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39-650: The Tefé River flows through the Juruá-Purus moist forests ecoregion. It forms the eastern boundary of the Tefé National Forest , created in 1989. Immediately before merging into the Amazon, it forms Lake Tefé ( Portuguese : Lago Tefé ). The city of Tefé is located on the banks of the lake. The Tefé River is a blackwater river . 4°28′14″S 65°29′33″W  /  4.47056°S 65.49250°W  / -4.47056; -65.49250 This article related to

78-608: A large part of which falls into this ecoregion. The nearby Tambopata-Candamo reserve protects seven major forest types. This reserve offers refuge to game species that have been over-hunted in other areas such as tapirs, spider monkeys , jaguars, capybaras, white-lipped peccaries, monkeys, caimans and river turtles . The Manuripi-Heath Amazonian Wildlife National Reserve is located in the southernmost area of this region in Bolivia covering 18,900 square kilometres (7,300 sq mi) of dense tropical forest. Several extractive reserves,

117-523: A river in the Brazilian state of Amazonas is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Juru%C3%A1-Purus moist forests The Juruá–Purus moist forests (NT0133) is an ecoregion in northwest Brazil in the Amazon biome . The terrain is very flat and soils are poor. The rivers flood annually. There are no roads in the region, and the dense rainforest is relatively intact, although plans to extend

156-426: A single hectare. There are a few exceptions to this high diversity, mainly where stands dominated by one or several species occur. The first are vast areas (more than 180,000 square kilometres (69,000 sq mi)) dominated by the highly competitive arborescent bamboos Guadua sarcocarpa and Guadua weberbaueri near Acre, Brazil extending into Peru and Bolivia. Other monodominant stands include swamp forests of

195-448: Is "Af": equatorial, fully humid. Average temperatures are 26 to 27 °C (79 to 81 °F) throughout the year. Annual precipitation averages 2,500 millimetres (98 in), with as much as 3,500 millimetres (140 in) in some places. Monthly rainfall is typically 200 to 300 millimetres (7.9 to 11.8 in), with least rain falling in July. The Juruá–Purus moist forests ecoregion is in

234-491: Is an ecoregion located in the Upper Amazon basin . The forest is characterized by a relatively flat landscape with alluvial plains dissected by undulating hills or high terraces. The biota of the southwest Amazon moist forest is very rich because of these dramatic edaphic and topographical variations at both the local and regional levels. This ecoregion has the highest number of both mammals and birds recorded for

273-490: Is distinctive about this region is the diversity of habitats created by edaphic, topographic and climatic variability. Habitat heterogeneity , along with a complex geological and climatic history has led to a high cumulative biotic richness. Endemism and overall richness is high in vascular plants , invertebrates and vertebrate animals. This is the Amazon Basin's center of diversity for palms. The rare palm Itaya amicorum

312-511: Is found on the upper Javari River . This ecoregion has the highest number of mammals recorded for the Amazonian biogeographic realm: 257 with 11 endemics. Bird richness is also highest here with 782 species and 17 endemics. In the southern part of the Tambopata Reserve , one area that is 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) holds the record for bird species: 554. On the white sand areas in

351-498: The Amazon rainforest the most important families of trees are Fabaceae , Sapotaceae , Lecythidaceae , Moraceae , Chrysobalanaceae , Lauraceae and Myristicaceae . Four common palms are Astrocaryum vulgare , Oenocarpus bataua , Attalea maripa and Socratea exorrhiza . Other common species are Eschweilera alba , Eschweilera odora , Pouteria guianensis , Vantanea guianensis , Ragala sanguinolenta , Licania apetala and Iryanthera ulei . Rivers such as

390-584: The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics in 1993. The limit in the southwest is northeast of the Carauari Arch, an ancient uplift zone. The ecoregion is in the low Amazon basin, with elevations from 20 to 60 metres (66 to 197 ft) above sea level. The terrain consists of flat, forest-covered plains cut by large, meandering rivers with many oxbow lakes and thousands of smaller watercourses, all of which flood each year. Major rivers include

429-483: The Jutaí , mid-lower Juruá , Tefé , Tapauá and mid-lower Purus rivers. The sediments of the low Amazon basin were formed during the late Tertiary period, and are relatively young and easily eroded. For this reason the rivers are whitewater rivers that hold suspended mineral and organic sediments. Soils include sandy podzols and hydromorphic clay, typically acidic and low in nutrients. The Köppen climate classification

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468-647: The Neotropical realm and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome. It is part of the Southwestern Amazon Moist Forests global ecoregion, which also includes the Southwest Amazon moist forests , Purus–Madeira moist forests , and Madeira–Tapajós moist forests . The ecoregion is almost completely covered in evergreen tropical rainforest. The forests have a high level of plant diversity. Thus there are over 60 species of trees in

507-774: The Pastaza - Marañon and (2) Ucayali River sub-basins drain into the Upper Amazon River in Peru; (3) the Acre and (4) Madre de Dios - Beni sub-basins drain to the east into the Juruá , Purus and Madeira Rivers ; which, in turn, feed into the Amazon River lower down in Brazil. The region is bisected north to south between Peru and Brazil by the small mountain range Serra do Divisor . It extends east to

546-578: The Trans-Amazonian Highway through the region would presumably cause widespread damage to the habitat. The Juruá–Purus moist forests ecoregion is in the state of Amazonas in northwest Brazil to the south of the Solimões , or upper Amazon River. It has an area of 24,268,188 hectares (59,968,000 acres). The ecoregion is bounded to the north, east and south by stretches of the Purus várzea ecoregion along

585-492: The genera Astrocaryum , Iriartea and Sheelea , Oenocarpus mapora , Chelyocarpus chuco , Phytelephas macrocarpa , Euterpe precatoria , and Jessenia bataua . Lianas are common with about 43 species present. Many Amazonian species reach the southern limit of their distribution here. The Brazil nut tree ( Bertholletia excelsa ) is present in the south, but is likely not native this far west in Amazonia. What

624-558: The white-throated toucan ( Ramphastos tucanus ), parrots (genus Amazona ) and macaws (genus Ara ). Non-migratory birds include tanagers (genera Tangara and Tachyphonus ), woodcreepers (genus Xiphorhynchus ), pavonine quetzal ( Pharomachrus pavoninus ), wattled curassow ( Crax globulosa ), nocturnal curassow ( Nothocrax urumutum ), razor-billed curassow ( Mitu tuberosum ) and tinamous (genera Crypturellus and Tinamus ). Endangered birds include wattled curassow ( Crax globulosa ). The World Wildlife Fund classes

663-506: The Amazonian biogeographic realm: 257 with 11 endemic species for mammals and 782 and 17 endemics for birds . The inaccessibility of this region, along with few roads, has kept most of the habitat intact. Also, there are a number of protected areas, which preserve this extremely biologically rich ecoregion. The southwest Amazon moist forest region covers an extensive area of the Upper Amazon Basin comprising four sub-basins: (1) both

702-509: The Brazilian State of Acre and in the adjacent area of Peru is the spread of the invasive Guadua bamboo forests. This highly competitive bamboo invades and dominates abandoned clearings and threatens to dominate the disturbed areas in this region. Logging along major rivers and near urban centers has decimated populations of mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla ), tropical cedar ( Cedrela odorata ), and kapok ( Ceiba pentandra ). During

741-1028: The Purus and Tapauá form barriers to movement of some species of primates and insects, with distinct subspecies on either side of the river. Many species are endemic to the eocregion. There are more than 170 species of mammals. Almost 120 species of mammals have been recorded at one location on the upper Urucu River . Mammals that move between flooded and terra firme forests include common squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ), white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus albifrons ), brown woolly monkey ( Lagothrix lagotricha ) and collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ). Large mammals include silky anteater ( Cyclopes didactylus ), southern tamandua ( Tamandua tetradactyla ), giant anteater ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ), brown-throated sloth ( Bradypus variegatus ), jaguar ( Panthera onca ), cougar ( Puma concolor ), red brocket ( Mazama americana ), gray brocket ( Mazama gouazoubira ) and South American tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ). Species local to

780-600: The Solimões and Purus rivers. The ecoregion contains the Juruá River , which has typical flora and fauna. Urban centers include Carauari , Tefé , Coari and Jutaí . The várzea , or flooded forest, extends along rivers within the ecoregion. To the west the Juruá–Purus moist forests adjoin the Southwest Amazon moist forests . The western boundary follows the boundary of "dense lowland ombrophilous Amazonian forest" defined by

819-502: The Southwestern Amazon Moist Forests include the short-eared dog ( Atelocynus microtis ), Linnaeus's two-toed sloth ( Choloepus didactylus ), pygmy marmoset ( Cebuella pygmaea ), brown-mantled tamarin ( Saguinus fuscicollis ) and Goeldi's marmoset ( Callimico goeldii ). Endangered mammals include Peruvian spider monkey ( Ateles chamek ) and giant otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ). There are over 550 species of birds, including many endemic species. Seasonal migrant birds include

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858-487: The east. Other primates present include tamarins ( Saguinus fuscicollis and Saguinus imperator ), brown pale-fronted capuchins ( Cebus albifrons ), squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ), white-faced sakis ( Pithecia irrorata ), and black spider monkeys ( Ateles paniscus ). The rare red uakari monkeys ( Cacajao calvus ) are found in the north in swamp forests. Nocturnal two-toed sloths ( Choloepus hoffmanni ) are well distributed throughout this region along with

897-463: The economically important palms Mauritia flexuosa and Jessenia bataua . In the north of the region, some of the best known plants yield products of commercial value, such as rubber ( Hevea brasiliensis ), mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla ), balsam wood ( Myroxylon balsamum ), timber and essential oil ( Amburana acreana ), tagua nut ( Phytelephas microcarpa ), and strychnine ( Strychnos asperula ). An area representative of

936-405: The ecoregion as "Relatively Stable/Intact". No roads cross the ecoregion, which is relatively inaccessible, although both flora and fauna are affected by hunting and extractive logging. Petrobras has undertaken oil and natural gas exploration in the region for many years, creating deforested patches. A large area of forest near Tefé was cleared for an experimental agricultural project, but this

975-866: The edge of the Purus Arch, or ancient zone of uplift, in the southwestern area of the Brazilian State of Amazonas . It then extends southeast into northern Bolivia and in a narrow band south along the base of the Andes Mountains . Elevations range from 300 metres (980 ft) in the west to 100 metres (330 ft) on the eastern edge of the region. Landforms present in this region include the upland terra firme (non-flooded) mostly on nutrient-poor lateritic soils , ancient alluvial plains (mostly non-flooded) on nutrient-rich soils, and present alluvial plains ( várzea , seasonally flooded) of super-rich sediments renewed with each annual flood. Floristically, distinct lowland humid forest types occur on each of these landforms with

1014-774: The family Sapotaceae . Near Carauari there are 250 tree species per hectare. There are many different timber species but no dense stands of timber. The canopy is usually dense and about 30 metres (98 ft) high, with emergent trees up to 45 metres (148 ft) high. In small patches the canopy is more open and the understory less dense. Trees generally have small diameters of less than 30 centimetres (12 in), and rarely have trunks larger than 40 to 70 centimetres (16 to 28 in) wide. A few giant trees have trunks up to 240 centimetres (94 in) wide such as Cariniana decandra , Osteophloem platyspermum , Piptadenia suaveolens , genus Brosimum , Eschweilera blanchetiana and Sclerobium paraense . As with other parts of

1053-539: The globally threatened animals found in this region include black caimans ( Melanosuchus niger ) and spectacled caimans ( Caiman crocodilus crocodilus ), woolly monkeys ( Lagothrix lagotricha ), giant otters ( Pteronura brasiliensis ), giant anteaters ( Myrmecophaga tridactyla ), and ocelots ( Leopardus pardalis ). Pygmy marmosets ( Cebuella pygmaea ), Goeldi marmosets ( Callimico goeldii ), pacaranas ( Dinomys branickii ), and eastern lowland olingos ( Bassaricyon alleni ) are found here, but not in regions to

1092-519: The largest being Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve and Alto Juruá Extractive Reserve , are actively managed in Brazil. Other protected areas include national parks ( Serra do Divisor National Park , Madidi National Park , Isoboro Secure National Park , Bahuaja-Sonene National Park ), national forests, Rio Acre Ecological Station , Antimari State Forest , Apurimac Reserve Zone , among others. Most protected areas suffer from insufficient administration and patrol. Hunting may be threatening populations of

1131-669: The main rivers, blending into Purus várzea near the eastern border, where it adjoins the Juruá–Purus moist forests ecoregion. In the southeast, it adjoins the Purus–Madeira moist forests and Madeira–Tapajós moist forests , and in the south merges into the Beni savanna and Bolivian Yungas . In the southwest, it adjoins the Peruvian Yungas . To the west, it adjoins the Ucayali moist forests . In

1170-611: The north it is separated by a band of Iquitos varzea from the Solimões–Japurá moist forests . Because the ecoregion covers such a vast area, there are climatic, edaphic and floristic differences within it. Generally, the wetter and less seasonal northern forests (3,000 millimetres (120 in) of rain annually) share only 44 percent of the tree species with forests in the slightly drier, more seasonal southern region. This region receives from 1,500 to 2,100 millimetres (59 to 83 in) of rain annually, in different parts. Temperatures over

1209-495: The north, plants endemic to this soil type include Jacqueshuberia loretensis , Ambelania occidentalis , Spathelia terminalioides , and Hirtella revillae . Many widespread Amazonian mammals and reptiles find a home in this region. These include tapirs ( Tapirus terrestris ), jaguars ( Panthera onca ), the world's largest living rodents, capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ), kinkajous ( Potos flavus ), and white-lipped peccaries ( Tayassu pecari ). Some of

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1248-401: The rare and interesting pit-vipers ( Bothrops bilineatus , Bothrops brazili ), and frogs such as Dendrophidion sp. , Rhadinaea occipitalis , and Xenopholis scalaris . Much of the natural habitat of the region remains intact, protected by sheer inaccessibility. People have dwelled along the major rivers for millennia and have subtly altered the forests on a small scale, but around

1287-692: The southern part of this region, in the north of Bolivia, hosts a seasonal humid high forest to 35 metres (115 ft) with some emergents reaching 40 metres (130 ft) in height and many buttressed trunks. The largest trees are Ceiba pentandra , Poulsenia armata , Calycophyllum spruceanum , Swietenia macrophylla , and Dipteryx odorata . Other trees typical in this area are Calycophyllum acreanum , Terminalia amazonica , Combretum laxum , Mezilaurus itauba , Didymopanax morototoni , Jacaranda copaia , Aspidosperma megalocarpon , Vochisia vismiaefolia , Hirtella lightioides , and Hura crepitans . Palms include, among others, members of

1326-423: The tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ) and large primates in the north. Some habitat is threatened by expansion of the agricultural and pastoral frontier, gold mining , and selective logging that erodes the genetic diversity of a few valuable timber species. The economically important palm Euterpe precatoria is being depleted in some areas by unsustainable palm heart extraction. A dramatic problem that exists in

1365-496: The terra firme mature forests and late successional, seasonally flooded forest being the two major types. Permanent swamp forests are common on the alluvial plains. Pockets of nutrient-poor white sand soils are found here that host forests of lower height, a more open forest canopy , and lower alpha diversity , but with many endemics. The forests are mostly dense tropical rain forest , but some patches of open forest exist. The ecoregion contains stretches of Iquitos várzea along

1404-400: The urban centers development proceeds. Very few roads exist in the region, limiting development. Intense deforestation is constrained to the few roads that do exist or around urban centers such as Iquitos , Puerto Maldonado , and Rio Branco . Manú National Park , a World Heritage Site , protects 15,328 square kilometres (5,918 sq mi) of pristine lowland forest in southern Peru,

1443-558: The widespread three-toes sloths ( Bradypus variegatus ). The Amazon River is a barrier to a number of animals such as the tamarins Saguinus nigricollis , which occur on the north side, and Saguinus mystax , which occurs on the southwest side of the Amazon-Ucayali system. In the region of Manu, 68 species of reptiles and 68 species of amphibians have been reported for the lowland areas while 113 species of amphibians and 118 species of reptiles are reported from Madre de Dios, including

1482-423: The year range from 22 to 27 °C (72 to 81 °F). At first glance, large areas may appear to be homogeneous dense forests with a canopy 30 to 40 metres (98 to 131 ft) high with some emergent trees to 50 metres (160 ft) towering above the canopy. Structurally, this may be the case; however, the species composition reflects much the opposite: tree species variability reaches upwards to 300 species in

1521-606: Was abandoned and the area is now covered in secondary forest. Urban centers and small farming settlements along the rivers are surrounded by land cleared for houses, agriculture and livestock pasturage. The expansion of small-scale livestock production poses a threat. A planned extension of the Trans-Amazonian Highway from Lábrea on the Purus River to Tabatinga on border between Peru, Brazil and Colombia would cause widespread habitat destruction . Southwest Amazon moist forests The Southwest Amazon moist forests (NT0166)

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