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33-483: The Catuá-Ipixuna Extractive Reserve is divided between the municipalities of Tefé (33.85%) and Coari ( 66.15%) in the state of Amazonas. It has an area of 217,486 hectares (537,420 acres). The reserve is 424 kilometres (263 mi) from Manaus . It is on the south (right) bank of the Solimões River between the towns of Coari and Tefé. It does not adjoin any other protected area or indigenous territory. The reserve

66-875: A convenient adjustment of history by Bates in The Naturalist on the River Amazons of 1863. ) The two friends, who were both by now experienced amateur entomologists, met in London to prepare themselves. They did this by viewing South American plants and animals in the main collections. Also they collected "wants lists" of the desires of museums and collectors. All known letters exchanged between Wallace and Bates are available in Wallace Letters Online . Bates and Wallace sailed from Liverpool in April 1848, arriving in Pará (now Belém ) at

99-623: A huge reference collection and was often consulted on difficult identifications. This, and the disposal of the collection after his death, are mentioned in Edward Clodd 's Memories . Wallace wrote an obituary of Bates in Nature . He describes Bates's 1861 paper on mimicry in Heliconiidae butterflies as "remarkable and epoch-making", with "a clear and intelligible explanation", briefly addressing its attackers as "persons who are more or less ignorant of

132-541: A voracious appetite. Mainly a fruit eater, he learnt the meal times "to a nicety", and would eat flesh and fish as well as fruit. Bates' original work was done on a group of conspicuous butterflies always spelled by Bates as Heliconidae . He divided this assemblage into two groups, the Danaoid Heliconids , having affinities with the tribe Danaini (see also Danainae ); and the Acraeoid Heliconids related to

165-821: Is also the major starting point for trips into the Mamiraua Reserve . The municipality is in the Juruá-Purus moist forests ecoregion. It contains 46% of the Tefé National Forest , created in 1989. The municipality contains 33.85% of the 217,486 hectares (537,420 acres) Catuá-Ipixuna Extractive Reserve , established in 2003 as the first extractive reserve in the state of Amazonas. Henry Walter Bates Henry Walter Bates FRS FLS FGS (8 February 1825 in Leicester – 16 February 1892 in London )

198-470: Is fertile and supports a high level of botanical diversity. Trees include a significant number with economic value. The open forest includes a wide variety of palm trees. More than 70 species of reptiles have been identified. Fish in the two lakes include abundant members of the genera Potamorhina , Psectrogaster and Curimata . Important bird species include the toco toucan ( Ramphastos toco ) and Klages's antwren ( Myrmotherula klagesi ), both in

231-696: Is in relatively flat country with altitudes of around 40 metres (130 ft) in the basins of the Catuá and Ipixuna lakes and the Solimões River. Catuá-Ipixuna is the first extractive reserve to be created by the Amazonas government. The reserve was created by Amazonas state decree 23.722 of 5 September 2003. It became part of the Central Amazon Ecological Corridor , established in 2002. Exploitation of mineral resources and amateur or professional hunting

264-431: Is prohibited. Commercial exploitation of timber resources is only allowed on a sustainable basis and in special situations. Related activities may be undertaken in the reserve as provided in the management plan. On 28 July 2004 the reserve, with an area of 215,342.879 hectares (532,123.84 acres) was recognised as meeting the needs of 300 families of small farmers, who would qualify for PRONAF support. The reserve's council

297-519: Is the mimicry by a palatable species of an unpalatable or noxious species. A common example seen in temperate gardens is the hover-fly , many of which – though bearing no sting – mimic the warning colouration of hymenoptera ( wasps and bees ). Such mimicry does not need to be perfect to improve the survival of the palatable species. Bates noted of the Heliconids (long-wings) that they were forest dwellers which were: And yet, said Bates "I never saw

330-806: The Acraeini . The former are now known as Ithomiini , closely related to the milkweed butterflies, and were named after the genus Danaus in the Danainae . The latter are now known as the tribe Heliconiini , or longwings, named after the genus Heliconius . Both group within the family Nymphalidae , and both groups tend to feed on poisonous plants. The milkweed plant supplies poisonous glycosides which render both caterpillar and adult danaines noxious. Ithomiines, in contrast gain their toxicity from their adult nectar sources. Heliconiine caterpillars feed on poisonous Passiflora vines. However, ithomiines gain their toxicity from their adult food plants. Henry Walter Bates

363-614: The Muras , those natives of the Amazon established around Lake Teffé and on the borders of the neighbouring rivers. Tefé, also called Ega at one time, was the fourth of eight aldeias founded by Carmelite missionaries between 1697 and 1751 along the Solimões and Negro Rivers. In 1759 the commandant Joaquim de Mello da Povoas converted the Carmelite mission on Lake Tefé into a town, which he named Ega; it

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396-537: The Royal Geographical Society (effectively, he was the secretary, since the senior post was occupied by a noble figurehead). He sold his personal Lepidoptera collection to Frederick DuCane Godman and Osbert Salvin and began to work mostly on beetles ( cerambycids , carabids , and cicindelids ). From 1868 to 1869 and in 1878 he was president of the Entomological Society of London . In 1871 he

429-428: The Amazon. He sent his collection on three different ships to avoid the fate of his colleague Wallace, who lost his entire collection when his ship sank. Bates spent the next three years writing his account of the trip, The Naturalist on the River Amazons , widely regarded as one of the finest reports of natural history travels. In 1863 he married Sarah Ann Mason. From 1864 onwards, he worked as assistant secretary of

462-530: The Beagle , and above all, the anonymous Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (by Robert Chambers ), which put evolution into everyday discussion amongst literate folk. They also read William H. Edwards's Voyage Up the River Amazons on his Amazon expedition, and this started them thinking that a visit to the region would be exciting, and might launch their careers. In 1847 Wallace and Bates discussed

495-543: The River Amazons . Bates was born in Leicester to a literate middle-class family. However, like Wallace, T.H. Huxley and Herbert Spencer , he had a normal education to the age of about 13 when he became apprenticed to a hosiery manufacturer. He joined the Mechanics' Institute (which had a library), studied in his spare time and collected insects in Charnwood Forest . In 1843 he had a short paper on beetles published in

528-525: The best part of a year at Ega (now Tefé ) in the Upper Amazon ( Solimões ), where he reported that turtle was eaten regularly, and insect catches were especially abundant. He found upwards of 7,000 species of insects in the area, including 550 distinct species of butterfly. Bates nursed a sick toucan back to health. Tocáno (the Indian name, after its cries) proved to be an intelligent and amusing companion, with

561-470: The cultural interactions of the natives with those in the town from his trip in the 1850s. He describes that the natives learned Tupi very quickly, and despite having a very large and diverse array of languages spoken all around the Amazon, Tupi was spoken "with little corruption along the banks of the main Amazons for a distance of 2,500 miles." In 1910, an apostolic prefecture, the current Prelature of Teffe,

594-624: The end of May. For the first year they settled in a villa near the city, collecting birds and insects. After that they agreed to collect independently, Bates travelling to Cametá on the Tocantins River . He then moved up the Amazon , to Óbidos , Manaus and finally to the Upper Amazon (Solimões) . Tefé was his base camp for four and a half years. His health eventually deteriorated and he returned to Britain in 1859, after spending nearly eleven years on

627-405: The extreme west of their ranges, and the little-known wattled curassow ( Crax globulosa ) of the várzea, which may be threatened with extinction. In 2006 it was estimated that there were 287 families in the reserve, with 1,457 people. A floating support base for the reserve has been installed at the mouth of Catuá Lake, and the reserve has an office in the town of Tefé. There are 16 communities in

660-495: The facts". He then praises Bates's contributions to entomology, before regretting, in remarkably bitter words for an official obituary, that the "confinement and constant strain" of "mere drudgery of office work" for the Royal Geographical Society had with "little doubt ... weakened his constitution and shortened a valuable life". Henry Bates was one of a group of outstanding naturalist-explorers who were supporters of

693-637: The flocks of slow-flying Heliconidae in the woods persecuted by birds or dragonflies ... nor when at rest did they appear to be molested by lizards, or predacious flies of the family Asilidae [robber-flies] which were very often seen pouncing on butterflies of other families. ... In contrast, the Pieridae (sulfur butterflies), to which Leptalis belongs [now called Dismorphia ] are much persecuted." Bates observed that many Heliconid species are accompanied by other species (Pierids), which mimic them, and often cannot be distinguished from them in flight. They fly in

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726-410: The idea of an expedition to the Amazon rainforest , the plan being to cover expenses by sending specimens back to London. There an agent would sell them for a commission. (The often repeated statement that the main purpose was for the travellers to "gather facts towards solving the problem of the origin of species", and that Wallace put this in a letter to Bates, is almost certainly a myth, originating in

759-506: The journal Zoologist . He became friends with Wallace when the latter took a teaching post in the Leicester Collegiate School. Wallace also became a keen entomologist , (his first interest had been plants) and he read the same kind of books as Wallace, and as Darwin, Huxley and no doubt many others had. These included Thomas Robert Malthus on population, James Hutton and Charles Lyell on geology, Darwin's The Voyage of

792-467: The middle Solimões region. Its population was 59,547 evenly divided between urban and rural, and its area is 23,704 km². There are no roads into Tefé and the only access is by river boat or plane. By fast boat it is about 12 hours from Manaus . Azul Linhas Aereas and Voepass operate flights from Manaus to Tefé Airport . The city is the home of the Territorial Prelature of Tefé . Tefé

825-463: The model. These testable hypotheses about warning signals and mimicry helped to create the field of evolutionary ecology . Bates, Wallace and Müller believed that Batesian and Müllerian mimicry provided evidence for the action of natural selection , a view which is now standard amongst biologists. Field and experimental work on these ideas continues to this day; the topic connects strongly to speciation , genetics and development . Bates spent

858-512: The reserve. Access is via float plane or boat. The main source of income for the residents is production of flour, and the sale of cassava and bananas. They also extract Brazil nuts and practice subsistence fishing and hunting. Tef%C3%A9 Tefé , known in early accounts as Teffé , is a municipality in the state of Amazonas , northern Brazil . As early as 1620 the Portuguese Carmelites could already boast of converts among

891-427: The same parts of the forest as the model (Heliconid) and often in company with them. Local races of the model are accompanied by corresponding races or species of the mimic. So a scarce, edible species takes on the appearance of an abundant, noxious species. Predators, Bates supposed, learn to avoid the noxious species, and a degree of protection covers the edible species, no doubt proportional to its degree of likeness to

924-405: The theory of evolution by natural selection ( Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace 1858). Other members of this group included Joseph Dalton Hooker , Fritz Müller , Richard Spruce and Thomas Henry Huxley . Bates' work on Amazonian butterflies led him to develop the first scientific account of mimicry , especially the kind of mimicry which bears his name: Batesian mimicry . This

957-589: Was an English naturalist and explorer who gave the first scientific account of mimicry in animals. He was most famous for his expedition to the rainforests of the Amazon with Alfred Russel Wallace , starting in 1848. Wallace returned in 1852, but lost his collection on the return voyage when his ship caught fire. When Bates arrived home in 1859 after a full eleven years, he had sent back over 14,712 species (mostly of insects) of which 8,000 were (according to Bates, but see Van Wyhe ) new to science. Bates wrote up his findings in his best-known work, The Naturalist on

990-700: Was created on 28 January 2008. The management plan is dated February 2010. It was issued on 31 December 2010 although it was not made official by a decree or other legislative instrument. As of 2016 the reserve was supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program . The climate is hot and humid. Temperatures vary from 23 to 35 °C (73 to 95 °F). Average annual rainfall is 2,500 millimetres (98 in). Vegetation includes terra firma forest and lowland várzea and igapó forest. The terra firm forest includes typical dense and open Amazon rainforest, with dense forest predominating. The soil

1023-768: Was elected a fellow of the Linnaean Society , and in 1881 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society . He died of bronchitis in 1892 (in modern terms, that may mean emphysema ). A large part of his collections are in the Natural History Museum (see The Field , London, 20 February 1892). Specimens he collected went to the Natural History Museum, at that time called the British Museum (Natural History), and to private collectors; yet Bates still retained

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1056-506: Was elevated to a city named Tefé in 1855 (but was known as Tefé before that time). The mission, called Parauarí, was originally established on Ilha dos Veados three leagues from the location on the opposite shore of Lake Tefe, called today by the name of Nogueira. It was abandoned due to a smallpox outbreak in the early 18th century and moved across the lake, where it remains today. The survivors were taken to its present site by F. Andre da Costa in 1817. Henry W. Bates also describes in detail

1089-622: Was founded by priests of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit. Tefé is located about 525 km by air or 595 km by river to the west of Manaus on the south bank of the Rio Solimões (the upper Amazon), on the lake formed by the mouth of the Tefé River . The nearest large city is Coari , 192 km SE by east of Tefé. The municipal seat of Tefé is the largest town and commercial center of

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