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78-591: The sculpture measures approximately 3 ft, 2 in. x 58 in. x 48 in., and rests on a concrete base that measures 23 x 70 x 58 in. An inscription on a plaque installed on the south side of the base reads: CAPITOL BEAVER FAMILY SCULPTOR: KENNETH M. SCOTT PRESENTED TO: CITIZENS OF THE STATE OF OREGON BY THE WILLAMETTE CHRISTMAS ASSOCIATION BEGONIA SOCIETY CAPITOL ARRANGERS GUILD FIRECREST GARDEN CLUB GROW AND SHOW GARDEN CLUB LITTLE GARDEN CLUB OF SALEM HEIGHTS SALEM MEN'S GARDEN CLUB ROSE SOCIETY WILARK PARK GARDEN CLUB JUNE 1985 The sculpture's condition

156-524: A 2,200 acre estate across the Eastern Branch of the Potomac River , where Cranch showed friends "the labor of my hands--my beautiful orchard, my peas, my melons, my grapes, my wheat and rye, my cabbage and lettuce" as well as various varieties of apples, pears, peaches, cherries and grapes, complaining only that only a single small rain shower had fallen in 57 days. Before President John Adams moved to

234-458: A Professor of law at Columbian College (which later became George Washington University ). Cranch was born on July 17, 1769, in Weymouth, Massachusetts to Mary (Smith), the sister of Abigail Adams and her husband Richard Cranch, who had emigrated from Devonshire when he was twenty years old. His father, although educated as a watchmaker, became the town's postmaster and an ardent patriot during

312-565: A botanical garden, and a museum that was designed to have a national and permanent status. The former occupied space where the present Botanic Garden sits. The museum contained specimens of zoology, botany, archeology, fossils, etc., some of which were passed on to the Smithsonian Institution after its formation. The institute's charter expired in 1838, but its spirit lived on in the National Institution , founded in 1840. With

390-500: A jury to nullify an "unjust" law and refuse to convict), including: Cranch also handed down important precedent in a variety of topics, for example in a criminal law case regarding the mens rea of intoxication, Cranch wrote: It often happens that the prisoner seeks to palliate his crime by the pleas of intoxication; as if the voluntary abandonment of reason ... were not, of itself, an offense sufficient to make him responsible for all of its consequences. Cranch married Nancy Greenleaf,

468-436: A new law prohibiting African Americans from working at any occupation other than involving transportation without a license. As a trial judge, Cranch heard several freedom suits by enslaved Blacks, many of them represented by attorney Francis Scott Key . A 1796 Maryland law forbade the importation of slaves, while the new federal city passed two relevant laws by the 1820s. One required residents to register their slaves within

546-573: A paid, one-month internship. Pilar O'Leary launched the program when she served as executive director of the Smithsonian Latino Center. According to the Latino Center, O'Leary told the press in 2007: "Our goal is to help our Young Ambassadors become the next generation of leaders in the arts and culture fields. This program encourages students to be proud of their roots and learn more about their cultural heritage to inspire them to educate

624-825: A relative by marriage and judge of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. Admitted to practice in the Massachusetts Court of Common Pleas in July 1790 and before the Supreme Judicial Court the following year, and New Hampshire courts not long after, Cranch began a private legal practice in Braintree , Massachusetts . He continued private practice in Haverhill , Massachusetts from 1790 to 1791. His first judicial position, as common for young lawyers of

702-624: A smallpox outbreak in Boston. He was their only son, and both parents would die within a day of each other, on October 16, 1811. Cranch received his first schooling from his mother, who also instructed him in Latin and Algebra. Then he prepared for Harvard College under the guidance of his uncle, Rev. William Shaw of Haverill, Massachusetts. Cranch attended Harvard University with his cousin, John Quincy Adams , whose later-published diary mentions him. Cranch graduated in 1787, then read law with Thomas Dawes ,

780-652: A verdict in Annapolis from his client and creditor Law) and by the turn of the century, Cranch had filed over a thousand lawsuits in Maryland courts. Nonetheless, the pecuniary troubles nearly caused Cranch to move back to Massachusetts, but he reconsidered after one of John Adams' final acts as President. In the waning days of his presidency, President Adams appointed Cranch one of the new Federal City's commissioners (the local government). Cranch replaced Gustavus Scott and served for less than two months in 1801, trying to extricate

858-516: A year and includes as ex officio members the chief justice of the United States and the vice president of the United States . The nominal head of the institution is the chancellor , an office which has traditionally been held by the chief justice. In September 2007, the board created the position of chair of the Board of Regents, a position currently held by Risa Lavizzo-Mourey . Other members of

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936-496: A year of their residence. Another fined non-residents who sought to hire out their slaves in the federal city. Several cases involves two Loudoun County men (Bernard Buckner and Ariss Buckner) who rented a house in D.C. in November 1826, registered two groups of slaves that winter, then returned to Loudoun County, Virginia, where Ariss Buckner was elected sheriff in 1833 but his election was contested because he had changed his residence to

1014-565: A zoo, and historical and architectural landmarks, mostly located in Washington, D.C. Additional facilities are located in Maryland , New York , and Virginia . More than 200 institutions and museums in 47 states , Puerto Rico , and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates . Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines. Almost all of the institution's 30 million annual visitors are admitted without charge,

1092-463: Is interested, might be interested or ought to be interested". Another Secretary of the Smithsonian, Walter Boyne, founded Air & Space . The organization publishes under the imprints Smithsonian Institution Press, Smithsonian Books, and Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. The Smithsonian makes a number of awards to acknowledge and support meritorious work. The Smithsonian Institution

1170-583: The Judiciary Act of 1802 and the famous Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court decision, President Thomas Jefferson on February 21, 1806, nominated Cranch as the chief judge of the United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, when Chief Judge William Kilty resigned to become Chancellor of Maryland. The Senate confirmed the promotion on February 24, 1806, and Cranch received his commission

1248-533: The Marquis de Lafayette . Operating expenses were covered from the $ 5 yearly dues collected from each member. The institute proposed a number of undertakings. These included the study of plant life and the creation of a botanical garden on the Capitol Mall , an examination of the country's mineral production, improvement in the management and care of livestock, and the writing of a topographical and statistical history of

1326-737: The National Museum of African Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery opened in a new, joint, underground museum between the Freer Gallery and the Smithsonian Castle. Reuse of another old building came in 1993 with the opening of the National Postal Museum in the 1904 former City Post Office building, a few city blocks from the Mall. In 2004, the Smithsonian opened the National Museum of

1404-639: The National Museum of African Art , as well as the National Gallery of Art , were formally returned to Nigerian cultural officials in a ceremony held in Washington D.C. The Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture, Lai Mohammed , and Prince Aghatise Erediauwa, representing the Oba of Benin Kingdom, spoke at the ceremony. Mohammed said the "decision to return the timeless artworks is worth emulating." In February 2020,

1482-491: The Renwick Gallery . A smaller amount of funds would go to educational initiatives and digitization of collections. As of September 2017, the Smithsonian claimed to have raised $ 1.79 billion, with three months left in the formal campaign calendar. Separately from the major capital campaign, the Smithsonian has begun fundraising through Kickstarter . An example is a campaign to fund the preservation and maintenance of

1560-525: The Smithsonian American Women's History Museum . In 2011, the Smithsonian undertook its first-ever capital fundraising campaign. The $ 1.5 billion effort raised $ 1 billion at the three-year mark. Smithsonian officials made the campaign public in October 2014 in an effort to raise the remaining $ 500 million. More than 60,000 individuals and organizations donated money to the campaign by

1638-606: The South Pacific Ocean . These specimens and artifacts became part of the Smithsonian collections, as did those collected by several military and civilian surveys of the American West , including the Mexican Boundary Survey and Pacific Railroad Surveys , which assembled many Native American artifacts and natural history specimens. In 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation; in 1847, money

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1716-524: The United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia . A staunch Federalist and nephew of President John Adams , Cranch moved his legal practice from Massachusetts to the new national capital, where he became one of three city land commissioners for Washington, D.C. , and during his judicial service also was the 2nd Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States and

1794-453: The deaccession and restitution of items collected under circumstances considered unethical by contemporary standards and thus places moral over legal arguments. A month before, the Smithsonian's National Museum of African Art had announced the planned return of most of its 39 Benin Bronzes to Nigeria , as well as of other cultural items to Turkey . On October 11, 2022, Benin Bronzes from

1872-525: The privilege of the floor at the United States Senate . On September 18, 2013, Secretary G. Wayne Clough announced he would retire in October 2014. The Smithsonian Board of Regents said it asked regent John McCarter, Jr., to lead a search committee. On March 10, 2014, the Smithsonian Board selected David Skorton , a physician and president of Cornell University , as the thirteenth secretary of

1950-1028: The ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland for her role as Dorothy Gale in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Nineteen museums and galleries, as well as the National Zoological Park , comprise the Smithsonian museums. Eleven are on the National Mall , the park that runs between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol . Other museums are located elsewhere in Washington, D.C., with two more in New York City and one in Chantilly, Virginia . The Smithsonian has close ties with 168 other museums in 39 states, Panama , and Puerto Rico . These museums are known as Smithsonian Affiliated museums. Collections of artifacts are given to these museums in

2028-455: The Alexandria division, those juries decided in favor of the slaveowners. In 1835, Judge Cranch ruled in favor of Rachel Brent, whom Buckner had left in the District of Columbia for five years after he moved back to Virginia, then bought her back to Virginia and sold her to slavetrader John Armfield . Cranch also issued several decisions that set a precedent for jury nullification (allowing

2106-588: The American Indian in a new building near the United States Capitol . Twelve years later almost to the day, in 2016, the latest museum opened: the National Museum of African American History and Culture , in a new building near the Washington Monument . Two more museums have been established and are being planned for eventual construction on the mall: the National Museum of the American Latino and

2184-614: The American Revolutionary War. The elder Cranch then studied law and won election to the Massachusetts legislature (serving in both houses), then served many years as a judge of the court of common pleas, as well as wrote a religious book and received two honorary degrees from Harvard. William Cranch's maternal grandfather was Rev. William Smith of Weymouth. Cranch was born at his maternal grandparents' home, about 12 miles south of Boston, since his mother retreated there from

2262-554: The Board of Regents are three members of the U.S. House of Representatives appointed by the speaker of the House ; three members of the Senate, appointed by the president pro tempore of the Senate ; and nine citizen members, nominated by the board and approved by the Congress in a joint resolution signed by the president of the United States. Regents who are senators or representatives serve for

2340-527: The Columbian College (now George Washington University ) board of trustees selected Cranch and William Thomas Carroll, Esq., as that institution's first law professors. On June 13 of the same year, President John Quincy Adams attended Professor Cranch's first law lecture, in the court room of the City Hall. In 1827, Judge Cranch would deliver a memoir of the life, character and writings of John Adams before

2418-701: The Columbian, and in 1829 Harvard College would confer an honorary Doctor of Laws decree upon Cranch. Judge Cranch may today be best known for testifying in 1816 before a committee chaired by Rep. John Randolph of Virginia which investigated the practice of slavecatchers who kidnapped free Blacks in order to sell them further South as slaves. Judge Cranch was one of the initial members of the American Colonization Society later that year, and remained on its board of managers for decades. He also issued two decisions that reversed attempts to persecute blacks in

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2496-466: The District of Columbia . The Judiciary Act of 1801 authorized the new seat, the United States Senate affirmed the appointment on March 3, 1801 (President Adams' last day in office), and Cranch received his commission the same day. His service technically ended on February 24, 1806, when he was elevated to chief judge of the same court, as described below. Notwithstanding his disagreement with other of President Adams' "midnight judges" which had led to

2574-593: The GDP at the time it may be more comparable to $ 220 million in the year 2007. Once the money was in hand, eight years of congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithson's rather vague mandate "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." The money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas, which soon defaulted. After heated debate, Massachusetts representative (and former president) John Quincy Adams persuaded Congress to restore

2652-503: The National Museum of African-American Heritage and Culture. The opening of the center was prompted, in part, by the publishing of a report called "Willful Neglect: The Smithsonian and U.S. Latinos". According to documents obtained by The Washington Post , when former Latino Center executive director Pilar O'Leary first took the job, the center faced employees who had "serious performance issues". No performance plans existed for

2730-480: The Smithsonian Libraries and Smithsonian Archives merged into one research center in 2020. The Smithsonian Institution includes three cultural centers among its units: In 1997, the Smithsonian Latino Center was created as a way to recognize Latinos across the Smithsonian Institution. The primary purpose of the center is to place Latino contributions to the arts, history, science, and national culture across

2808-635: The Smithsonian and funds to build the museum to hold it (which was named the Freer Gallery ), it was among the Smithsonian's first major donations from a private individual. The gallery opened in 1923. More than 40 years would pass before the next museum, the Museum of History and Technology (renamed the National Museum of American History in 1980), opened in 1964. It was designed by the world-renowned firm of McKim, Mead & White . The Anacostia Community Museum , an "experimental store-front" museum created at

2886-495: The Smithsonian made 2.8 million digital items available to the public under a Creative Commons Zero Public Domain Dedication, with a commitment to release further items in the future. The Smithsonian has eight research centers, located in Washington, D.C.; Front Royal, Virginia ; Edgewater, Maryland ; Suitland, Maryland ; Fort Pierce, Florida ; Cambridge, Massachusetts ; and Panama . Formerly two separate entities,

2964-671: The Smithsonian's Department of Living Animals. The park was designed by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted . The National Museum of Natural History opened in June 1911 to similarly accommodate the Smithsonian's United States National Museum, which had previously been housed in the Castle and then the Arts and Industries Building. This structure was designed by the D.C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall . When Detroit philanthropist Charles Lang Freer donated his private collection to

3042-411: The Smithsonian's museums and research centers. The center is a division of the Smithsonian Institution. As of May 2016, the center is run by an executive director, Eduardo Díaz. At the time of its creation, the Smithsonian Institution had other entities dedicated to other minority groups: National Museum of the American Indian, Freer-Sackler Gallery for Asian Arts and Culture, African Art Museum, and

3120-476: The Smithsonian, slightly increased from previous years. Institution exhibits are free of charge, though in 2010 the Deficit Commission recommended admission fees. As approved by Congress on August 10, 1846, the legislation that created the Smithsonian Institution called for the creation of a Board of Regents to govern and administer the organization. This seventeen-member board meets at least four times

3198-532: The Smithsonian. Though the Smithsonian's first secretary, Joseph Henry , wanted the institution to be a center for scientific research, it also became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections. The United States Exploring Expedition by the U.S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842. The voyage amassed thousands of animal specimens, an herbarium of 50,000 plant specimens, and diverse shells and minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater, and ethnographic artifacts from

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3276-430: The Smithsonian. Skorton took the reins of the institution on July 1, 2015. Upon Skorton's announced resignation in 2019, the Board selected Lonnie Bunch III , the founding director of the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture , as the fourteenth secretary. William Cranch William Cranch (July 17, 1769 – September 1, 1855) was a United States circuit judge and chief judge of

3354-576: The United States. Reports were to be published periodically to share this knowledge with the greater public, but due to a lack of funds, this initially did not occur. The institute first met in Blodget's Hotel, later in the Treasury Department and City Hall, before being assigned a permanent home in 1824 in the Capitol building. Beginning in 1825, weekly sittings were arranged during sessions of Congress for

3432-515: The board from its lack of cash and general financial plight, while also continuing his vigorous private legal practice. On February 27, 1801, Congress passed the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 , which among other things established the court system and Cranch became one of the city's first judges, leaving his role as commissioner. The court initially opened in Alexandria, Virginia (then part of

3510-601: The construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1881. Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, based on original plans developed by Major General Montgomery C. Meigs of the United States Army Corps of Engineers . It opened in 1881. The National Zoological Park opened in 1889 to accommodate

3588-401: The duration of their elected terms, while citizen Regents serve a maximum of two six-year terms. Regents are compensated on a part-time basis. The chief executive officer (CEO) of the Smithsonian is the secretary, who is appointed by the Board of Regents. The secretary also serves as secretary to the Board of Regents but is not a voting member of that body. The secretary of the Smithsonian has

3666-413: The exception being Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum in New York City, which charges an admissions fee. The Smithsonian's annual budget is around $ 1.25 billion, with two-thirds coming from annual federal appropriations. Other funding comes from the institution's endowment , private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, and licensing revenue. As of 2021,

3744-461: The federal city (but a Virginia court found he had maintained his Virginia residence and so upheld his election). In 1832 a D.C. jury found Buckner failed to register his slaves within one year of moving into the district, which caused some to be freed. However, in several related and well-publicized cases in July 1833, involving Fanny Jackson and her children who were jailed as runaways in the District of Columbia but trials held before juries sitting in

3822-401: The federal city) and after a courthouse was built in Washington, would alternate sessions between the locations. A lack of housing in the new city meant that at times Cranch resided in Alexandria, Virginia. In 1825, Cranch moved his residence across the Potomac River , to Delaware Avenue. President John Adams nominated his nephew on February 28, 1801, to the United States Circuit Court of

3900-485: The first official (and salaried) Reporter following the War of 1812. Cranch later told a successor, Richard Peters Jr. that he had lost $ 1,000 during his tenure. Judge Cranch also edited his own volume of reports on civil and criminal cases from the District of Columbia. Meanwhile, in 1805, Cranch became a member of the first Board of Trustees for Public Schools and served on that board for 7 years. Moreover, on February 3, 1826,

3978-924: The form of long-term loans. The Smithsonian also has a large number of traveling exhibitions, operated through the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES). In 2008, 58 of these traveling exhibitions went to 510 venues across the country. Smithsonian collections include 156 million artworks, artifacts, and specimens. The National Museum of Natural History houses 145 million of these specimens and artifacts, which are mostly animals preserved in formaldehyde. The Collections Search Center has 9.9 million digital records available online. The Smithsonian Institution Libraries hold 2 million library volumes. Smithsonian Archives hold 156,830 cubic feet (4,441 m ) of archival material. The Smithsonian Institution has many categories of displays that can be visited at

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4056-777: The four Cranch sons who survived to adulthood, three became painters: Christopher Pearse Cranch , Edward P. Cranch , and John Cranch . Their daughter Abigail Adams Cranch married William Greenleaf Eliot , and their son Henry Ware Eliot was the father of poet T. S. Eliot . Judge Cranch did not remarry after his wife's death; James Greenleaf died the day after his sister, September 17, 1843, although Greenleaf Point would be named in his honor. Judge Cranch owned four slaves in 1800. He owned an enslaved women of between 50 and 60 years old and two girls between 10 and 15 years old in 1830, and one enslaved woman between 10 and 24 years old in 1840. Judge Cranch's judicial service terminated on September 1, 1855, when he died in Washington, D.C. He

4134-812: The initiative of Smithsonian Secretary S. Dillon Ripley , opened in the Anacostia neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in 1967. That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration (now the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum ). The National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened in the Old Patent Office Building (built in 1867) on October 7, 1968. The reuse of an older building continued with

4212-538: The institution's endowment had a total value of about $ 5.4 billion. In many ways, the origin of the Smithsonian Institution can be traced to a group of Washington citizens who, being "impressed with the importance of forming an association for promoting useful knowledge," met on June 28, 1816, to establish the Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences . Officers were elected in October 1816, and

4290-707: The largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government . The institution is named after its founding donor, British scientist James Smithson . It was originally organized as the United States National Museum , but that name ceased to exist administratively in 1967. The Smithsonian Institution has historical holdings of over 157 million items, 21 museums, 21 libraries, 14 education and research centers,

4368-506: The law and "holy religion" rather than retaliate in a duel, as had Greenleaf). Greenleaf would go bankrupt and spent time in debtor's prison, as would another of Cranch's speculator clients, Robert Morris, but Cranch himself avoided debtor's prison for debts he had incurred on Morris' behalf when friends saved his property at the sheriff's sale (Cranch also took in boarders to meet expenses and eventually repaid all his creditors). Cranch's fledgling legal practices also had highs (such as winning

4446-527: The legacy bequeathed to the nation and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1, 1836. The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest. Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 gold sovereigns . This is approximately $ 500,000 at the time, which is equivalent to $ 14,000,000 in 2023 or equivalent to £12,000,000 in 2023. However, when considering

4524-400: The lost funds with interest and, despite designs on the money for other purposes, convinced his colleagues to preserve it for an institution of science and learning. Finally, on August 10, 1846, President James K. Polk signed the legislation that established the Smithsonian Institution as a trust instrumentality of the United States, to be administered by a Board of Regents and a secretary of

4602-452: The mission to "promote science and the useful arts, and to establish a national museum of natural history," this organization continued to press Congress to establish a museum that would be structured in terms that were very similar to those finally incorporated into the founding of the Smithsonian Institution. Its work helped to develop an underlying philosophy that pushed for the pursuit and development of scientific knowledge that would benefit

4680-606: The museums. In 1912, First Lady Helen Herron Taft donated her inauguration gown to the museum to begin the First Ladies' Gown display at the National Museum of American History , one of the Smithsonian's most popular exhibits. The museum displays treasures such as the Star-Spangled Banner , the stove pipe hat that was worn by President Abraham Lincoln , the ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in The Wizard Of Oz , and

4758-473: The nation, and edify its citizens at the same time. The British scientist James Smithson (1765–1829) left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford. When Hungerford died childless in 1835, the estate passed "to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase & diffusion of knowledge among men", in accordance with Smithson's will. Congress officially accepted

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4836-418: The new capital city, Greenleaf paid the new city's commissioners $ 120,00 and also spent more than $ 140,000 on a map, buildings and bridges, but found he had done so on the worthless promises of his partners Morris and Nicholson. Moreover, a man Greanleaf thought owed him money, William Duncanson, sued him and whipped Cranch for his legal actions on Greenleaf's behalf (but Cranch heeded Abigail's advice to trust in

4914-541: The new capital city. In 1821, he held a trial in the case of William Costin (1780–1842), a free Black man whom a justice of the peace had convicted of refusing to both show his freedom papers and post a bond under a new law. Cranch reversed the prior conviction, finding the law could not retrospectively impose restrictions upon free blacks who resided in the city before the 1820 charter that allowed city officials lawmaking powers. In 1836, he ruled in favor of Isaac Carey, another free Black, who continued to sell perfume despite

4992-489: The opening of the Renwick Gallery in 1972 in the 1874 Renwick-designed art gallery originally built by local philanthropist William Wilson Corcoran to house the Corcoran Gallery of Art . The first new museum building to open since the National Museum of History and Technology was the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden , which opened in 1974. The National Air and Space Museum , the Smithsonian's largest in terms of floor space, opened in June 1976. Eleven years later,

5070-583: The organization was granted a charter by Congress on April 20, 1818 (this charter expired in 1838). Benjamin Latrobe , who was architect for the US Capitol after the War of 1812, and William Thornton , the architect who designed the Octagon House and Tudor Place , would serve as officers. Other prominent members, who numbered from 30 to 70 during the institute's existence, included John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , Henry Clay , Judge William Cranch , and James Hoban . Honorary members included James Madison , James Monroe , John Adams , Thomas Jefferson , and

5148-443: The original Teddy Bear that was named after President Theodore Roosevelt . In 2016, the Smithsonian's Air & Space museum curators restored the large model Enterprise from the original Star Trek TV series. Following international debates about the decolonisation of museums and the legal and moral justifications of their acquisitions, the Smithsonian adopted a new "ethical returns policy" on April 29, 2022. This will permit

5226-422: The public in their own communities about how Latinos are enriching America's cultural fabric." The institution publishes Smithsonian magazine monthly and Air & Space magazine bimonthly. Smithsonian was the result of Secretary of the Smithsonian S. Dillon Ripley asking the retired editor of Life magazine Edward K. Thompson to produce a magazine "about things in which the Smithsonian Institution

5304-419: The reading of scientific and literary productions, but this was continued for only a short time, as the number attending declined rapidly. Eighty-five communications by 26 people were made to Congress during the entire life of the society, with more than a half relating to astronomy or mathematics. Among all the activities planned by the institute, only a few were actually implemented. Two were the establishment of

5382-557: The same day. Cranch's Federalist Party died out in the mid-1820s; he was last holder of a United States government office who had been a Federalist. While a federal judge, Cranch became the 2nd Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1802 to 1815. However, the position had no salary nor was timely publication required, and the volumes were low on Judge Cranch's professional list of priorities, hence Justice Joseph Story and Attorney General Richard Rush advocated his replacement, with Henry Wheaton becoming

5460-430: The sister of Boston-born real estate investor James Greenleaf , who helped develop the new federal city with Philadelphian Robert Morris, but had severe financial problems which led to a stint in debtors' prison, his wife's establishing a separate residence in Allentown, Pennsylvania and Greenleaf spending his final years in a small house in the federal city near his sister and her husband. Nancy Cranch bore 13 children. Of

5538-640: The staff and unfulfilled financial obligations to sponsors existed. The website's quality was poor, and the center did not have a public affairs manager, a programs director, adequate human resources support, or cohesive mission statement. After difficult times in the first few years, the center improved. According to the Smithsonian, the center "support[s] scholarly research, exhibitions, public and educational programs, web-based content and virtual platforms, and collections and archives. [It] also manage[s] leadership and professional development programs for Latino youth, emerging scholars and museum professionals." Today,

5616-467: The time it went public. This included 192 gifts of at least $ 1 million. Members of the boards of directors of various Smithsonian museums donated $ 372 million. The Smithsonian said that funds raised would go toward completion of the National Museum of African American History and Culture building, and renovations of the National Air and Space Museum , National Museum of American History , and

5694-459: The time, was justice of the peace for Essex County, Massachusetts . Following Congress's decision to move the capital to a new federal city in 1790, the 25-year-old Cranch moved to the area ceded by Maryland and Virginia that would eventually become Washington, D.C. Cranch was a land agent for the real estate firm of Morris, Greanleaf & Nicholson. He spent winter poring over accounts provided by his brother-in-law James Greenleaf (who

5772-546: The website features a high-tech virtual museum including self-guided virtual tours of past and present exhibits. The Smithsonian Latino Center's Young Ambassadors Program (YAP) is a program within the Latino Center that reaches out to Latino high school students with the goal of encouraging them to become leaders in arts, sciences, and the humanities. Students selected for the program travel to Washington, D.C. for an "enrichment seminar" that lasts approximately five days. Afterwards, students return to their communities to serve in

5850-821: Was appropriated for meteorological research. The institution became a magnet for young scientists from 1857 to 1866, who formed a group called the Megatherium Club . The Smithsonian played a critical role as the US partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the Academy of Sciences of Cuba . Construction began on the Smithsonian Institution Building ("the Castle") in 1849. Designed by architect James Renwick Jr. , its interiors were completed by general contractor Gilbert Cameron. The building opened in 1855. The Smithsonian's first expansion came with

5928-603: Was deemed "treatment needed" by Smithsonian Institution 's " Save Outdoor Sculpture! " program in September 1992. This article about a sculpture in Oregon is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( / s m ɪ θ ˈ s oʊ n i ə n / smith- SOH -nee-ən ), or simply the Smithsonian , is a group of museums , education and research centers ,

6006-548: Was established as a trust instrumentality by act of Congress. More than two-thirds of the Smithsonian's workforce of some 6,300 persons are employees of the federal government. The Smithsonian Institution Office of Protection Services oversees security at the Smithsonian facilities and enforces laws and regulations for National Capital Parks together with the United States Park Police . The president's 2011 budget proposed just under $ 800 million in support for

6084-526: Was initially his sole client). Greenleaf had considerable property in the new capital city, and also speculated in Georgia land, but his $ 800,000 profit proved only on paper because a subsequent Georgia legislature voided the sale because the previous legislature had been bribed. Cranch later considered the experience, "learning the tricks of the world and the deceitfulness of accounts", perhaps in part because Greenleaf did not pay him money, but instead let Cranch use

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