Portugal ) stands today. The Celtici were not considered a barbarian people. On the contrary, they were what the Greeks considered a civilized people, almost in

62-713: A Turdetanian rebellion soon afterwards, and allied with the Lusitani and Vettones , promptly began to raid the lands of the Roman Hispanic allies in Baetica and the Cyneticum throughout the 2nd Century BC. They proved to be the most reliable allies of the Lusitani – whose chieftain Viriathus used western Beturia as a rear base for its military operations on the south – in deep contrast to

93-574: A 47 km (29 mi) border between Spain and Portugal, it enters Portugal. In Portugal, it flows for 145 km (90 mi) through the traditional regions of Beira Baixa, Alto Alentejo, Ribatejo, and Estremadura, which include the districts of Castelo Branco, Portalegre, Santarém, and Lisbon. The most important cities along its course are Aranjuez, Toledo, and Talavera de la Reina in Spain; and Abrantes, Santarém, and Lisbon in Portugal. The Tagus basin has

124-718: A hill about 100 m high, around the meander known as Torno del Tajo, which preserved it from possible attacks and incursions. From the Late Middle Ages, the mouth of the Tagus articulated an intense commercial activity between Northern Europe and the Mediterranean. From the Renaissance, it was the main communications hub of the Portuguese Empire, which extended through America, Africa, and Asia. The nearly 100 km (60 mi) of

155-508: A resident leaves their Celtic origin recorded: D(IS) M(ANIBUS) S(ACRUM) / C(AIUS) PORCIUS SEVE/RUS MIROBRIGEN(SIS) / CELT(ICUS) ANN(ORUM) LX / H(IC) S(ITUS) E(ST) S(IT) T(IBI) T(ERRA) L(EVIS) Traditional theories hold that the Celtici were a group that included several populi , namely the Saefes and the Cempsii , of unknown origin, which according to modern research possibly belonged to one of

186-575: A total area of 80,600 km (31,100 sq mi). It is the most populated basin in the Iberian Peninsula, with more than ten million inhabitants. It includes the Madrid metropolitan area and the Lisbon region. The Tagus basin has a total reservoir capacity of around 14,500 hm (510 billion cu ft). The lower Tagus region in Portugal is a seismically active area. Major earthquakes in

217-543: Is a municipality in Setúbal District in Portugal. The population in 2011 was 29,749, in an area of 1059.69 km . The present mayor is Álvaro Beijinha, elected by the Unitary Democratic Coalition . The municipal holiday is July 25. Administratively, the municipality is divided into eight civil parishes ( freguesias ): Santiago do Cacém is twinned with: This Portugal location article

248-570: The Atlantic Ocean in Lisbon . The river's Latin name is Tagus . While the etymology is unclear, the most probable etymological origin for the hydronym Tagus is Indo-European *(s)tag- ('to drip'). The Tagus River originates at an elevation of 1,593 meters above sea level in a place known as Fuente García, within the municipality of Frías de Albarracín in Teruel, Spain. Its source is located between

279-678: The Cassiterides , as situated among these Celtici. The Celtici Supertarmarci have also left a number of inscriptions, as the Celtici Flavienses did. Several villages and rural parishes still bear the name Céltigos (from Latin Celticos ) in Galicia. This is also the name of an archpriesthood of the Catholic Church, a division of the archbishopric of Santiago de Compostela , encompassing part of

310-706: The Proconsul Publius Licinius Crassus in the wake of his campaign against them and their Lusitani neighbors in 93 BC. Tagus The Tagus ( / ˈ t eɪ ɡ ə s / TAY -gəs ; Spanish : Tajo [ˈtaxo] ; Portuguese : Tejo [ˈtɛʒu] ) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula . The river rises in the Montes Universales between Cuenca and Teruel , in mid-eastern Spain , flows 1,007 km (626 mi), generally westward, and empties into

341-600: The 3rd Century BC they managed to push southwards towards the western Algarve coast where they founded the port of Laccobriga (Monte Molião, near Lagos ) in Conii territory. In Baeturia, the Bituriges set their capital at Nertobriga (Cerro del Coto, Fregenal de la Sierra – Badajoz ) whilst the Turones placed theirs at Turobriga (Llanos de La Belleza, near Aroche – Huelva ) and both peoples controlled six other cities. In Baetica

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372-747: The Alto Tajo canyon as it passes through the natural park of the same name offer one of the best options for practicing whitewater canoeing in the central peninsula. Several adventure companies offer this activity in the vicinity of Poveda de la Sierra and Ocentejo. In the flat water modality, canoeing can be practiced in the Entrepeñas and Bolarque reservoirs. There are also important flat water canoeing clubs in Aranjuez and Talavera de la Reina. Santiago do Cac%C3%A9m Santiago do Cacém ( European Portuguese pronunciation: [sɐ̃tiˈaɣu ðu kɐˈsɐ̃j] )

403-816: The Carthaginians. Submitted to Carthaginian rule just prior to the Second Punic War , the Celtici of Alentejo and Beturia recovered their independence in 206 BC whereas their Baetic counterparts simply shifted their allegiance from Carthage to the Roman Republic . In 197 BC the Ultima Celtiberia was included in the new Hispania Ulterior Province, though they were only conquered by the Ulterior Praetor Tiberius Gracchus in 179 BC. The Beturian Celtici tribes however, rose in support of

434-540: The Celtici city-states of Baetica, who frequently changed sides according to circumstances. When the tide turned against the Lusitani in 141 BC, the Beturian Celtici were subjected to the punitive campaigns conducted in the Iberian southwest by Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus , who invaded eastern Beturia and plundered five towns allied with Viriathus. The Celtici were later defeated and included in H. Ulterior by

465-602: The Celtici held or had a presence in some city-states, namely Celti ( Peñaflor – Seville), Urso ( Osuna – Seville), Obulco/Obulcula ( Castillo de la Monclova , Fuentes de Andalucía – Seville; Iberian-type mint: Ipolca ), Tribola ( Baena – Córdoba ), Munda ( Montilla ? – Córdoba), Tucci/Itucci ( Los Martos , near Jaén – Córdoba), Turobriga ( Turón – Granada), Cartima ( Cártama – Málaga), Arunda ( Ronda – Málaga) and Acinipo ( Ronda la Vieja – Málaga). Further North in Gallaecia , another group of Celtici dwelt

496-591: The Celtici of Lusitania and were also kin to the Gallaeci : Latin : Celticos a Celtiberis ex Lusitania advenisse manifestum est sacris, lingua, oppidorum vocabulis, quae cognominibus in Baetica distinguntur. The Celtici from Guadiana had blood links with the Galician Celts, since there had been large-scale migration to the northwest of these Celts along with the Turduli (Str., 3, 3, 5). ...[Pliny considers

527-513: The Celtici who extend into Baetica] to have migrated from Lusitania which he appears to regard as the original seat of the whole Celtic population of the Iberian peninsula including the Celtiberians , on the ground of an identity of sacred rites, language, and names of cities. These migratory patterns have persisted on the same axis until modern times, supporting a centuries-old traditional and seasonal farming and animal husbandry transhumance along

558-477: The Lower Tagus include those of 1309, 1531 , 1755 , and 1909 . The Tagus river is one of the few rivers in the world to have an inverted delta . Its delta is wider at the beginning and narrows down as it approaches the sea, contrary to a typical delta . This is because it flows into the sea through a small opening in a valley. Although due to sedimentation, this delta is now only very partially inverted, with

589-660: The Muela de San Juan (1,830 m) and Cerro de San Felipe (1,839 m), in the Sierra de Albarracín, which belongs to the Montes Universales in the western branch of the Iberian System. The river flows through Spain for 816 km (507 mi), passing through four autonomous communities (Aragón, Castilla-La Mancha, Madrid, and Extremadura) and a total of six provinces (Teruel, Guadalajara, Cuenca, Madrid, Toledo, and Cáceres). After forming

620-620: The ancient Roman or Carthaginian Silver road that served for its rich mines production transport, and for the Astorga region peddlers and wagoneers, the Maragatos . Pliny also noted that already in Roman times the inhabitants of Miróbriga (one of the Celtic cities of the region, near Santiago do Cacém) used the surname of Celtici : " Mirobrigenses qui Celtici cognominantur ". In the sanctuary of Miróbriga

651-633: The central region of the Iberian Peninsula. The high degree of depopulation in some areas integrated into its basin, such as its upper and middle-lower course, has allowed the preservation of places of great ecological interest. Some of them have been legally protected, such as the Alto Tajo Natural Park (Guadalajara and Cuenca), the Monfragüe National Park (Cáceres), and the Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve, near Lisbon. Around

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682-741: The coastal areas. They comprised several populi , including the Celtici proper: the Praestamarci south of the Tambre river ( Tamaris ), the Supertamarci north of it, and the Neri by the Celtic promontory ( Promunturium Celticum ), whom Strabo considered related to the Celtici of Lusitania, settled in Gallaecia after a military campaign held jointly with the Turduli Veteres . Pomponius Mela affirmed that all

713-454: The course of the river, four endangered animal species live: the Iberian lynx, the Spanish imperial eagle, the black stork, and the black vulture. In addition to its geographical relevance, the Tagus has great historical importance, resulting from its connection with Toledo and Lisbon, two of the cities with the greatest weight and historical journey in the Iberian Peninsula. The first was built on

744-722: The first settlements of Celtic origin; and initially perhaps also the possible proto-Lusitanians (the Ligus , Lusis or Lycis ), all mentioned in the Ora Maritima ("Sea Coasts") of Avienius , and possibly reinforced with subsequent waves. The main Eburones’ cities were their presumed capital Ebora ( Évora ), Segovia (archeological site near Campo Maior , Elvas ), the coastal town of Mirobriga Celticorum (archeological site near Santiago do Cacém ), and five other towns within Alentejo. Around

775-649: The inhabitants of the coastal regions, from the bays of southern Gallaecia and up to the Astures , were also Celtici: "All (this coast) is inhabited by the Celtici, except from the Douro river to the bays, where the Grovi dwelt (…) In the north coast first there are the Artabri, still of the Celtic people ( Celticae gentis ), and after them the Astures." He also mentioned the fabulous isles of tin,

806-580: The lands attributed to the Celtici Supertamarci by ancient authors. Archaeology confirms that the material culture of the southwestern Celtici was deeply influenced by the Arevaci of Celtiberia and beyond, as their metalwork shows strong parallels with south-central Gaul , Liguria , Etruria , and central Italy. The Baetic Celtici soon fell under the cultural influence of their Iberian Turdetani neighbors, as well as receiving Hellenistic elements from

837-566: The main group responsible for the celticization of the Conii , in the Algarve. Their most famous city was Conistorgis (Str., 3, 2, 2), which, according to different sources, belonged to the Cunetes or Conii (App., Iber. 56-60). Similarly, Strabo (3, 2, 15) indicated that the Celtici established colonies, such as Pax Julia ( Beja ). The origin of the Baeturian Celts was, according to Pliny, from

868-850: The rain and snow variations typical of the central region of the Iberian Peninsula, especially in reference to the mountain formations integrated here. The river's major floods usually occur from January to April, with an absolute maximum in March (when thawing occurs), while the lowest flows occur between July and October, with a minimum in September. This results in a very irregular course, with strong flow oscillations. As it passes through Alcántara (Cáceres), these range from 350 m /s (12,000 cu ft/s) in February and March to 11 m /s (390 cu ft/s) in August and September. This regime has been altered in

899-884: The same degree as the Turdetani . They shared the same 'gentle and civilized' character of the Turdetani . Strabo put this down to the fact that they were neighbouring populations, and Polybius proposed that they were related, 'although the Celtici are less [civilized] because they generally live in hamlets (Str., 3, 2, 15)'. Their main cities were Lacobriga (probably Lagos in the Algarve), Caepiana (in Alentejo), Braetolaeum, Miróbriga (near Santiago do Cacém ), Arcobriga, Meribriga, Catraleucus, Turres, Albae and Arandis (near Castro Verde and Ourique ). Other important cities were Nertobriga, Turobriga, Segida, Ebora , Caetobriga and Eburobrittium ( Óbidos ), among other settlements. They appear to be

930-469: The second half of the 20th century as a result of the construction of different engineering works, aimed at regulating its basin for five main uses: drinking water supply, irrigation, water diversion to an external basin (that of the Segura River), electricity production, and cooling of nuclear power plants. The banks and areas of influence of the Tagus are home to relevant flora and fauna, representative of

961-406: The valley now mostly filled with sediment. The delta is about 15 km (9 mi) wide and 25 km (16 mi) long, but its exit into the sea is only 2 km (1.2 mi) wide. It thus forms a large lagoon with large and very shallow sand banks which go uncovered during low tides. The delta used to be even bigger thousands of years ago. The hydrological regime of the Tagus is determined by

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