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37-740: This diacritic is not to be confused with the ogonek (◌̨), which resembles the cedilla but mirrored. It looks also very similar to the diacrital comma , which is used in the Romanian and Latvian alphabet , and which is misnamed "cedilla" in the Unicode standard. The tail originated in Spain as the bottom half of a miniature cursive z . The word cedilla is the diminutive of the Old Spanish name for this letter, ceda ( zeta ). Modern Spanish and isolationist Galician no longer use this diacritic, although it

74-422: A cedilla beneath the letter "t" in some words. For example, the suffix -tion is usually not pronounced as /tjɔ̃/ but as /sjɔ̃/ . It has to be distinctly learned that in words such as diplomatie (but not diplomatique ), it is pronounced /s/ . A similar effect occurs with other prefixes or within words. Firmin-Didot surmised that a new character could be added to French orthography. A letter with

111-484: A comma (virgula) to some letters, such as ș , which looks somewhat like a cedilla, but is more precisely a diacritical comma . This is particularly confusing with letters which can take either diacritic: for example, the consonant /ʃ/ is written as "ş" in Turkish but as "ș" in Romanian, and Romanian writers will sometimes use the former instead of the latter because of insufficient computer support. Adobe names of

148-477: A comma design, which could be made bolder and more compatible with the style of the text. This reduces the visual distinction between the cedilla and the diacritical comma . The most frequent character with cedilla is "ç" ("c" with cedilla, as in façade ). It was first used for the sound of the voiceless alveolar affricate /ts/ in old Spanish and stems from the letter ⟨ꝣ⟩ (the Visigothic form of

185-443: A customised symbol but this does not mean that the result has any real-world application and are not shown in the table. In ambiguous cases, typeface designers must choose whether to use a cedilla diacritic or comma-below diacritic for these codepoints , leaving it to others to provide the user with a method to achieve the other form (i.e., that relies on the combining character method). Here are three popular faces that demonstrate

222-518: A different way: " \textpolhook{a} " will produce ą . Voiceless palatal fricative The voiceless palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ç ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is C . It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative . The symbol ç

259-415: A letter with ogonek, if it is supported by the font encoding, e.g. \k{a} will typeset ą . (The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it, but the newer T1 one does. It may be enabled by saying \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} in the preamble.) However, \k{e} rather places the diacritic "right-aligned" with the carrying e (ę), suitably for Polish, while \textogonekcentered horizontally centers

296-452: A symbol similar to an e with ogonek, evolved from a ligature of a and e in medieval scripts, in Latin and Irish palaeography . The O caudata of Old Norse (letter ǫ , with ǫ́ ) is used to write the open-mid back rounded vowel , /ɔ/ . Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this 'hook' in both directions, in combination with several vowels. Despite this distinction, the term 'ogonek'

333-671: Is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European languages, and directly under a vowel in several Native American languages . It is also placed on the lower right corner of consonants in some Latin transcriptions of various indigenous languages of the Caucasus mountains. An ogonek can also be attached to the bottom of a vowel in Old Norse or Old Icelandic to show length or vowel affection . For example, in Old Norse, ǫ represents

370-627: Is also sometimes used this way in Manx , to distinguish it from the velar fricative . In the International Phonetic Alphabet , ⟨ç⟩ represents the voiceless palatal fricative . The character "ş" represents the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/ (as in " sh ow") in several languages, including many belonging to the Turkic languages , and included as a separate letter in their alphabets: In HTML character entity references Ş and ş can be used. Gagauz uses Ţ (T with cedilla), one of

407-545: Is cited for the printer-trade variant ceceril in use in 1738. Its use in English is not universal and applies to loan words from French and Portuguese such as façade , limaçon and cachaça (often typed facade , limacon and cachaca because of lack of ç keys on English-language keyboards). With the advent of typeface modernism , the calligraphic nature of the cedilla was thought somewhat jarring on sans-serif typefaces, and so some designers instead substituted

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444-442: Is nasalized e ; however, ą is nasalized o , not a , because of a vowel shift: ą , originally a long nasal a , turned into a short nasal o when the distinction in vowel quantity disappeared. In Lithuanian, the nosinė (literally, "nasal") mark originally indicated vowel nasalization but around late 17th and early 18th century, nasal vowels gradually evolved into the corresponding long non-nasal vowels in most dialects. Thus,

481-500: Is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts, as o caudata is typographically identical to o with ogonek. Similarly, the E caudata was sometimes used to designate the Norse vowel [ɛ] or [æ] . The ogonek is functionally equivalent to the cedilla and comma diacritic marks . If two of these three are used within the same orthography their respective use is restricted to certain classes of letters, i.e. usually

518-475: Is the letter c with a cedilla (◌̧), as used to spell French and Portuguese words such as façade and ação . However, the sound represented by the symbol ç in French and Portuguese orthography is not a voiceless palatal fricative; the cedilla, instead, changes the usual /k/ , the voiceless velar plosive , when ⟨ c ⟩ is employed before ⟨ a ⟩ or ⟨ o ⟩, to /s/ ,

555-597: Is used in Reintegrationist Galician , Portuguese , Catalan , Occitan , and French , which gives English the alternative spellings of cedille , from French " cédille ", and the Portuguese form cedilha . An obsolete spelling of cedilla is cerilla . The earliest use in English cited by the Oxford English Dictionary is a 1599 Spanish-English dictionary and grammar. Chambers' Cyclopædia

592-445: The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). While the obsolete diacritic has also been identified as the left half ring diacritic ⟨ ◌̜ ⟩, many publications of the IPA used the ogonek. In Rheinische Dokumenta , it marks vowels that are more open than those denoted by their base letters Ää, Oo, Öö. In two cases, it can be combined with umlaut marks. The E caudata ( ę ),

629-483: The voiceless alveolar fricative . Palatal fricatives are relatively rare phonemes, and only 5% of the world's languages have /ç/ as a phoneme. The sound further occurs as an allophone of / x / (e.g. in German or Greek), or, in other languages, of / h / in the vicinity of front vowels . There is also the voiceless post-palatal fricative in some languages, which is articulated slightly farther back compared with

666-645: The Latvian letters ( "ģ", "ķ", "ļ", "ņ", and formerly "ŗ" ) use the word "comma", but in the Unicode Standard they are named "g", "k", "l", "n", and "r" with cedilla . The letters were introduced to the Unicode standard before 1992, and their names cannot be altered. Influenced by Latvian, Livonian has the same problem for "d̦", "ļ", "ņ", "ŗ" and "ț". The Polish letters "ą" and "ę" and Lithuanian letters "ą", "ę", "į", and "ų" are not made with

703-774: The Marshallese text display issues associated with the cedilla, but is still inappropriate for polished standard text. Vute , a Mambiloid language from Cameroon , uses cedilla for the nasalization of all vowel qualities (cf. the ogonek used in Polish and Navajo for the same purpose). This includes unconventional Roman letters that are formalized from the IPA into the official writing system. These include < i̧ ȩ ɨ̧ ə̧ a̧ u̧ o̧ ɔ̧>. The ISO 259 romanization of Biblical Hebrew uses Ȩ (E with cedilla) and Ḝ (E with cedilla and breve). Languages such as Romanian , Latvian and Livonian add

740-951: The Old Norwegian vowel [ɔ] , which in Old Icelandic merges with ø ‹ö› and in modern Scandinavian languages is represented by the letter å . Example in Polish: Example in Cayuga: Example in Chickasaw: Example in Dogrib: Example in Lithuanian: Example in Elfdalian: The use of the ogonek to indicate nasality is common in the transcription of the indigenous languages of the Americas . This usage originated in

777-524: The Unicode Standard are "g", "k", "l", "n", and "r" with a cedilla. The letters were introduced to the Unicode standard before 1992, and their names cannot be altered. The uppercase equivalent "Ģ" sometimes has a regular cedilla. In Marshallese orthography , four letters in Marshallese have cedillas: ⟨ļ m̧ ņ o̧⟩ . In standard printed text they are always cedillas, and their omission or

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814-477: The cedilla either, but with the unrelated ogonek diacritic. Unicode encodes a number of cases of "letter with cedilla" (so called, as explained above) as precomposed characters and these are displayed below. In addition, many more symbols may be composed using the combining character facility ( U+0327 ◌̧ COMBINING CEDILLA and U+0326 ◌̦ COMBINING COMMA BELOW ) that may be used with any letter or other diacritic to create

851-402: The cedilla or comma diacritics used in other languages. Because attaching an ogonek does not affect the shape of the base letter, Unicode covers it with a combining diacritic, U+0328. There are a number of precomposed legacy characters, but new ones are not being added to Unicode (e.g. for ⟨æ̨⟩ or ⟨ø̨⟩ ). In LaTeX2e , macro \k will typeset

888-458: The choices made: In each case, the diacritic displayed with D, G, K, L N and R is a comma-below; in the other cases it is displayed as a cedilla. It may be that computer fonts are sold in the Romanian and Turkish markets that favour the national standard form of this diacritic. Ogonek The ogonek ( / ə ˈ ɡ ɒ n ɛ k , - ə k / ə- GON -ek, -⁠ək ; Polish: [ɔˈɡɔnɛk] , "little tail", diminutive of ogon )

925-418: The diacritic with respect to the carrier, suitably for Native American Languages as well as for e caudata and o caudata . So \textogonekcentered{e} better fits the latter purposes. Actually, \k{o} (for ǫ) is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{o} , and \k{O} is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{O} . The package TIPA , activated by using the command " \usepackage{tipa} ", offers

962-638: The few languages to do so, and Ş (S with cedilla). Besides being present in some Gagauz orthographies, T with Cedilla also exists in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages , in the Kabyle language, in the Manjak and Mankanya languages, and possibly elsewhere. In 1868, Ambroise Firmin-Didot suggested in his book Observations sur l'orthographe, ou ortografie, française (Observations on French Spelling) that French phonetics could be better regularized by adding

999-498: The letter ⟨z⟩ ), whose upper loop was lengthened and reinterpreted as a "c", whereas its lower loop became the diminished appendage, the cedilla. It represents the "soft" sound /s/ , the voiceless alveolar sibilant , where a "c" would normally represent the "hard" sound /k/ (before "a", "o", "u", or at the end of a word) in English and in certain Romance languages such as Catalan , Galician , French (where ç appears in

1036-603: The letters with dot below diacritics, all of which do exist as precombined glyphs in Unicode: " ḷ ", " ṃ ", " ṇ " and " ọ ". The first three exist in the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration , and " ọ " exists in the Vietnamese alphabet , and both of these systems are supported by the most recent versions of common fonts like Arial , Courier New , Tahoma and Times New Roman . This sidesteps most of

1073-459: The mark is now de facto an indicator of vowel length (the length of etymologically non-nasal vowels is marked differently or not marked at all). The mark also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms with otherwise the same written form (often with a different word stress, which is not indicated directly in the standard orthography). Between 1927 and 1989, the ogonek denoted lowering in vowels , and, since 1976, in consonants as well, in

1110-548: The name of the language itself, français ), Ligurian , Occitan , and Portuguese . In Occitan, Friulian, and Catalan, ç can also be found at the beginning of a word ( Çubran , ço ) or at the end ( braç ). It represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate /tʃ/ (as in English " ch ur ch ") in Albanian , Azerbaijani , Crimean Tatar , Friulian , Kurdish , Tatar , Turkish (as in çiçek , çam , çekirdek , Çorum ), and Turkmen . It

1147-502: The ogonek is used with vowels whereas the cedilla is applied to consonants. In handwritten text, the marks may even look the same. In Old Norse and Old Icelandic manuscripts, there is an over-hook or curl that may be considered a variant of the ogonek. It occurs on the letters a᷎ e᷎ i᷎ o᷎ ø᷎ u᷎. The ogonek should be almost the same size as a descender (relatively, its size in larger type may be significantly shorter), and should not be confused with

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1184-571: The orthographies created by Christian missionaries to transcribe these languages. Later, the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still, to the present day, follow this convention in phonetic transcription (see Americanist phonetic notation ). The ogonek is also used to indicate a nasalized vowel in Polish, academic transliteration of Proto-Germanic, Old Church Slavonic , Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Tłįchǫ Yatiì , Slavey , Dëne Sųłiné and Elfdalian. In Polish, ę

1221-524: The place of articulation of the prototypical voiceless palatal fricative, though not as back as the prototypical voiceless velar fricative . The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨ ç̠ ⟩, ⟨ ç˗ ⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ ç ⟩) or ⟨ x̟ ⟩ ( advanced ⟨ x ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are C_- and x_+ , respectively. Especially in broad transcription ,

1258-506: The same description, T-cedilla (majuscule: Ţ, minuscule: ţ), is used in Gagauz . A similar letter, the T-comma (majuscule: Ț, minuscule: ț), exists in Romanian, but it has a comma accent, not a cedilla. Comparatively, some consider the diacritics on the palatalized Latvian consonants "ģ", "ķ", "ļ", "ņ", and formerly "ŗ" to be cedillas. Although their Adobe glyph names are commas , their names in

1295-491: The substitution of comma below and dot below diacritics are nonstandard. As of 2011, many font rendering engines do not display any of these properly, for two reasons: Because of these font display issues, it is not uncommon to find nonstandard ad hoc substitutes for these letters. The online version of the Marshallese-English Dictionary (the only complete Marshallese dictionary in existence) displays

1332-572: The voiceless homologue of the voiced palatal approximant . The palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the voiceless variant of the close front unrounded vowel [i̥] . The sound is essentially an Australian English ⟨y⟩ (as in y ear ) pronounced strictly without vibration of the vocal cords. It is found as a phoneme in Jalapa Mazatec and Washo as well as in Kildin Sami . Features of

1369-460: The voiceless post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar fricative (⟨ xʲ ⟩ in the IPA, x' or x_j in X-SAMPA). Some scholars also posit the voiceless palatal approximant distinct from the fricative, found in a few spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨  j̊  ⟩,

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