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102-515: The United States Navy's Carrier Airborne Early Warning Weapons School , more popularly known as CAEWWS (historically known as TOPDOME ), is an American military unit that develops and teaches E-2D and E-2C Hawkeye tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) to selected Naval Aviators and Naval Flight Officers. CAEWWS originated in the early 1980s as the tactics department of VAW-110 on Naval Air Station Miramar , California, but later commissioned on 13 July 1988 as an independent command. Today CAEWWS

204-416: A i r + m ˙ f ) V j − m ˙ a i r V {\displaystyle F_{N}=({\dot {m}}_{air}+{\dot {m}}_{f})V_{j}-{\dot {m}}_{air}V} where: If the speed of the jet is equal to sonic velocity the nozzle is said to be " choked ". If the nozzle is choked, the pressure at the nozzle exit plane

306-666: A Standard Missile SM-6 fired from another platform in an integrated fire-control system test. These two systems will form the basis of the Naval Integrated Fire Control – Counter Air (NIFC-CA) when fielded in 2015; the USN is investigating adding other systems to the NIFC-CA network in the future. The APY-9 radar has been suspected of being capable of detecting fighter-sized stealth aircraft, which are typically optimized against high frequencies like Ka , Ku , X , C and parts of

408-732: A resounding victory over Syrian air defenses and fighter control . They were central to the Israeli victory in the air battles over the Bekaa Valley during which over 90 Syrian fighters were downed. The Hawkeyes were also the linchpins of the operation in which the IAF destroyed the surface-to-air missile (SAM) array in the Bekaa, coordinating the various stages of the operation, vectoring planes into bombing runs and directing intercepts. Under constant escort by F-15 Eagles , there were always two Hawkeyes on station off

510-572: A tail hook for recovery (landing) and the nose gear can attach to a shuttle of the aircraft carrier's catapults for launch (takeoff). A distinguishing feature of the Hawkeye is its 24-foot (7.3 m) diameter rotating radar dome (rotodome) that is mounted above its fuselage and wings. This carries the E-2's primary antennas for its long-range radar and IFF systems. No other carrier-borne aircraft possesses one of these. Land-based aircraft with rotodomes include

612-634: A Coast Guard E-2C at the former Naval Station Roosevelt Roads in Puerto Rico prompted the Coast Guard to discontinue flying E-2Cs and to return its E-2Cs to the Navy. The U.S. Customs Service also returned its E-2Cs to the Navy and concentrated on the use of former U.S. Navy P-3 Orion aircraft in the CN role. E-2C Hawkeye squadrons played a critical role in air operations during Operation Desert Storm . In one instance,

714-451: A Hawkeye crew provided critical air control direction to two F/A-18 Hornet aircrew, resulting in the shootdown of two Iraqi MiG-21s . During Operations Southern Watch and Desert Fox , Hawkeye crews continued to provide thousands of hours of air coverage, while providing air-to-air and air-to-ground command and control in a number of combat missions. The E-2 Hawkeye is a crucial component of all U.S. Navy carrier air wings ; each carrier

816-580: A gas turbine to power an aircraft was filed in 1921 by Frenchman Maxime Guillaume . His engine was to be an axial-flow turbojet, but was never constructed, as it would have required considerable advances over the state of the art in compressors. In 1928, British RAF College Cranwell cadet Frank Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a turbojet to his superiors. In October 1929 he developed his ideas further. On 16 January 1930 in England, Whittle submitted his first patent (granted in 1932). The patent showed

918-682: A group of F-14 Tomcat fighters flying the Combat Air Patrol during Operation El Dorado Canyon , the joint strike of two Carrier Battle Groups in the Mediterranean Sea against Libyan targets during 1986. More recently, E-2Cs provided the command and control for both aerial warfare and land-attack missions during the Persian Gulf War . Hawkeyes have supported the U.S. Coast Guard , the U.S. Customs Service , and American federal and state police forces during anti-drug operations. In

1020-542: A landing field, lengthening flights. The increase in reliability that came with the turbojet enabled three- and two-engine designs, and more direct long-distance flights. High-temperature alloys were a reverse salient , a key technology that dragged progress on jet engines. Non-UK jet engines built in the 1930s and 1940s had to be overhauled every 10 or 20 hours due to creep failure and other types of damage to blades. British engines, however, utilised Nimonic alloys which allowed extended use without overhaul, engines such as

1122-454: A second generation SST engine using the 593 core were done more than three years before Concorde entered service. They evaluated bypass engines with bypass ratios between 0.1 and 1.0 to give improved take-off and cruising performance. Nevertheless, the 593 met all the requirements of the Concorde programme. Estimates made in 1964 for the Concorde design at Mach 2.2 showed the penalty in range for

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1224-411: A significant impact on commercial aviation . Aside from giving faster flight speeds turbojets had greater reliability than piston engines, with some models demonstrating dispatch reliability rating in excess of 99.9%. Pre-jet commercial aircraft were designed with as many as four engines in part because of concerns over in-flight failures. Overseas flight paths were plotted to keep planes within an hour of

1326-725: A single wing based at Point Mugu, California. Six E-2C aircraft were deployed by the US Naval Reserve for drug interdiction and homeland security operations until 9 March 2013, when the sole Reserve squadron, VAW-77 "Nightwolves", was decommissioned and its six aircraft sent to other squadrons. During Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom all ten Regular Navy Hawkeye squadrons flew overland sorties. They provided battle management for attack of enemy ground targets, close-air-support coordination, combat search and rescue control, airspace management, as well as datalink and communication relay for both land and naval forces. During

1428-405: A small helicopter engine compressor rotates around 50,000 RPM. Turbojets supply bleed air from the compressor to the aircraft for the operation of various sub-systems. Examples include the environmental control system , anti-icing , and fuel tank pressurization. The engine itself needs air at various pressures and flow rates to keep it running. This air comes from the compressor, and without it,

1530-545: A total of 75 Group II aircraft. Grumman merged with Northrop in 1994 and plans began on the Group II Plus, also known as the Group II / NAV upgrade. This kept the same computer and radar as the Group II while upgrading the pilot avionics, such as replacing the mechanical Inertial Navigation System (INS) with a more reliable and accurate laser Ring Gyroscope-driven INS, installing dual Multifunction Display Units (MFCDUs) (vice one in

1632-513: A turbojet application, where the output from the gas turbine is used in a propelling nozzle, raising the turbine temperature increases the jet velocity. At normal subsonic speeds this reduces the propulsive efficiency, giving an overall loss, as reflected by the higher fuel consumption, or SFC. However, for supersonic aircraft this can be beneficial, and is part of the reason why the Concorde employed turbojets. Turbojet systems are complex systems therefore to secure optimal function of such system, there

1734-512: A turbojet engine is always subsonic, regardless of the speed of the aircraft itself. The intake has to supply air to the engine with an acceptably small variation in pressure (known as distortion) and having lost as little energy as possible on the way (known as pressure recovery). The ram pressure rise in the intake is the inlet's contribution to the propulsion system's overall pressure ratio and thermal efficiency . The intake gains prominence at high speeds when it generates more compression than

1836-494: A turbojet is high enough at higher thrust settings to cause the nozzle to choke. If, however, a convergent-divergent de Laval nozzle is fitted, the divergent (increasing flow area) section allows the gases to reach supersonic velocity within the divergent section. Additional thrust is generated by the higher resulting exhaust velocity. Thrust was most commonly increased in turbojets with water/methanol injection or afterburning . Some engines used both methods. Liquid injection

1938-480: A two-stage axial compressor feeding a single-sided centrifugal compressor . Practical axial compressors were made possible by ideas from A.A. Griffith in a seminal paper in 1926 ("An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design"). Whittle later concentrated on the simpler centrifugal compressor only, for a variety of practical reasons. A Whittle engine was the first turbojet to run, the Power Jets WU , on 12 April 1937. It

2040-413: Is a component of a turbojet used to divert air into the intake, in front of the accessory drive and to house the starter motor. An intake, or tube, is needed in front of the compressor to help direct the incoming air smoothly into the rotating compressor blades. Older engines had stationary vanes in front of the moving blades. These vanes also helped to direct the air onto the blades. The air flowing into

2142-510: Is also fitted with a larger capacity vapor cycle avionics cooling system. Starting in 2007 a hardware and software upgrade package began to be added to existing Hawkeye 2000 aircraft. This upgrade allows faster processing, double current trackfile capacity and access to satellite information networks. Hawkeye 2000 cockpits being upgraded include solid-state glass displays and a GPS-approach capability. The remaining Hawkeye Group II NAV Upgrade aircraft received GPS approach capability, but did not get

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2244-523: Is equipped with four Hawkeyes (five in some situations), allowing for continuous 24-hour-a-day operation of at least one E-2 and for one or two to undergo maintenance in the aircraft carrier's hangar deck at all times. Until 2005, the US Navy Hawkeyes were organized into East and West coast wings, supporting the respective fleets. However, the East coast wing was disestablished, all aircraft were organized into

2346-523: Is greater than atmospheric pressure, and extra terms must be added to the above equation to account for the pressure thrust. The rate of flow of fuel entering the engine is very small compared with the rate of flow of air. If the contribution of fuel to the nozzle gross thrust is ignored, the net thrust is: F N = m ˙ a i r ( V j − V ) {\displaystyle F_{N}={\dot {m}}_{air}(V_{j}-V)} The speed of

2448-654: Is incorporated into the Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center (NAWDC) as the command and control (C2) weapons school along with the Navy Strike Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN) , Airborne Electromagnetic Attack Weapons School (HAVOC), Navy Rotary Wing Weapons School (SEAWOLF), Maritime Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance Weapons School (MISR), and STRIKE (historically known as Strike University). At its inception, CAEWWS worked to develop innovative tactics involving

2550-568: Is modelled approximately by the Brayton cycle . The efficiency of a gas turbine is increased by raising the overall pressure ratio, requiring higher-temperature compressor materials, and raising the turbine entry temperature, requiring better turbine materials and/or improved vane/blade cooling. It is also increased by reducing the losses as the flow progresses from the intake to the propelling nozzle. These losses are quantified by compressor and turbine efficiencies and ducting pressure losses. When used in

2652-585: Is more commonly by use of a turboshaft engine, a development of the gas turbine engine where an additional turbine is used to drive a rotating output shaft. These are common in helicopters and hovercraft. Turbojets were widely used for early supersonic fighters , up to and including many third generation fighters , with the MiG-25 being the latest turbojet-powered fighter developed. As most fighters spend little time traveling supersonically, fourth-generation fighters (as well as some late third-generation fighters like

2754-514: Is operated by a crew of five, with the pilot and co-pilot on the flight deck and the combat information center officer, air control officer and radar operator stations located in the rear fuselage directly beneath the rotodome. In U.S. service, the E-2 Hawkeye provides all-weather airborne early warning and command and control capabilities for all aircraft- carrier battle groups . In addition, its other purposes include sea and land surveillance ,

2856-591: The Boeing E-3 Sentry , a larger AWACS airplane operated by the U.S. Air Force and NATO air forces in large numbers. The similarly placed stationary radome of the E-2's piston-engined predecessor, the E-1 Tracer , also mandated the E-2's adoption of a modern version of the Grumman Sto-Wing folding wing system, preventing the folded wing panels from making contact with the E-2's rotodome. The aircraft

2958-613: The F-111 and Hawker Siddeley Harrier ) and subsequent designs are powered by the more efficient low-bypass turbofans and use afterburners to raise exhaust speed for bursts of supersonic travel. Turbojets were used on Concorde and the longer-range versions of the Tu-144 which were required to spend a long period travelling supersonically. Turbojets are still common in medium range cruise missiles , due to their high exhaust speed, small frontal area, and relative simplicity. The first patent for using

3060-679: The Gloster Meteor , entered service in 1944, towards the end of World War II , the Me 262 in April and the Gloster Meteor in July. Only about 15 Meteor saw WW2 action but up to 1400 Me 262s were produced, with 300 entering combat, delivering the first ground attacks and air combat victories of jet planes. Air is drawn into the rotating compressor via the intake and is compressed to a higher pressure before entering

3162-571: The Heinkel HeS 3 ), or an axial compressor (as in the Junkers Jumo 004 ) which gave a smaller diameter, although longer, engine. By replacing the propeller used on piston engines with a high speed jet of exhaust, higher aircraft speeds were attainable. One of the last applications for a turbojet engine was Concorde which used the Olympus 593 engine. However, joint studies by Rolls-Royce and Snecma for

Carrier Airborne Early Warning Weapons School - Misplaced Pages Continue

3264-574: The Naval Tactical Data System aboard the Navy's ships, with a design from Grumman being selected to meet this requirement in March 1957. Its design, initially designated W2F-1, but later redesignated the E-2A Hawkeye, was the first carrier plane that had been designed from its wheels up as an AEW and command and control airplane. The design engineers at Grumman faced immense challenges, including

3366-515: The North American XB-70 Valkyrie , each feeding three engines with an intake airflow of about 800 pounds per second (360 kg/s). The turbine rotates the compressor at high speed, adding energy to the airflow while squeezing (compressing) it into a smaller space. Compressing the air increases its pressure and temperature. The smaller the compressor, the faster it turns. The (large) GE90-115B fan rotates at about 2,500 RPM, while

3468-479: The Rolls-Royce Welland and Rolls-Royce Derwent , and by 1949 the de Havilland Goblin , being type tested for 500 hours without maintenance. It was not until the 1950s that superalloy technology allowed other countries to produce economically practical engines. Early German turbojets had severe limitations on the amount of running they could do due to the lack of suitable high temperature materials for

3570-698: The S-bands . Small aircraft lack the size or weight allowances for all-spectrum low-observable features, leaving a vulnerability to detection by the UHF -band APY-9 radar, potentially detecting fifth-generation fighters like the Russian Sukhoi Su-57 and the Chinese Chengdu J-20 and Shenyang J-31 . Historically, UHF radars had resolution and detection issues that made them ineffective for accurate targeting and fire control; Northrop Grumman and Lockheed claim that

3672-424: The Tu-144 , also used afterburners as does Scaled Composites White Knight , a carrier aircraft for the experimental SpaceShipOne suborbital spacecraft. Reheat was flight-trialled in 1944 on the W.2/700 engines in a Gloster Meteor I . The net thrust F N {\displaystyle F_{N}\;} of a turbojet is given by: F N = ( m ˙

3774-558: The Vietnam War , the E-2 has served the US Navy around the world, acting as the electronic "eyes of the fleet". In August 1981, a Hawkeye from VAW-124 "Bear Aces" directed two F-14 Tomcats from VF-41 "Black Aces" in an intercept mission in the Gulf of Sidra that resulted in the downing of two Libyan Sukhoi Su-22s . Hawkeyes from VAW-123 aboard the aircraft carrier USS  America directed

3876-566: The "Wallbangers" (formerly the "Nighthawks") and CVW-11. U.S. Navy E-2C Hawkeyes have been upgraded with eight-bladed propellers as part of the NP2000 program; the first squadron to cruise with the new propellers was VAW-124 "Bear Aces". The Hawkeye 2000 version can track over 2,000 targets simultaneously while also detecting 20,000 targets to a range greater than 400 mi (640 km) and simultaneously guide 40–100 air-to-air intercepts or air-to-surface engagements. In 2014, several E-2C Hawkeyes from

3978-435: The 10th E-2D was delivered to the Navy, with an additional 10 aircraft in various stages of manufacturing and predelivery flight testing. On 18 July 2013, Northrop Grumman was awarded a $ 113.7 million contract for five full-rate production Lot 2 E-2D Advanced Hawkeye aircraft. On 13 August 2013, Northrop Grumman was awarded a $ 617 million contract for five E-2Ds until full-rate production Lot 1. On 30 June 2014, Northrop Grumman

4080-412: The 46th plane (out of 75 planned) for delivery in late 2020 costing an additional $ 2 million per aircraft and the Navy plans to retrofit the feature on all previous Hawkeyes for $ 6 million per plane. The E-2 is a high-wing airplane, with one Allison T56 turboprop engine (5250 shp rating) on each wing and retractable tricycle landing gear . As with all carrier-borne airplanes, the E-2 is equipped with

4182-496: The 49 E-2Bs that would be upgraded. Improvements in the new and upgraded aircraft were concentrated in the radar and computer performance. Two E-2A test machines were modified as E-2C prototypes, the first flying on 20 January 1971. Trials proved satisfactory and the E-2C was ordered into production. The first production aircraft performed its initial flight on 23 September 1972. The original E-2C, known as Group 0, consisted of 55 aircraft;

Carrier Airborne Early Warning Weapons School - Misplaced Pages Continue

4284-533: The APY-9 has solved these shortcomings by using advanced electronic scanning and high digital computing power via space/time adaptive processing. According to the Navy's NIFC-CA concept, the E-2D could guide fleet weapons, such as AIM-120 AMRAAM and SM-6 missiles, onto targets beyond a launch platform's detection range or capabilities. Deliveries of initial production E-2Ds began in 2010. On 4 February 2010, Delta One conducted

4386-552: The Atlantic fleet squadrons. This version was followed within a few years by the Group II, which had the improved APS-145 radar. A total of 50 Group II aircraft were delivered, 12 being upgraded Group I aircraft. This new version entered service in June 1992 and served with the Pacific and Atlantic Fleet squadrons. By 1997, the US Navy intended that all front line squadrons would be equipped, for

4488-680: The Bear Aces of VAW-124 were deployed from USS  George H.W. Bush as flying command posts and air traffic controllers over Iraq during Operation Inherent Resolve against the Islamic State . VAW-120, the E-2C fleet replacement squadron began receiving E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes for training use in July 2010. On 27 March 2014, the first E-2Ds were delivered to the VAW-125 . The E-2D achieved Initial Operational Capability (IOC) in October 2014 when VAW-125

4590-478: The E-2 Hawkeye from an aircraft carrier besides the U.S. Navy. The French nuclear-powered carrier, Charles de Gaulle , currently carries two E-2C Hawkeyes on her combat patrols offshore. The third French E-2C Hawkeye has been upgraded with eight-bladed propellers as part of the NP2000 program. In April 2007, France requested the purchase of an additional aircraft. The Flottille 4F of the French Navy's Aeronavale

4692-429: The E-2 in conjunction with the other Desert Six commands, a collection of weapons schools and test squadrons which included TOPGUN, Naval Strike Warfare Center, MAWTS-1, VX-5 and VX-4 (known as VX-9 today). On 12 June 1989, the first E-2C Advanced Mission Commander Course (AMCC) convened, charged with providing graduate-level tactical training for Hawkeye aircrew. Less than a decade after becoming an independent command,

4794-585: The E-2A never operated from the modified Essex class carriers. The first prototype, acting as an aerodynamic testbed only, flew on 21 October 1960. The first fully equipped aircraft followed it on 19 April 1961 and entered service with the US Navy as the E-2A in January 1964. By 1965, the project had accumulated so many development issues that it was cancelled after 59 aircraft had already been built. In particular, difficulties were being experienced due to inadequate cooling in

4896-763: The E-2D version of the Hawkeye, instead of the Boeing 737 AEW&C design. In June 2015, the Japanese government requested to buy four E-2Ds through a Foreign Military Sale. In September 2018 the Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) notified Congress of the possible sale of up to nine E-2Ds to Japan. A sale of up to five E-2Ds for JASDF was approved by the U.S. State Department and DSCA notified Congress on 7 March 2023. The sale includes ancillary equipment, spares and training support for an estimated $ 1.38 billion. The proposed five E-2Ds are in addition to

4998-584: The E-3 would not be readily available due to USAF needs and opted to procure E-2 Hawkeye aircraft. The Japan Air Self-Defense Force bought thirteen E-2C aircraft to improve its early warning capabilities. The E-2C was put into service with the Airborne Early Warning Group (AEWG) at Misawa Air Base in January 1987. On 21 November 2014, the Japanese Ministry of Defense officially decided to procure

5100-469: The GrIIM RePr (Group II Mission Computer Replacement Program, pronounced "grim reaper"). Another upgrade to the Group II was the Hawkeye 2000, which featured the same APS-145 radar but incorporated an upgraded mission computer and CIC ( Combat Information Center ) workstations (Advanced Control Indicator Set or ACIS and carries the U.S. Navy's new CEC (cooperative engagement capability) data-link system . It

5202-581: The Group I standard. Group I aircraft replaced the E-2's older APS-125 radar and T56-A-425 turboprops with their successors, the APS-139 radar system and T56-A-427 turboprops. The first Group I aircraft entered service in August 1981. Upgrading the Group 0 aircraft to Group I specifications was considered, but the cost was comparable to a new production aircraft, so upgrades were not conducted. Group I aircraft were only flown by

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5304-552: The Group II) and integrating GPS into the weapon system. A variant of the Group II with upgrades to the mission computer and CIC workstations is referred to as the MCU/ACIS, these were produced in small numbers due to production of the Hawkeye 2000 soon after its introduction. All Group II aircraft had their 1960s vintage computer processors replaced by a mission computer with the same functionality via modern computer technology, referred to as

5406-516: The Hawkeye is the E-2D , which first flew in 2007. The E-2 was the first aircraft designed specifically for AEW, as opposed to a modification of an existing airframe, such as the Boeing E-3 Sentry . Variants of the Hawkeye have been in continuous production since 1960, giving it the longest production run of any carrier-based aircraft. The E-2 also received the nickname "Super Fudd" because it replaced

5508-653: The Japan Self-Defense Forces' (JASDF) radar lost track of the aircraft when Belenko flew his MiG-25 at a low altitude, prompting the JASDF to consider procurement of airborne early warning aircraft. Initially, the E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system aircraft was considered to be the prime candidate for the airborne early warning mission by the JASDF. However, the Japanese Defense Agency realized that

5610-700: The Lebanese coast, controlling the various assets in the air and detecting any Syrian aircraft upon their takeoff, eliminating any chance of surprise. The Israeli Air Force (IAF) operated four E-2s for its homeland AEW protection through 1994. The IAF was the first user of the E-2 to install air-to-air refueling equipment. Turbojet Turbojets have poor efficiency at low vehicle speeds, which limits their usefulness in vehicles other than aircraft. Turbojet engines have been used in isolated cases to power vehicles other than aircraft, typically for attempts on land speed records . Where vehicles are "turbine-powered", this

5712-465: The US Navy reincorporated CAEWWS. On 11 July 1996, CAEWWS and TOPGUN moved from NAS Miramar and joined Strike University as the foundation for the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC) at Naval Air Station Fallon . The close proximity of weapons school instructors supporting a variety of platforms has been central to the success of NSAWC. The cooperation found between weapons schools is essential in

5814-460: The WF (later E-1) "Willy Fudd". In recent decades, the E-2 has been commonly referred to as the "Hummer" because of the distinctive sounds of its turboprop engines, quite unlike that of turbojet and turbofan jet engines. In addition to U.S. Navy service, smaller numbers of E-2s have been sold to the armed forces of Egypt , France , Israel , Japan , Mexico , Singapore and Taiwan . Grumman also used

5916-480: The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina , three Hawkeye squadrons (two Regular Navy and one Navy Reserve) were deployed in support of civilian relief efforts including Air Traffic Control responsibilities spanning three states, and the control of U.S. Army , U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force , U.S. Marine Corps , U.S. Coast Guard and Army National Guard and Air National Guard helicopter rescue units. Hawkeye 2000s first deployed in 2003 aboard USS  Nimitz with VAW-117,

6018-464: The aircraft decreases the efficiency of the engine because it has been compressed, but then does not contribute to producing thrust. Compressor types used in turbojets were typically axial or centrifugal. Early turbojet compressors had low pressure ratios up to about 5:1. Aerodynamic improvements including splitting the compressor into two separately rotating parts, incorporating variable blade angles for entry guide vanes and stators, and bleeding air from

6120-485: The basic layout of the E-2 to produce the Grumman C-2 Greyhound cargo aircraft. Continual improvements in airborne radars through 1956 led to the construction of AEW airplanes by several different countries and several different armed forces. The functions of command and control and sea and air surveillance were also added. The first carrier-based aircraft to perform these missions for the U.S. Navy and its allies

6222-454: The carrier's combat air patrol (CAP) fighters, and secondarily for surveillance of the surrounding sea and land for enemy warships and guided-missile launchers and any other electronic surveillance missions as directed. The E-2A entered U.S. Navy service in January 1964 and in April 1964 with VAW-11 at NAS North Island. The first deployment was aboard the aircraft carrier USS  Kitty Hawk during 1965. Since entering combat during

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6324-465: The closely packed avionics compartment. Early computers and complex avionics systems generated considerable heat and could fail without proper ventilation. These issues continued long after the aircraft entered service. At one point, reliability was so bad that the entire fleet of aircraft was grounded. After Navy officials had been forced to explain to Congress why four production contracts had been signed before avionics testing had been completed, action

6426-410: The combustion chamber. Fuel is mixed with the compressed air and burns in the combustor. The combustion products leave the combustor and expand through the turbine where power is extracted to drive the compressor. The turbine exit gases still contain considerable energy that is converted in the propelling nozzle to a high speed jet. The first turbojets, used either a centrifugal compressor (as in

6528-432: The combustor and pass through to the turbine in a continuous flowing process with no pressure build-up. Instead, a small pressure loss occurs in the combustor. The fuel-air mixture can only burn in slow-moving air, so an area of reverse flow is maintained by the fuel nozzles for the approximately stoichiometric burning in the primary zone. Further compressed air is introduced which completes the combustion process and reduces

6630-421: The compressor enabled later turbojets to have overall pressure ratios of 15:1 or more. After leaving the compressor, the air enters the combustion chamber. The burning process in the combustor is significantly different from that in a piston engine . In a piston engine, the burning gases are confined to a small volume, and as the fuel burns, the pressure increases. In a turbojet, the air and fuel mixture burn in

6732-401: The compressor is passed through these to keep the metal temperature within limits. The remaining stages do not need cooling. In the first stage, the turbine is largely an impulse turbine (similar to a pelton wheel ) and rotates because of the impact of the hot gas stream. Later stages are convergent ducts that accelerate the gas. Energy is transferred into the shaft through momentum exchange in

6834-521: The compressor stage. Well-known examples are the Concorde and Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird propulsion systems where the intake and engine contributions to the total compression were 63%/8% at Mach 2 and 54%/17% at Mach 3+. Intakes have ranged from "zero-length" on the Pratt & Whitney TF33 turbofan installation in the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter , to the twin 65 feet (20 m) long, intakes on

6936-615: The control of the aircraft carrier's fighter planes for air defense , the control of strike aircraft on offensive missions, the control of search and rescue missions for naval aviators and sailors lost at sea, relaying radio communications, air-to-air and ship-to-air. It can also serve in an air traffic control capacity in emergency situations when land-based ATC is unavailable. The E-2C and E-2D Hawkeyes use advanced electronic sensors combined with digital computer signal processing , especially its radars, for early warning of enemy aircraft attacks and anti-ship missile attacks, controlling

7038-580: The creation of joint aviation and fleet-wide TTP, execution of the Integrated Air Defense Course (IADC), C2 instruction at Air Wing Fallon, and provides inputs to the acquisition process in the form of requirements and priorities for research and development (R&D), procurement, and training systems. Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye The Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye is an American all-weather, carrier-capable tactical airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft. This twin- turboprop aircraft

7140-409: The development of tactics, creation of WTIs, and fleet support. Since its incorporation into NSAWC (today NADWC), CAEWWS expanded its academic instruction and execution to include nearly a dozen courses focused on power projection, air defense, electronic warfare, and joint and coalition interoperability. Ultimately though, the focus of the weapons school would evolve as the number of courses narrowed. In

7242-602: The early 2000s, AMCC transitioned to include the production of Weapons Tactics Instructors (WTIs) while continuing to instruct fleet squadron mission and aircraft commanders. In 2013 came the establishment of the ACCLOGWING Weapons School (ACCLWS), which allowed for transferring some fleet training responsibilities. In addition to the development of E-2C/D TTP, CAEWWS today focuses on the Hawkeye WTI (HEWTI) Course, integration with other warfighting development centers in

7344-560: The first E-2D carrier landing aboard USS Harry S. Truman as a part of carrier suitability testing. On 27 September 2011, an E-2D was successfully launched by the prototype Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) at Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst . On 12 February 2013, the Office of the Secretary of Defense approved the E-2D to enter full-rate production. The Navy plans for an initial operational capability by 2015. In June 2013,

7446-578: The first aircraft became operational in 1973 and serving on carriers in the 1980s and 1990s, until they were replaced in first-line service by Group II aircraft. US Navy Reserve used some aircraft for tracking drug smugglers. The type was commonly used in conjunction with Grumman F-14 Tomcat fighters; monitoring airspace and then vectoring Tomcats over the Link-4A datalink to destroy potential threats with long range AIM-54C Phoenix missiles. The next production run, between 1988 and 1991, saw 18 aircraft built to

7548-421: The first operational use of the E-2D. E-2 Hawkeyes have been sold by the U.S. Federal Government under Foreign Military Sales (FMS) procedures to the armed forces of Egypt , France , Israel , Japan , Singapore and Taiwan . Egypt purchased five E-2C Hawkeyes, that entered service in 1987 and were upgraded to Hawkeye 2000 standard. One additional upgraded E-2C was purchased. The first upgraded aircraft

7650-475: The high-temperature materials used in their turbosuperchargers during World War II. Water injection was a common method used to increase thrust, usually during takeoff, in early turbojets that were thrust-limited by their allowable turbine entry temperature. The water increased thrust at the temperature limit, but prevented complete combustion, often leaving a very visible smoke trail. Allowable turbine entry temperatures have increased steadily over time both with

7752-441: The introduction of superior alloys and coatings, and with the introduction and progressive effectiveness of blade cooling designs. On early engines, the turbine temperature limit had to be monitored, and avoided, by the pilot, typically during starting and at maximum thrust settings. Automatic temperature limiting was introduced to reduce pilot workload and reduce the likelihood of turbine damage due to over-temperature. A nose bullet

7854-401: The jet V j {\displaystyle V_{j}\;} must exceed the true airspeed of the aircraft V {\displaystyle V\;} if there is to be a net forward thrust on the airframe. The speed V j {\displaystyle V_{j}\;} can be calculated thermodynamically based on adiabatic expansion . The operation of a turbojet

7956-429: The mechanical rotation of the radar in its radome. The E-2D includes provisions for the copilot to act as a "Tactical 4th Operator" (T4O), who can reconfigure his main cockpit display to show radar , IFF , Link 16 (JTIDS) /CEC and access all acquired data. The E-2D's first flight occurred on 3 August 2007. On 8 May 2009, an E-2D used its Cooperative Engagement Capability system to engage an overland cruise missile with

8058-504: The mid-1980s, several U.S. Navy E-2Cs were made available to the U.S. Coast Guard and the U.S. Customs Service for counter-narcotics (CN) and maritime interdiction operations (MIO). This also led to the Coast Guard building a small cadre of Naval Flight Officers (NFOs), starting with the recruitment and interservice transfer of Navy flight officers with E-2 flight experience and the flight training of other junior Coast Guard officers as NFOs. A fatal aircraft mishap on 24 August 1990 involving

8160-532: The newer G550 AEWs officially took over duty from the former. Singapore has close ties with the Israel military which has also acquired the G550 AEW. Israel was the first export customer; its four Hawkeyes were delivered during 1981, complete with the folding wings characteristic of carrier-borne aircraft. The four examples were soon put into active service before and during the 1982 Lebanon War during which they won

8262-402: The opposite way to energy transfer in the compressor. The power developed by the turbine drives the compressor and accessories, like fuel, oil, and hydraulic pumps that are driven by the accessory gearbox. After the turbine, the gases expand through the exhaust nozzle producing a high velocity jet. In a convergent nozzle, the ducting narrows progressively to a throat. The nozzle pressure ratio on

8364-437: The requirement that the aircraft be able to operate from the older modified Essex -class aircraft carriers . These vessels were built during World War II and were smaller than modern carriers, being later modified to allow them to operate jet aircraft. Consequently, various height, weight and length restrictions had to be factored into the E-2A design, resulting in some handling characteristics which were less than ideal. However,

8466-596: The root of the blade. Once considered for replacement by the " Common Support Aircraft ", this concept was abandoned. The latest E-2 version is the E-2D Advanced Hawkeye , which features an entirely new avionics suite including the new AN/APY-9 radar, radio suite, mission computer, integrated satellite communications, flight management system, improved T56-A-427A engines, a glass cockpit and aerial refueling . The APY-9 radar features an active electronically scanned array (AESA), which adds electronic scanning to

8568-521: The six E-2Ds Japan already has and the seven more it has on order. However, the Japanese Ministry of Defense did not reveal in its most recent proposed budget any intention to acquire more aircraft. In 2004, three former Israel Air Force E-2C aircraft were sold to the Mexican Navy to perform maritime and shore surveillance missions. These aircraft were upgraded locally by IAI. The first Mexican E-2C

8670-585: The solid-state glass displays. In 2004, the E-2C's propeller system was changed; a new eight-bladed propeller system named NP2000 was developed by the Hamilton-Sundstrand company to replace the old four-bladed design. Improvements included reduced vibrations and better maintainability as a result of the ability to remove prop blades individually instead of having to remove the entire prop and hub assembly. The propeller blades are of carbon fiber construction with steel leading edge inserts and de-icing boots at

8772-468: The supersonic airliner, in terms of miles per gallon, compared to subsonic airliners at Mach 0.85 (Boeing 707, DC-8) was relatively small. This is because the large increase in drag is largely compensated by an increase in powerplant efficiency (the engine efficiency is increased by the ram pressure rise which adds to the compressor pressure rise, the higher aircraft speed approaches the exhaust jet speed increasing propulsive efficiency). Turbojet engines had

8874-446: The temperature of the combustion products to a level which the turbine can accept. Less than 25% of the air is typically used for combustion, as an overall lean mixture is required to keep within the turbine temperature limits. Hot gases leaving the combustor expand through the turbine. Typical materials for turbines include inconel and Nimonic . The hottest turbine vanes and blades in an engine have internal cooling passages. Air from

8976-535: The thrust from a turbojet engine. It was flown by test pilot Erich Warsitz . The Gloster E.28/39 , (also referred to as the "Gloster Whittle", "Gloster Pioneer", or "Gloster G.40") made the first British jet-engined flight in 1941. It was designed to test the Whittle jet engine in flight, and led to the development of the Gloster Meteor. The first two operational turbojet aircraft, the Messerschmitt Me 262 and then

9078-412: The turbines would overheat, the lubricating oil would leak from the bearing cavities, the rotor thrust bearings would skid or be overloaded, and ice would form on the nose cone. The air from the compressor, called secondary air, is used for turbine cooling, bearing cavity sealing, anti-icing, and ensuring that the rotor axial load on its thrust bearing will not wear it out prematurely. Supplying bleed air to

9180-464: The turbines. British engines such as the Rolls-Royce Welland used better materials giving improved durability. The Welland was type-certified for 80 hours initially, later extended to 150 hours between overhauls, as a result of an extended 500-hour run being achieved in tests. General Electric in the United States was in a good position to enter the jet engine business due to its experience with

9282-437: Was a vast improvement on the unreliable E-2A, it was an interim measure. The US Navy knew the design had much greater capability and had yet to achieve the performance and reliability parameters set out in the original 1957 design. In April 1968, a reliability improvement program was initiated. In addition, now that the capabilities of the aircraft were starting to be realized, more were desired; 28 new E-2Cs were ordered to augment

9384-444: Was awarded a $ 3.6 billion contract to supply 25 more E-2D, for a total contracted number of 50 aircraft; 13 E-2D models had been delivered by that time. In December 2016, an E-2D flew for the first time fitted with an aerial refueling capability. This feature will allow the aircraft to double its time on station to five hours and increase total mission time from four to seven hours. The refueling modification will start being built into

9486-589: Was certified to have five operational aircraft. This began training on the aircraft for its first operational deployment, scheduled for 2015 aboard USS  Theodore Roosevelt . The E-2D will play a larger role than that of the E-2C, with five E-2Ds aboard each carrier instead of the current four C-models, requiring the acquisition of 75 total E-2Ds. On 11 March 2015, the Theodore Roosevelt Carrier Strike Group departed Naval Station Norfolk and returned to port on 23 November 2015, concluding

9588-511: Was delivered in March 2003 and deliveries were concluded in late 2008. Egypt requested two additional excess E-2C aircraft in October 2007; deliveries began in 2010. They all operate in 601 AEW Brigade, Cairo-West. Egypt used the E-2C Hawkeye in a bombing operation in 2015 against ISIL in Libya. The French Naval Aviation (Aeronavale) operates three E-2C Hawkeyes and has been the only operator of

9690-661: Was designed and developed during the late 1950s and early 1960s by the Grumman Aircraft Company for the United States Navy as a replacement for the earlier, piston-engined E-1 Tracer , which was rapidly becoming obsolete. The aircraft's performance has been upgraded with the E-2B and E-2C versions, where most of the changes were made to the radar and radio communications due to advances in electronic integrated circuits and other electronics. The fourth major version of

9792-424: Was liquid-fuelled. Whittle's team experienced near-panic during the first start attempts when the engine accelerated out of control to a relatively high speed despite the fuel supply being cut off. It was subsequently found that fuel had leaked into the combustion chamber during pre-start motoring checks and accumulated in pools, so the engine would not stop accelerating until all the leaked fuel had burned off. Whittle

9894-495: Was rolled out in January 2004. The Republic of Singapore Air Force acquired four Grumman E-2C Hawkeye airborne early warning aircraft in 1987, which are assigned to the 111 Squadron "Jaeger" based at Tengah Air Base . In April 2007, it was announced that the four E-2C Hawkeyes were to be replaced with four Gulfstream G550s which would become the primary early warning aircraft of the Singapore Air Force. On 13 April 2012,

9996-755: Was stood up on 2 July 2000 and flies its E-2C Hawkeyes from its naval air station at Lann-Bihoue, deploying to the Charles de Gaulle . They took part in operations in Afghanistan and Libya. In September 2019 Florence Parly , French Minister of the Armed Forces , announced that three new E-2D Advanced Hawkeyes would be purchased in 2020 to replace the E-2Cs in service. On 6 September 1976, Soviet Air Forces pilot Viktor Belenko successfully defected , landing his MiG-25 'Foxbat' at Hakodate Airport , Japan. During this incident,

10098-468: Was taken; Grumman and the US Navy scrambled to improve the design. The unreliable rotary drum computer was replaced by a Litton L-304 digital computer and various avionics systems were replaced – the upgraded aircraft were designated E-2Bs. In total, 49 of the 59 E-2As were upgraded to E-2B standard. These aircraft replaced the E-1B Tracers in the various US Navy AEW squadrons. Although the upgraded E-2B

10200-629: Was tested on the Power Jets W.1 in 1941 initially using ammonia before changing to water and then water-methanol. A system to trial the technique in the Gloster E.28/39 was devised but never fitted. An afterburner or "reheat jetpipe" is a combustion chamber added to reheat the turbine exhaust gases. The fuel consumption is very high, typically four times that of the main engine. Afterburners are used almost exclusively on supersonic aircraft , most being military aircraft. Two supersonic airliners, Concorde and

10302-595: Was the Douglas AD Skyraider , which was replaced in US Navy service by the Grumman E-1 Tracer , which was a modified version of the S-2 Tracker twin-engine anti-submarine warfare aircraft, where the radar was carried in an aerofoil-shaped radome carried above the aircraft's fuselage. In 1956, the U.S. Navy developed a requirement for an airborne early warning aircraft where its data could be integrated into

10404-479: Was unable to interest the government in his invention, and development continued at a slow pace. In Germany, Hans von Ohain patented a similar engine in 1935. His design, an axial-flow engine, as opposed to Whittle's centrifugal flow engine, was eventually adopted by most manufacturers by the 1950s. On 27 August 1939 the Heinkel He 178 , powered by von Ohain's design, became the world's first aircraft to fly using

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