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25-763: The Celilo Fish Committee is a committee formed by representatives from the Yakama Nation of Washington . The Celilo Fish Committee was formed and run by representatives from the Yakama Nation , Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation , Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation , and unenrolled river chiefs to govern fishing along the Columbia river in 1935 until 1957. They settled disputes among fishermen, protected Indian fishing rights, and regulated fish use by operating in

50-497: A casino , one of the few Native American casinos in the United States that are "dry" (alcohol-free). The Yakama Nation is one of several tribal governments in the northwestern United States to offer free bus service on its reservation. The governance of the tribe is the responsibility of a 14-member tribal council, elected by a vote of the tribe's members. In 1963, most criminal and civil jurisdiction over tribal members

75-501: A court-like manner. The Committee's power to settle these disputes came from the respect of the members involved. Collectively, the committee's twelve members shared responsibility for protecting and administering Indian fishing, promoting law and order at the fisheries, and prioritizing subsistence fishing ahead of commercial fishing. The Great Depression brought many challenges to the Celilo Indians when Congress authorized funding for

100-455: A surge of crime on the reservation, particularly in White Swan . The resolution sought to impose greater penalties on tribal members who commit crimes (including the loss of treaty rights to hunt and fish, as well as banishment from the tribe) and stated that non-members who committed crimes on the reservation could be excluded from the reservation. In June 2019, the tribal council said that

125-678: Is a Native American reservation in Washington state of the federally recognized tribe known as the Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation . The tribe is made up of Klikitat , Palus , Wallawalla , Wenatchi , Wishram , and Yakama peoples. The reservation is located on the east side of the Cascade Mountains in southern Washington state. The eastern portion of Mount Adams lies within this territory. According to

150-511: Is also a suite of animals that call the shrub-steppe home, including sage grouse , pygmy rabbit , Western rattlesnake , and pronghorn . Historically, much of the shrub-steppe in Washington state was referred to as scabland because of the deep channels cut into pure basalt rock by cataclysmic floods more than 10,000 years ago. Major threats to the ecosystem include overgrazing , fires, invasion by nonnative species, development (since much of it

175-563: Is dominated primarily by low-lying shrubs, such as big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) and bitterbrush ( Purshia tridentata ), with too little rainfall to support the growth of forests, though some trees do occur. Other important plants are bunchgrasses such as Pseudoroegneria spicata , which have historically provided forage for livestock as well as wildlife, but are quickly being replaced by nonnative annual species like cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum ), tumble mustard ( Sisymbrium altissimum ), and Russian thistle ( Salsola kali ). There

200-472: The Dalles Dam . The Yakama Nation, Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation, and Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation were granted treaty guaranteed fishing rights perpetually in 1855. The location of Celilo Falls was outside the boundaries of the adjacent Indian reservations that were guaranteed fishing access which caused its status under the law to be ambiguous. Groups, including

225-539: The United States Census Bureau , the reservation covers 2,185.94 square miles (5,661.56 km²) and the population in 2000 was 31,799. It lies primarily in Yakima and the northern edge of Klickitat counties. The largest city on the reservation is Toppenish . About 80% of the reservation's land is held in trust by the federal government for the benefit of the tribe and tribal members . The remaining 20% of

250-534: The Eastern District of Washington issued an opinion letter stating that federal prosecutors would enforce existing federal liquor laws, but would not enforce a ban on the sale of alcohol on privately owned, non-Indian communities within the reservation. The reservation has struggled with substance abuse over a series of decades. Although the recreational use of marijuana is generally legal in Washington state under Initiative 502 (enacted by voters in 2012),

275-468: The Yakama Nation in 2009. The required blood quantum for tribal membership is 1 ⁄ 4 . The Yakama Nation suffers from high poverty and unemployment; a 2005 report indicated that 42.8% of Yakama Nation families lived in poverty. As of 2017, there was a wait list of 1,800 families for tribal housing, and high rates of homelessness . In 2016, an encampment at the reservation was set up by about 130 people evicted from tribal housing. Members of

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300-454: The Yakama have sought to block the issuance of licenses for the legal marijuana cultivation and sales on their lands; in 2014, the tribe filed challenges to almost 1,300 pending applications for marijuana business licenses in the 10-county area on which the reservation is located. In February 2018, the Yakama tribal council Yakamas passed a resolution declared a public safety crisis in response to

325-574: The Yakima Tribal Council unanimously voted to change the spelling of the tribe's name from Yakima to Yakama , matching the spelling of the 1855 treaty. The pronunciation remained the same. The Yakama reservation was affected by the Cougar Creek fire, one of the 2015 Washington wildfires . About 80% of the Cougar Creek fire burned on reservation land. The Yakama responded by salvage logging . Roughly 10,000 people were enrolled members of

350-662: The authority to cede communal land and had not properly gained consensus from the full council or tribe. A dispute over the treaty conditions led to the Yakima War (1855–1858), which the Yakama and allied tribes waged against the United States. Following the Bannock War of 1878, the United States government forced the Northern Paiute people out of Nevada and onto the Yakama Reservation, although most had not been involved in

375-418: The entirety of the 1.2-million-acre reservation, including private land owned by the estimated 20,000 non-tribal members who lived on the reservation. Washington state, represented by its state attorney general , sued the tribe. The suit was dismissed on ripeness grounds, because the ban had not yet been enforced against non-tribal members or on privately owned land. In 2001, the acting U.S. Attorney for

400-525: The levels compared to 1855. Indiscriminate logging, careless farming methods, and over reliance on hatcheries are factors that lead to fish decline. A new fish committee to control fishing regulations among Indians was recommended in a 1934 Celilo meeting. This recommendation turned into the Celilo Fish Committee in 1935 when the Bureau of Indian Affairs approved its constitution and by-laws. Celilo Falls

425-812: The reservation was plagued by drug use and violent crime, as well as "disregard for the rule of law and general civil unrest" and responded by imposing a youth curfew, establishing a telephone hotline for reporting crime, and increasing penalties for theft and assault. The announcement came after five people were killed in White Swan on the reservation in a shooting earlier that month. Shrub-steppe The primary ecological processes historically at work in shrub-steppe ecosystems are drought and fire . Shrub-steppe plant species have developed particular adaptations to low annual precipitation and summer drought conditions. Plant adaptations to different soil moisture regimes influence their distribution. A frequent fire regime in

450-465: The reservation's land is privately owned. Some 410,000 acres of the reservation are shrub-steppe rangeland ; as of 2014, about 15,000 wild horses roamed these lands—an unsustainable population, many times what the land can support. The reservation was created in 1855 by a treaty signed by Washington Territory Gov. Isaac Stevens and representatives of the Yakama tribe. Several Native leaders believed that those representatives did not have

475-755: The shrub-steppe similarly adds to the patchwork pattern of shrub and grass that characterizes shrub-steppe ecosystems. The shrub-steppes of North America occur in the western United States and western Canada, in the rain shadow between the Cascades and Sierra Nevada on the west and the Rocky Mountains on the east. They extend from south-central British Columbia down into south central and south-eastern Washington , eastern Oregon , and eastern California , and across through Idaho , Nevada , and Utah into western Wyoming and Colorado , and down into northern and central New Mexico and northern Arizona . Growth

500-507: The treatied tribal members, those of the area of Native Americans, and white people negotiated for access to the waters and sold the fish they caught to a cannery. During Salmon season, up to 5,000 fishers could be gathered at once. Although chaotic, they still cooperated in a type of “market governed by custom.” Infrastructure consisted of “jerry-rigged platforms'' that fishers stood upon and used nets to scoop up fish. Today, Columbia River tribes commercially harvest chinook salmon at 1.5 percent

525-411: The tribe responded by building tiny houses , but the structures do not have plumbing and are not viewed as a permanent solution. The tribe undertakes forest management activities, including a lumber mill that supports several hundred jobs in the region. The tribe owns one of the largest commercial forests in the country, which makes up a sizable percent of the tribe's income. The tribe operates

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550-446: The tribe, along with jurisdiction over the five civil areas of "compulsory school attendance, public assistance, domestic relations, juvenile delinquency and operations of motor vehicles on public roads and highways on the reservation." The Yakama Nation bans alcohol on tribal land, including its casino and convenience store, as well as on tribal powwows and other ceremonies. In 2000, the tribal council voted to extend its alcohol ban to

575-534: The war. The more than 500 Paiute in Washington were subjected to privation for more than a decade before being allowed to return to Nevada. They were forced to compete for the limited resources and housing on the reservation with peoples who had been established there for decades. The Paiute did not return to Nevada until the 1886 expansion of the Duck Valley Indian Reservation permitted them to reunite with their Western Shoshone brethren. In 1994,

600-599: Was an important center for native trade, culture, and ceremony. For thousands of years, Pacific Northwest Indians fished, bartered, socialized, and honored their ancestors at Celilo Falls, part of a nine-mile stretch of the Long Narrows on the Columbia River. Celilo Falls disappeared under the backwaters of The Dalles dam in March 1957. Yakama Indian Reservation The Yakama Indian Reservation (spelled Yakima until 1994)

625-478: Was transferred from the tribe to the Washington state government under Public Law 280 . (Misdemeanors and traffic infractions continued to be handled by the tribe.) From 1983 to April 1993, thirteen women were killed on the reservation , and two other women disappeared in the early 1990s; none of the cases were solved, fueling native distrust of the FBI . In 2016, full criminal jurisdiction over tribal members reverted to

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