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71-545: He was born in Lodève , Hérault , the son of a tax farmer of a noble family. He was sent to Paris as a child to be educated by the Jesuits in philosophy and the Classics as much as in theology. He entered the priesthood nevertheless and through the influence of Cardinal Bonzi became almoner to Maria Theresa , queen of Louis XIV , and, after her death, to the king himself. In 1698 he

142-445: A commune in the department of Hérault , in the region of Occitania , southern France . It is a subprefecture of the department. The derivation of the city's name is from Gaulish Luteva , composed of lut-, swamp, mud + suffix -eva. It might therefore translate as the muddy place or the swamp city . This mud could be a clay , called argillite , which was use during ancient history to produce pottery . Lodève lies where

213-557: A bid to influence the sejm's decision. On September 4, France openly declared its support for Leszczyński, who was elected king by a sejm of 12,000 delegates on September 12. A group of nobles, led by Lithuanian magnates including Duke Michael Wiśniowiecki (the former Lithuanian grand chancellor nominated by Augustus II), crossed the Vistula river and the protection of Russian troops. This group, numbering about 3,000, elected Frederick August II King of Poland as Augustus III on October 5. Despite

284-646: A centre for textile production under Louis XV and was home to one of only two royal manufactories for tapestry, the other being the one of the Gobelins in Paris . More recently, the area was the centre of a firm resistance against the Nazi occupation during the Second World War . In the vicinity: Throughout the year, the town hosts a programme of cultural and sporting events, as well as all sorts of markets. In recent years,

355-618: A few days after the French evacuation of Prague on 20 January 1743. He had enriched the royal library by many valuable oriental manuscripts, and was a member of the Académie Française from 1717, of the Academy of Sciences , and the Academy of Inscriptions . In the years following Fleury's death, escalating Franco-British skirmishes at sea culminated in a declaration of war with Britain in March 1744,

426-464: A national bank, easy credit to encourage investors, and paper money exchangeable for gold bullion. Investor overconfidence in the ability to exchange paper money for gold led to wild speculation after 1720, and when the bubble burst, Law and his policies were thoroughly discredited, and French finances were in as dire straits as they had been when Louis XIV died. Fleury was imperturbable in his demeanor, frugal and prudent, and he carried these qualities into

497-677: A preliminary peace was reached in 1735, the Treaty of Vienna (1738) ended the war formally, which confirmed Augustus III as king of Poland and his opponent Stanisław Leszczyński was awarded the Duchy of Lorraine and Duchy of Bar , then both fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire . Francis Stephen , the duke of Lorraine, was given the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in compensation for losing Lorraine. The Duchy of Parma went to Austria whereas Charles of Parma took

568-433: A raid on Coigny's headquarters at Quistello , very nearly capturing Coigny and taking among other prizes Charles Emmanuel's china. Two days later the French withdrew to a position near Guastalla in response to Austrian maneuvers, but one detachment of nearly 3,000 men was surrounded and captured by the advancing Austrians. On 19 September, Königsegg attacked the allied position at Guastalla , and in another bloody encounter,

639-563: A result, the Franco-Spanish army was unable to do more than blockade the city. When Charles Emmanuel withdrew his forces from the area, the allies were forced to retreat, and the beleaguered Austrians capitalized, eventually recovering most of Milan against little opposition in November. As early as February 1734 the British and Dutch had offered to mediate peace talks between the various parties of

710-539: A sovereign state by the end of the 18th century. Poland–Lithuania also surrendered claims to Livonia and direct control over the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia , which, although remaining its fief , was not integrated into it and fell under strong Russian influence that only ended with the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917. After the death of Sigismund II Augustus in 1572, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania

781-602: A time the Dutch had hoped to be able to reduce it appreciably. The French had no wish to provoke Britain and the Dutch Republic and carefully chose not to campaign in the Austrian Netherlands , where Dutch States Army troops garrisoned several fortresses , while also avoiding the parts of the Holy Roman Empire that might draw either power into the conflict. On Austria's southern border, France in November 1733 negotiated

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852-401: A war he had avoided for so long, a war effectively ending the relatively peaceful period from 1713–1744, a period sometimes referred to the "Thirty Years' Peace" of which Cardinal Dubois and Philippe D'Orléans were the primary architects. Lod%C3%A8ve Lodève ( French pronunciation: [lodɛv] ; Occitan : Lodeva , [luˈðeβɔ] ; Latin : Luteva ) is

923-628: The Alps and threatened to close in on the French army's rear by a flanking maneuver. Villars responded by abandoning his advance on Mantua and attempted to interrupt the Austrian army's crossing of the Po . Villars, frustrated by Charles Emmanuel's delaying tactics and refusual to cooperate, quit the army on May 27. He fell ill on the way back to France and died in Turin on 17 June. Mercy's forces made repeated attempts to cross

994-632: The Confederation of Dzików in late 1734, and under their commander, Adam Tarło , tried to fight the Russian and Saxon troops, but their efforts were ineffective. In what became known as the Pacification Sejm , held in June–July 1736, Augustus was confirmed as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Following France's 10 October declaration of war, it began military operations three days later, invading

1065-552: The Duchy of Lorraine and besieging the imperial fortress at Kehl , across the Rhine from Strasbourg , gaining control of both objectives in a few weeks. Unable to attack Austria directly, and unwilling to invade the intervening German states for fear of drawing Great Britain and the Dutch into the conflict, France consolidated its position in Lorraine, and withdrew its troops across the Rhine for

1136-565: The Duchy of Lorraine , a strategic possession occupied by France for large parts of the previous century. The current duke Francis Stephen was expected to marry Emperor Charles' heir Maria Theresa , bringing Austria dangerously close to France. Simultaneously, Philip wanted to regain the Italian territories ceded to Austria in 1714, which led to the Franco-Spanish Pacte de Famille in 1733. Augustus II died on 1 February 1733. Throughout

1207-523: The Dutch Republic . Such expectations quickly dissipated as both the Dutch and the British chose to pursue a policy of neutrality. British Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole justified British neutrality in the conflict by noting that the Anglo-Austrian Alliance agreed at the 1731 Treaty of Vienna was a purely defensive agreement, while Austria was in this instance the aggressor. This position

1278-531: The Elector of Saxony . Frederick August negotiated agreements with Austria and Russia in July 1733. In exchange for Russian support, he agreed to give up any remaining Polish claims to Livonia , and promised to Anna of Russia her choice of successor to the Duchy of Courland , a Polish fief (of which she had been duchess prior to her ascension to the Russian throne) which would have otherwise come under direct Polish rule on

1349-630: The Parma river in June, but it was not until late in that month that they were able to cross the river and approach the city of Parma , where the allied forces, now under the command of French marshals de Broglie and Coigny , were entrenched. In the Battle of Colorno and in a bloody battle near the village of Crocetta on 29 June, the Austrians were beaten back, Mercy was killed, and Frederick of Württemberg , his second,

1420-612: The Rhineland , France successfully took the Duchy of Lorraine , and in Italy , Spain regained control over the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily lost in the War of the Spanish Succession , while territorial gains in northern Italy were limited despite bloody campaigning. Great Britain 's unwillingness to support Habsburg Austria demonstrated the infirmity of the Anglo-Austrian Alliance . Although

1491-479: The Austrians, choosing a strategy of defending a large number of fortresses, were soundly defeated. Don Carlos assembled an army composed primarily of Spaniards, but also including some troops from France and Savoy. Moving south through the Papal States , his army flanked the frontline Austrian defense at Mignano , forcing them to retreat into the fortress at Capua . He was then practically welcomed into Naples by

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1562-597: The Austrians, now also recognized the Pragmatic Sanction that would allow Emperor Charles's daughter Maria Theresa to succeed him. This proved a hollow guarantee, however, as the French decided to intervene to partition the Habsburg monarchy after all following the death of Charles in 1740. The acquisition of Lorraine for the former Polish king, however, proved of lasting benefit to France, as it passed under direct French rule with Stanisław's death in 1766. Stanisław signed

1633-453: The Dutch economy was still in fresh memory. In early 1733, it appeared that the Dutch Republic was on the verge of war with Prussia. Emperor Charles VI exerted pressure on Prussia, aiming to align the Republic with Austria. However, this attempt proved unsuccessful as the Dutch chose to remain neutral. The threat of war still forced the Dutch Republic to increase the size of its army , just at

1704-572: The Museum Art Gallery has gained national acclaim for its major art exhibitions. The "Voix de la Méditerranée" poetry festival, established in 1998, takes place every July for around 9 days, and involves poets, musicians and writers from many different countries on the Mediterranean. The annual "Fête de St. Fulcran ", the patron saint of the town, takes place in May and includes the procession of

1775-560: The Napoleonic era. The war proved disastrous for Polish–Lithuanian independence, and re-affirmed that the affairs of the Poland–Lithuania, including the election of its ruler, were controlled by the other great powers of Europe . After August III, there would only be one more king of Poland, Stanisław August Poniatowski , himself a Russian puppet, and ultimately Poland–Lithuania would be divided up by its neighbors and cease to exist as

1846-662: The Polish Succession Treaty of Vienna The War of the Polish Succession ( Polish : Wojna o sukcesję polską ; 1733–35) was a major European conflict sparked by a civil war in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth over the succession to Augustus II the Strong , which the other European powers widened in pursuit of their own national interests. France and Spain , the two Bourbon powers, tested

1917-508: The Polish campaign, and the Emperor distrusted Frederick William I of Prussia , who was willing to provide some aid. Divisions within the empire also affected the raising of troops in 1733, as Charles-Albert of Bavaria , who harbored ambitions to become the next Holy Roman Emperor , signed a secret agreement with France in November 1733, and tried, with limited success, to dissuade other rulers within

1988-478: The Rhine and began pushing the French back toward Trier , defeating them at Clausen in October 1735, in one of the last battles before preliminary peace terms were reached. French and Savoyard troops numbering over 50,000, under the command of Charles Emmanuel, entered Milanese territory as early as 10 October, against minimal resistance, as the Austrian forces in the duchy numbered only about 12,000. By 3 November,

2059-543: The Rhine campaign. They were also joined by Spanish forces in May, now available after the successes in the south. In response to this threat, Königsegg retreated into the Bishopric of Trent , but leaving the fortress city of Mantua well-defended. At this point divisions between the allies became clear, as Spain laid claim to Mantua, and also refused to guarantee Milan to Charles Emmanuel. In response, Charles Emmanuel refused to allow his siege equipment to be used against Mantua. As

2130-514: The Rhine. The Marquis de Monti, France's ambassador in Warsaw, convinced the rival Potocki and Czartoryski families to unite behind Stanisław. Teodor Andrzej Potocki , Primate of Poland and interrex following Augustus' death, called a convocation sejm in March 1733. Delegates to this sejm passed a resolution forbidding the candidacy of foreigners; this would explicitly exclude both Emmanuel of Portugal and Augustus II's son, Frederick August II ,

2201-426: The administration. In 1726 he fixed the standard of the currency and secured French credit by initiating regular payment of interest on the national debt, with the result that in 1738/39 there was a surplus of 15,000,000 livres instead of the usual deficit. Fleury's stringencies were enforced through the contrôleur général des finances Philibert Orry (who remained in office until 1745). By exacting forced labor from

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2272-702: The capital city of Warsaw and installed Augustus as potential heir, forcing Stanisław to flee to Danzig (present-day Gdańsk), where he was besieged for some time by a Russian-Saxon army that came under the overall command of Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich . Danzig capitulated in June 1734, and Stanisław was forced to flee once more, this time first to the city of Königsberg and eventually to France. This ended major military activity in Poland itself, although it continued to be occupied by foreign troops as Augustus dealt with partisan supporters of Stanisław. A group of nobles and aristocrats supporting Stanisław formed

2343-840: The city fathers, as the Austrian viceroy had fled toward Bari , and the fortresses held by the Austrians in the city were quickly captured. While maintaining a blockade of the largest Austrian fortresses at Capua and Gaeta , a large portion of the allied army gave chase to the remaining Austrian forces. These finally attempted a stand in late May, and were defeated at Bitonto . Capua and Gaeta were then properly besieged while Austrian fortresses in Sicily were quickly subdued. Gaeta surrendered in August , and Capua held out until November when its commander, Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun , finally negotiated surrender terms when he ran out of ammunition. The Jacobite pretender's heir, Charles Edward Stuart , who

2414-612: The city of Milan itself had surrendered, although the Austrian governor, Count Wirich Philipp von Daun , still held the fortress. France's great general, the Duke de Villars , joined Charles Emmanuel in Milan on 11 November. While Villars wanted to move immediately against Mantua to secure the Alpine passes against Austrian reinforcements, Charles Emmanuel, mistrustful of his French allies and their dealings with Spain, sought to secure Milan. The army spent

2485-519: The close relationship between Louis XV and his uncle Philip V of Spain and the two countries were opponents in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720). When Cardinal Fleury became French chief minister in 1726, he sought a closer relationship with Spain, helped by the birth of Louis, Dauphin of France in 1729, which seemed to ensure that the countries would remain separate. Fleury supported Stanisław, hoping to weaken Austria and secure

2556-523: The coastal plain rises up to the Larzac plateau, 54 km (34 mi) from Montpellier , where the river Lergue and the smaller river Soulondre meet. Lodève is surrounded by green hills and vineyards and lies only 8 km (5.0 mi) from the large man-made Lac du Salagou. Lodève has a mostly mediterranean climate, with hot summers favourable to viticulture . Violent storms and torrential rain are frequently seen in late summer, leading to flooding and

2627-443: The conflict. By early 1735, proposals were being circulated. As 1735 progressed with the Austrians being in no real position to continue the fight, and the French concerned by the possible arrival of Russian reinforcements on the Rhine (which did eventually occur), negotiations continued through the summer of 1735. A preliminary peace was finally concluded in October 1735 and ratified in the Treaty of Vienna in November 1738. Augustus

2698-750: The crowns of Naples and Sicily. The Bourbons won most territorial gains, as the Duchies of Lorraine and Bar went from being the Holy Roman Empire's fiefs to those of France, while the Spanish Bourbons gained two new kingdoms: Naples and Sicily. For their part, the Austrian Habsburgs received two Italian duchies in return, though Parma would soon revert to the Bourbons. Tuscany would be held by the Habsburgs until

2769-471: The death of the current duke, Ferdinand Kettler , who had no heirs. To the Austrian emperor he promised recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 , a document designed to guarantee inheritance of the Austrian throne to Maria Theresa, Charles' oldest child. In August, Polish nobles gathered for the election sejm . On 11 August, 30,000 Russian troops under Field Marshal Peter Lacy entered Poland in

2840-533: The despatch of a French expedition to Gdańsk turned into a humiliation. Fleury was pressed by his advisor Germain Louis Chauvelin to more energetic measures; he concluded a close alliance with the Spanish Bourbons and sent armies against the Austrians twice. Military successes on the Rhine and in Italy secured the favorable terms of the treaty of Vienna (1735–1738). France had joined with the other powers in guaranteeing

2911-402: The early 18th-century the democratic system was in decline. In 1697, Augustus II became king due to Austrian and Russian backing. Deposed by Stanisław Leszczyński in 1705, he returned four years later and Stanisław fled to France, where his daughter Marie married Louis XV in 1725. Augustus failed in an attempt to settle the Polish crown on his son, Augustus III , leading to a contest for

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2982-496: The elder son, Don Carlos , who was already Duke of Parma and had the expectation of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , and the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily for the younger son, Don Felipe . The two Bourbon monarchs were also joined by Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia , who hoped to secure gains from the Austrian duchies of Milan and Mantua. When hostilities finally broke out, the Austrians had hoped for aid from Great Britain and

3053-550: The empire from the Wittelsbach family from providing troops to the emperor under their treaty obligations. While Britain itself did not provide support, the Electorate of Hanover , where George II also ruled as an Imperial Elector, proved willing to help. On 9 April 1734, a Reichskrieg (imperial war) was declared against France, obliging all imperial states to participate. The Russians, commanded by Peter Lacy , quickly captured

3124-415: The fact that this group was a minority, Russia and Austria, intent on maintaining their influence within Poland, recognised Augustus as king. On 10 October, France declared war on Austria and Saxony. Louis XV was later joined by his uncle, King Philip V of Spain , who hoped to secure territories in Italy for his sons by his second marriage to Elizabeth Farnese . Specifically, he hoped to secure Mantua for

3195-438: The manipulations that landed Corsica in the arms of France in 1768. Fleury's economies in the army and navy, as elsewhere, found the nation poorly prepared when in 1733 the War of the Polish Succession was forced upon France. He was compelled by court opinion to support the claims of Louis XV's father-in-law Stanislaus Leszczynski to the Polish crown on the death of Augustus II , against the Russian and Austrian candidate; but

3266-705: The muds and swamps that gave the city its name. Lodève started as the capital of a tribe of the Volcae , the Lutevani , before becoming the Roman city Luteva (also known as Forum Neronis ). The town was a stopping point on the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela via the Arles road. From the 5th century until the French Revolution , it was the seat of the Bishops of Lodève . It was also

3337-491: The national Savonnerie, which once supplied carpets to the French royal family, and still today produces hand-made carpets for State buildings. Viticulture, focussed on the Carignan grape variety, is a major industry. The climate is also favourable for fruit production, and the region's peaches, apricots, melons and tomatoes are prized. Lodève is twinned with South Kirkby and Moorthorpe , UK and Gjakova , Kosovo. War of

3408-439: The next three months eliminating Austrian opposition from the remaining fortified towns in the duchy. Villars attempted to interest Don Carlos of Parma in joining the expedition against Mantua, but Carlos was focused on the campaign into Naples. Villars began to move against Mantua, but Charles Emmanuel resisted, and the army made little progress. In early May, an Austrian army of 40,000 under Count Claude Florimond de Mercy crossed

3479-459: The peasants (see corvée ) he improved France's roads, though at the cost of rousing angry discontent, which later found expression in the French Revolution. During the seventeen years of his orderly government, the country found time to recuperate its forces after the exhaustion caused by the ambitions of Louis XIV and extravagances of the regent, and national prosperity increased. Social peace

3550-697: The power of the Austrian Habsburgs in Western Europe, as did the Kingdom of Prussia , whilst Saxony and Russia mobilized to support the eventual victor. The fighting in Poland–Lithuania resulted in the accession of Augustus III , who in addition to Russia and Saxony, was politically supported by the Habsburgs. The war's major military campaigns and battles occurred outside the borders of Poland–Lithuania. The Bourbons, supported by Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia , moved against isolated Habsburg territories. In

3621-411: The regent Philippe d'Orléans in 1723, Louis XV came of age. Fleury, although already seventy years of age, deferred his own supremacy by suggesting the appointment of Louis Henri, duke of Bourbon , as first minister. Fleury was present at all interviews between Louis XV and his titular first minister, and on Bourbon's attempt to break through this rule Fleury retired from court. Louis made Bourbon recall

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3692-539: The saint's relics and a funfair. Lodève has a fairly large Algerian (see pied noir , harki ) population, the first generation of which fought for the French and were housed here after the Algerian Civil War. The town lies on the A75 autoroute about 30 minutes south of the new Millau viaduct , the highest bridge in the world. Lodève was the birthplace of: The town houses a famous carpet-manufacturing company, part of

3763-585: The secret Treaty of Turin with Charles Emmanuel and prepared for military operations in northern Italy. It concluded the (also secret) Treaty of the Escorial with Spain, which included promises of French assistance in the Spanish conquest of Naples and Sicily. France also made diplomatic overtures to Sweden and the Ottoman Empire in a fruitless attempt to draw them into the conflict in support of Stanisław. The Austrians were thus left largely without effective external allies on their southern and western frontiers. Their Russian and Saxon allies were occupied with

3834-452: The spring and summer of 1733, France built up its forces along its northern and eastern frontiers, while the emperor massed troops on the Commonwealth's borders, reducing garrisons in the Duchy of Milan for the purpose. While the aging Prince Eugene of Savoy had recommended a more warlike posture to the emperor against potential French actions in the Rhine valley and northern Italy, only minimal steps were taken to improve imperial defenses on

3905-524: The succession of Maria Theresa under the Pragmatic Sanction . But by a diplomatic quibble, Fleury found an excuse on the death of Charles VI in 1740 for repudiating his engagements, when he found the party of war supreme in the king's counsels. After the disasters of the Bohemian campaign at the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession he wrote in confidence a humble letter to the Habsburg general, Königsegg , who immediately published it. Fleury disavowed his own letter, and died in Issy-les-Moulineaux ,

3976-412: The throne when he died in 1733. In the secret 1732 Treaty of the Three Black Eagles , Russia, Austria and Prussia agreed to oppose the election of either Stanislaus or Augustus III and to support Manuel of Portugal instead. The dispute coincided with the breakdown of the Anglo-French Alliance that dominated Europe since 1714. The Peace of Utrecht ensured the separation of France and Spain despite

4047-405: The tutor, who on 11 June 1726 took affairs into his own hands and secured the exile from court of Bourbon and of his mistress Madame de Prie . He continued to refuse the formal title of first minister, but his elevation to cardinal, in 1726, confirmed his precedence over any others. Under the Régence, the Scottish economist John Law had introduced financial measures that were modern for the time:

4118-421: The way for the French army under the Duke of Berwick to besiege the imperial fort at Philippsburg , which fell after a siege of two months in July 1734. Eugene, who was accompanied by Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia , made some attempts to relieve the siege, but never made any decisive attacks against the besieging army owing to its size and the relatively poor quality of the troops under his command. Berwick

4189-451: The western part of the Duchy of Milan west of the Ticino , including Novara and Tortona . Although fighting stopped after the preliminary peace in 1735, the final peace settlement had to wait until the death of the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany , Gian Gastone in 1737, to allow the territorial exchanges provided for by the peace settlement to go into effect. The French (and their allies), hoping for détente and good relations with

4260-418: The winter. The emperor mobilized his active forces in response to the French attacks, and began the process of calling up the Army of the Holy Roman Empire , establishing a defensive line at Ettlingen , near Karlsruhe . In the spring of 1734 French maneuvers successfully flanked this line, and Prince Eugene of Savoy was forced to withdraw these forces to the imperial encampment at Heilbronn . This cleared

4331-452: Was a preoccupation he shared with Sir Robert Walpole , and the two old enemies refrained from war during Fleury's ministry. Some Jacobite sympathizers in France had formed lodges of Freemasons ; their attempts to influence Fleury to support the Stuart faction led instead to raids on their premises, and Fleury urged Pope Clement XII to issue a bull in 1738 that forbade all Roman Catholics to become Freemasons under threat of excommunication. It

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4402-405: Was appointed bishop of Fréjus , but seventeen years in a provincial see eventually determined him to seek a position at court. In May 1715, a few months before the Sun-King's death, Fleury became tutor to Louis' great-grandson and heir, and in spite of a seeming lack of ambition, he acquired an influence over the child that was never broken, fostered by Louis' love and confidence. On the death of

4473-400: Was attacked by British Austrophiles who wanted to aid the Austrians against France, but Walpole's dominant position ensured that Britain stayed out of the conflict. The Dutch under the leadership of Grand Pensionary Simon van Slingelandt mediated between the parties, but were anxious themselves to not have war on their doorstep again. The heavy toll of the previous wars against France on

4544-439: Was beaten back, losing among others Frederick of Württemberg. Königsegg retreated across the Po, adopting a defensive position between the Po and the Oglio while Charles Emmanuel again did not capitalize on his victory. When he finally withdrew most of the allied army to Cremona , the Austrians advanced on the north bank of the Po as far as the Adda before both armies entered winter quarters in December 1734. In southern Italy,

4615-405: Was elected by the szlachta , a body composed of the Polish–Lithuanian nobility, in a specially-called election sejm . The Sejm , the legislative body of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, increasingly restricted royal power. In turn, the Sejm was often paralyzed by the liberum veto , the right of any member to block its decisions. The Commonwealth's neighbors often influenced the Sejm, and by

4686-401: Was killed by a shell at Philippsburg. French armies continued to advance along the Rhine, reaching as far as Mainz , but the growing imperial army, which came to include troops from Russia that had assisted with the capture of Danzig, was able to prevent France from establishing a siege there, and Eugene went on the offensive. A force of 30,000 under Friedrich Heinrich von Seckendorff crossed

4757-469: Was officially confirmed as king of Poland, Stanisław was compensated with Lorraine (which would pass on his death, through his daughter, to the French), while the former Duke of Lorraine , Francis Stephen , was made heir to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany . Charles of Parma gave up Parma, which came under Austrian rule, but he was richly compensated by being confirmed instead as king of Naples and Sicily. Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia received territories in

4828-436: Was only with reluctance that he supported the ambitious projects of Elizabeth Farnese , queen of Spain, in Italy by guaranteeing in 1729 the succession of Don Carlos to the duchies of Parma and Tuscany. French diplomacy however was losing its military bite. Fleury's cagey double game with the Corsican revolutionaries under Giacinto Paoli, smuggled arms to the island while assuring the Genoese of French support. Fleury thus began

4899-415: Was seriously disturbed by the severities which Fleury exercised against the Jansenists . He was one of the minority of French bishops who published Clement XI's bull Unigenitus and imprisoned priests who refused to accept it, and he met the Jansenist opposition of the Parlement of Paris by exiling forty of its members to a "gilded cage" not far from Paris. In foreign affairs, the maintenance of peace

4970-402: Was under 14 then, also participated in the French and Spanish Siege of Gaeta, making his first exposure to battle. The armies in northern Italy suffered significantly over the winter, with significant losses to disease and desertion. For the 1735 campaign the allied forces in northern Italy came under the command of the Duke de Noailles , elevated to Marshal after his successful contributions to

5041-473: Was wounded. Charles Emmanuel returned the next day to retake command, and resumed his delaying tactics by failing to immediately pursue the retreating Austrians. The Austrians retreated to the Po, where they were reinforced by additional troops and placed under the command of Field Marshal Königsegg . After two months of inaction, during which the armies faced each other across the Secchia river, Königsegg on September 15 took advantage of lax security and executed

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