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76-781: The area, Cao Bằng ( 高平 ; 'high plateau'), was the stronghold of the last years of the Mạc dynasty after their 1592 defeat at the hands of the Trịnh lords . During the 19th century the area was resistant to the Nguyễn government. The city is also known for the Battle of Cao Bằng , the first major decisive victory of the Việt Minh against the French Army. During the Sino-Vietnamese War , Cao Bằng fell for

152-500: A chữ Hán character causing confusion between pronunciations. Chữ Hán can be classified into the traditional classification for Chinese characters , this is called lục thư ( 六書 , Chinese: liùshū), meaning six types of Chinese characters. The characters are largely based on 214 radicals set by the Kangxi Dictionary . Some chữ Hán characters were simplified into variants of characters that were easier to write, but they are not

228-432: A chữ Nôm character. Most chữ Hán characters that were used for Vietnamese words were often used for their Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations rather than their meaning which could be completely different from the actual word being used. These characters were called chữ giả tá (phonetic loan characters), due to them being borrowed phonetically. This was one reason why it was preferred to create a chữ Nôm character rather than using

304-605: A class III urban area. On November 1, 2010, the Government issued Resolution 42/NQ-CP. Accordingly: After adjusting the administrative boundaries, Cao Bang town has 10,760.93 hectares of natural area and 67,415 people with 11 affiliated administrative units, including 6 wards: De Tham, Hop Giang, Ngoc Xuan, Song Bang, Hien River, Tan Giang and 5 communes: Chu Trinh, Duyet Trung, Hoa Chung, Hung Dao, Vinh Quang. On July 9, 2012, Hoa Chung and Duyet Trung communes were converted into 2 wards with corresponding names. On September 25, 2012,

380-404: A coup d'état. The plan was discovered, many high-ranking mandarins on Trịnh Tông's side were purged, Tông himself was imprisoned. In 1782, Trịnh Sâm died and passed power to Trịnh Cán. However, Cán was five years old at the time; the real ruler was Hoàng Ngũ Phúc's adopted son Hoàng Đình Bảo , who was appointed by Sâm as Cán's assistant. A few weeks after Cán was crowned, Trịnh Tông conspired with

456-589: A courtier of government began to seize control of imperial court and emperor gradually and overthrew emperor Lê Cung Hoàng , and established the Mạc dynasty . In 1533, the general and Lê royalist Nguyễn Kim revolted against the Mạc dynasty in Thanh Hóa and restored the Lê dynasty back after searching the Lê dynasty's surviving descendant called prince '"Lê Ninh"', who was a son of emperor Lê Chiêu Tông and enthroned him as emperor Lê Trang Tông during in exile at Xam Neua ,

532-464: A large assault and defeated Bồng in fall 1787. Đinh Tích Nhưỡng and Bồng ran away, officially ending over 200 of Trịnh rule. Later, when the Qing army was occupying Thăng Long , Trịnh Bồng turned himself in to emperor Chiêu Thống. He was pardoned but was demoted to Duke of Huệ Địch ( Huệ Địch công ). After the Qing's defeat in early 1789, Bồng fled to the western region of the country, proclaimed himself to be

608-710: A limited time in Chinese hands. In October 1950, Cao Bang was liberated and the Cao Bang Town Administrative Committee was established. During the period 1954–1971, Cao Bang town included the entire Hop Giang ward (today) and the suburban neighborhoods: Tam Trung, Thanh Son, Nà Phia, Tan An. On August 21, 1971, the Minister of the Prime Minister issued Decision No. 225-TTg on adjusting the administrative boundaries of Hoa An district to expand Cao Bang town on

684-671: A lord and built a resistance army against the Tây Sơn. He died in early 1791. After Gia Long founded the Nguyễn dynasty in 1802, he pardoned the Trịnh clan and allowed their descendants to worship their ancestors. In 1620, French Jesuit scholar Alexandre de Rhodes arrived in Trịnh-controlled Vietnam. He arrived at a mission that had been established at the court in Hanoi around 1615. The priest

760-525: A part of the new elementary curriculum complied by Ministry of Education and Training after the Vietnam War. Today, Chinese characters can still be seen adorned in temples and old buildings. Chữ Hán is now relegated to obscurity and cultural aspects of Vietnam. During Vietnamese festivals, calligraphists will write some couplets written in Chinese characters wishing prosperity and longevity. Calligraphists that are skilled in calligraphy are called ông đồ. This

836-462: A power vacuum in the North. Trịnh Sâm's younger brother Trịnh Lệ with the support of Dương Trọng Tế marched into Thăng Long and forced Chiêu Thống to grant him the title Viceroy, which would make him a Trịnh lord. Emperor Chiêu Thống did not want to reinstall Trịnh lords and rejected Lệ's request. At the same time, Trịnh Bồng , son of Trịnh Giang , marched into Thăng Long. Dương Trọng Tế thought Trịnh Lệ

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912-459: A single character. While most characters usually have one or two pronunciations, some characters can have up to as many as four pronunciations and more. An example of this would be the character 行 hàng – which could have the readings hàng , hành , hãng , hạng , and hạnh . The readings typically depend on the context and definition of the word. If talking about a store or goods, the reading hàng would be used, but if talking about virtue ,

988-426: A territory of Kingdom of Lan Xang . After several years of civil war, most of the southern provinces of Đại Việt was recaptured by restored Lê dynasty , but not until 1592, the imperial capital city Đông Kinh was recaptured and an imperial court moved back to there. Tây Đô was founded as the temporary capital and it marked the beginning of Northern and Southern dynasties from 1533 last until 1677 when Mạc dynasty

1064-515: A war in Laos , which turned into a multi-sided war with Laotian factions as well as the Siamese army. A decade later, Laos had settled into an uneasy peace with three new Lao kingdoms paying tribute to both Vietnam and Siam. Trịnh Căn and Trịnh Cương made many reforms, but these reforms made the government more powerful and more of a burden to the people, which increased their dislike of the government. During

1140-571: Is considered relatively dangerous and difficult to travel, so visitors should choose to travel by motorbike, especially a manual transmission or high-clearance car. This article about a location in Cao Bằng Province , Vietnam is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh lords The Trịnh lords ( Vietnamese : Chúa Trịnh ; Chữ Hán : 主鄭; 1545–1787), formally titled as “ Viceroy ” of Trịnh ( Vietnamese : Trịnh vương  ; chữ Hán : 鄭王 ) also known as

1216-805: Is especially reflected in the poem, Ông đồ, by Vũ Đình Liên. The poem talks about the ông đồ during Tết and how the art of Vietnamese calligraphy is no longer appreciated. In the preface of Khải đồng thuyết ước ( 啟童說約 ; 1853) written by Phạm Phục Trai ( 范复齋 ), it has the passage, 余童年，先君子從俗命之，先讀《三字經》及三皇諸史，次則讀經傳，習時舉業文字，求合場規，取青紫而已 。 Dư đồng niên, tiên quân tử tùng tục mệnh chi, tiên độc “Tam tự kinh” cập Tam Hoàng chư sử, thứ tắc độc kinh truyện, tập thì cử nghiệp văn tự, cầu hợp trường quy, thủ thanh tử nhi dĩ. Tôi hồi tuổi nhỏ nghe các bậc quân tử đời trước theo lệ thường dạy mà dạy bảo, trước hết đọc Tam tự kinh và các sử đời Tam Hoàng, tiếp theo thì đọc kinh truyện, tập lối chữ nghĩa cử nghiệp thời thượng, sao cho hợp trường quy để được làm quan mà thôi. In my childhood, under

1292-922: Is referred to as Hán văn ( 漢文 ) and văn ngôn ( 文言 ). After the conquest of Nanyue ( Vietnamese : Nam Việt; chữ Hán: 南越 ), parts of modern-day Northern Vietnam were incorporated into the Jiāozhǐ province ( Vietnamese : Giao Chỉ ; chữ Hán : 交趾 ) of the Han dynasty . It was during this era, that the Red River Delta was under direct Chinese rule for about a millennium. Around this time, Chinese characters became widespread in northern Vietnam. Government documents, literature, and religious texts such as Buddhist sutras were all written in Literary Chinese ( Vietnamese : Hán văn; chữ Hán: 漢文 ). From independence from China and onward, Literary Chinese still remained as

1368-417: Is the character, 𫢋 phật (⿰亻天) which is a common variant of the character 佛 meaning 'Buddha'. It is composed of the radicals, 人 nhân [ 亻 ] and 天 thiên, all together to mean 'heavenly person'. The character 匕 (chuỷ) or 〻 is often used as an iteration mark to indicate that the current chữ Hán character is to be repeated. This is used in words that use reduplication . For example, in

1444-684: The Chinese characters that were used to write Literary Chinese ( Hán văn ; 漢文 ) and Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary in Vietnam. They were officially used in Vietnam after the Red River Delta region was incorporated into the Han dynasty and continued to be used until the early 20th century (111 BC – 1919 AD) where usage of Literary Chinese was abolished alongside the Confucian court examinations causing chữ Hán to be no longer used in favour of

1520-506: The Four Books and Five Classics . While literature in Vietnamese (written with chữ Nôm ) was the minority. Literature such as Nam quốc sơn hà (chữ Hán: 南國山河 ) and Truyền kỳ mạn lục (chữ Hán: 傳奇漫錄 ) being written with Chinese characters. With every new dynasty with the exception of two dynasties, Literary Chinese and thus Chinese characters remained in common usage. It was until in

1596-645: The House of Trịnh or the Trịnh clan ( Trịnh thị; 鄭氏 ), were a feudal nobility clan that ruled Northern Vietnam (then called Tonkin ) during the Later Lê dynasty . The Trịnh lords were de jure subordinates and fief to the Lê dynasty emperors but were de facto rulers of the dynasty in the North. The Trịnh clan and their rivals, the Nguyễn clan , were referred to by their subjects as title " Chúa " (Lord) and controlled northern and Southern Đại Việt respectively, leaving

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1672-555: The Later Lê emperors as an authority in title only. The title of “Chúa” ( chữ Hán : 主 ) in this context is comparable to the office of Shogun in Japan. The Trịnh clan produced 12 lords who dominated the royal court of the Later Lê dynasty and ruled northern Vietnam for more than two centuries. The founder of the clan was Trịnh Kiểm , born in Vĩnh Lộc commune, Thanh Hóa province. Trịnh Kiểm

1748-615: The Ming dynasty and Manchu -led Qing dynasty of China. Unlike the Nguyễn lords who were happy to accept large numbers of Ming refugees into their lands, the Trịnh did not. When the Qing conquered the Ming and extended the Qing Empire's borders to Northern Vietnam, the Trịnh treated them as they had treated the Ming Emperors, sending tribute and formal acknowledgements. The Qing intervened twice during

1824-496: The Sino-Xenic pronunciations. Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings (âm phi Hán Việt; 音非漢越 ) are pronunciations that were not consistently derived from Middle Chinese. Typically these readings came from Old Chinese, Cantonese, and other Chinese dialects. ( Old > Middle ) Nôm readings (âm Nôm; 音喃 ) were used when there were characters that were phonetically close to a native Vietnamese word's pronunciation would be used as

1900-471: The Three Character Classic ( 三字經 ). The primers were often glossed with chữ Nôm. As such with Nhất thiên tự ( 一千字 ), it was designed to allow students to make the transition from Vietnamese grammar to Classical Chinese grammar . If students read the Chinese characters only, the words will be in an alternating rhyme of three and four, but if it was read with the chữ Nôm glosses, it would be in

1976-464: The Tây Sơn revolt in the south against Trương Phúc Loan, the regent of the Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần (1765–1777). Trịnh lord Trịnh Sâm saw the Tây Sơn rebellion as a chance to end Nguyễn rule over the south. Inner struggle among the Nguyễn had put a 12-year-old boy in power. The real ruler was corrupt regent Trương Phúc Loan. Using the popular rule of the regent as an excuse for intervention, in 1774,

2052-588: The Vietnamese alphabet . The main Vietnamese term used for Chinese characters is chữ Hán ( 𡨸漢 ). It is made of chữ meaning 'character' and Hán 'Han (referring to the Han dynasty )'. Other synonyms of chữ Hán includes chữ Nho ( 𡨸儒 , literally ' Confucian characters') and Hán tự ( 漢字 ) which was borrowed directly from Chinese. Chữ Nho was first mentioned in Phạm Đình Hổ's essay, Vũ trung tùy bút ( 雨中隨筆 lit.   ' Essays in

2128-436: The Đàng Ngoài region of the northern Red River delta area of Vietnam as military leaders. Trịnh-ruled northern Vietnam used its eunuchs in the military and civilian bureaucracy. Many Buddhist temples had money and land donated by eunuchs who had gained wealth and influence. Field army units, secret police, customs duty taxes, finance, land deeds and military registers and tax harvesting in son Nam province (Binh phien) as well as

2204-579: The 20th century that Chinese characters alongside chữ Nôm began to fall into disuse. The French Indo-Chinese administration sought to westernise and modernise Vietnam by abolishing the Confucian court examinations . During this time, the French language was used for the administration. The French officials favoured Vietnamese being written in the Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters were still being taught in classes (in South Vietnam ) up to 1975, but failed to be

2280-481: The Ba Quang burnt grass hill area is quite convenient. The distance from Thanh Nhat town (Ha Lang) to the hill area is about 6-7 km of concrete road, which can be traveled by motorbike or car. Tourists should note that when you reach the intersection of Khum Din hamlet, 3 km from Vinh Quy commune People's Committee, turn right onto the small concrete road and continue for about 3 km to reach Ba Quang grass hill. The road here

2356-451: The Government issued Resolution 60/NQ-CP on the establishment of Cao Bang city in Cao Bang province on the basis of the entire area and population of Cao Bang town. After its establishment, Cao Bang city has 10,762.81 hectares of natural area and 84,421 people with 11 affiliated administrative units, including 8 wards and 3 communes as at present. Burning grass hill (Đồi cỏ cháy): The road to

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2432-677: The Lê ( Vietnamese : Diệt Trịnh phù Lê , chữ Hán : 滅鄭扶黎 ) that would help them gain support from northern people. The Trịnh and Three Prefectures armiews were quickly defeated. Trịnh Tông committed suicide. Emperor Cảnh Hưng died of old age shortly after and passed the throne to Lê Duy Kì (emperor Chiêu Thống). Nguyễn Nhạc, after having heard of Nguyễn Huệ's insubordination, hastily marched to Thăng Long and ordered all Tây Sơn troops to withdraw. They intentionally left Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh behind. Chỉnh chased them and then stayed in his hometown in Nghệ An. The Tây Sơn's invasion and sudden withdrawal caused

2508-484: The Lê dynasty was the legitimate government of Đại Việt . Nguyễn Hoàng became increasingly secure in his rule over the southern province and increasingly independent. While he cooperated with the Trịnh against the Mạc, he ruled the frontier lands. With the conquest of the north, the independence of the Nguyễn was less and less tolerable to the Trịnh. In 1600, with the ascension of emperor Lê Kính Tông , Hoàng broke relations with

2584-453: The Lê ruler was met by official diplomats from the Qing , not the Trịnh lord. Despite the fact that the Mạc dynasty remained at large in the north, Trịnh Kiểm turned to eliminating the Nguyễn lords' power. Although the Lê dynasty was restored in 1533 with Lê Trang Tông as emperor, Nguyễn Kim was head of government and wielded real authority in the nation. Dương Chấp Nhất  [ vi ] ,

2660-446: The Mạc dynasty. The government fell into chaos after Kim's death. The successor as the head of government was Kim's eldest son, Nguyễn Uông  [ vi ] . However, Uông was secretly assassinated by his brother-in-law Trịnh Kiểm , who later took control of the imperial government. In 1556, Emperor Lê Trung Tông died without an heir. Trịnh Kiểm wanted to seize the throne, but worried about public opinion. He sought advice from

2736-562: The Mạc-appointed mandarin governing Tây Đô fortress in Thanh Hoa province, decided to surrender to Lê authorities when Nguyễn Kim recaptured the province in 1543. After seizing Tây Đô citadel and attacking Ninh Bình, on 20/5/1545, Dương Chấp Nhất invited Kim to visit his military camp. Dương Chấp Nhất treated Kim to watermelon. After returning for from the party, Kim felt ill and died the same day. Dương Chấp Nhất later again pledged allegiance to

2812-566: The Nguyễn built two massive, fortified lines that stretched a few miles from the sea to the hills. These walls were built north of Huế (between the Nhật Lệ River and the Sông Hương River ). The walls were about 20 feet tall and seven miles long. The Nguyễn defended these lines against numerous Trịnh offensives that lasted (off and on) from 1631 till 1673, when Trịnh Tạc concluded a peace treaty with Nguyễn Phúc Tần , dividing Vietnam between

2888-624: The Nguyễn successfully used Portuguese cannon to defend their walls, the Trịnh made contact with the Dutch. The Dutch were willing to sell advanced cannons to the Trịnh. The Dutch, and later the Germans, set up trading posts in Hanoi . For a time, Dutch trade was profitable, but after the war with the Nguyễn ended in 1673, the demand for European weapons rapidly declined. By 1700, the Dutch and English trading posts had closed. The Trịnh were careful in their dealings with

2964-531: The Nguyễn were able to take advantage of their contacts with Europeans, specifically the Portuguese, to produce advanced cannons with the help of European engineers. Third, the geography favored them, as the flat land suitable for large, organized armies was narrow at the border between the Nguyễn lands and the Trinh territories – mountains reach nearly to the sea. After the first offensive was beaten off after four months,

3040-470: The Rain ' ) where it initially described a calligraphic style of writing Chinese characters. Over time, however, the term evolved and broadened in scope, eventually coming to refer to the Chinese script in general. This meaning came from the viewpoint that the script belonged to followers of Confucianism. This is further shown with Neo-Confucianism becoming the state ideology of the Lê dynasty . Classical Chinese

3116-476: The Sino-Vietnamese name for Đèo Ba Dội. Practically all surnames in Vietnamese are Sino-Vietnamese words; they were once written in Chinese characters. Such as common surnames include Nguyễn ( 阮 ), Trần ( 陳 ), Lê ( 黎 ), Lý ( 李 ), etc. Owing to historical contact with Chinese characters before the adoption of Chinese characters and how they were adapted into Vietnamese, multiple readings can exist for

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3192-583: The Three Prefectures Army ( Vietnamese : Tam phủ quân , chữ Hán : 三府軍 ) to kill Hoàng Đình Bảo and overthrow Trịnh Cán. However, because Tông was indebted to the army, he could not control it. The army then released Lê Duy Kì , son of prince Lê Duy Vĩ who was killed by Trịnh Sâm in 1771, and forced Lê Hiển Tông to appoint Kì as the successor. After Hoàng Đình Bảo's death, his subordinate in Nghệ An province Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh defected to Tây Sơn. He

3268-486: The Trịnh-dominated court, although he continued to acknowledge the Lê emperor. Matters continued like this until Hoàng's death in 1613. The historical victory of the Trịnh over the Mạc was a common theme in public Vietnamese theaters. In 1620, after the enthronement of another figurehead Lê emperor ( Lê Thần Tông ), the new Nguyễn leader, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên , refused to send tax money to the court in Đông Đô to protest

3344-539: The Vietnamese lục bát rhyme. These books gave students a foundation to start learning more difficult texts that involved longer sentences and more difficult grammatical structures in Literary Chinese. Students would study texts such as Sơ học vấn tân ( 𥘉學問津 ; 'inquiring in elementary studies'), Ấu học ngũ ngôn thi ( 幼學五言詩 ; 'elementary learning of the five-character verses'), Minh tâm bảo giám ( 明心寶鑑 ; 'precious lessons of enlightenment'), and Minh Đạo gia huấn ( 明道家訓 ; 'precepts of Minh Đạo'). These books taught

3420-454: The age of 6. The first grade level was called ấu học ( 幼學 ) (ages 6–12), next was tiểu học ( 小學 ) (ages under 27), and then finally, trung học ( 中學 ) (ages under 30). Đại học ( 大學 ) at this time referred to students studying in the national academies. The education reform by North Vietnam in 1950 eliminated the use of chữ Hán and chữ Nôm. Chinese characters were still taught in schools in South Vietnam until 1975. During those times,

3496-662: The army of the revived Lê dynasty led by Nguyễn Kim . Because of Trịnh Kiểm's talent, he was given the hand of Kim's daughter Ngọc Bảo. In 1539, Trịnh Kiểm was promoted to general and received the title of Duke of Dực (Dực quận công). In 1545, after the assassination of Nguyễn Kim, Trịnh Kiểm replaced his father-in-law as the commander of the Lê dynasty's royal court and military. After the death of emperor Lê Hiến Tông in 1504, Lê dynasty began to decline followed by some peasant rebellions due to adversities and corruption in central and regional government that led to rising social unrest and grievances of civilians . In 1527, Mạc Đăng Dung ,

3572-540: The basic sentences necessary to read Literary Chinese and taught core Confucian values and concepts such as filial piety . In Sơ học vấn tân ( 𥘉學問津 ), it has four character phrases that were divided into three sections, one on Chinese history, then Vietnamese history, and lastly on words of advice on education. During the period of reformed imperial examinations (khoa cử cải lương; 科舉改良 ) that took place from 1906 to 1919, there were three grades of education. Students would start learning Chinese characters beginning from

3648-758: The basis of merging 8 hamlets: Na Lac , Na Chuong, Na Hoang, Na Ga, Na Rua, Na Phia, Na Doong, Mo Muoi and Khuoi Tit in Le Chung commune; 2 hamlets: Hoang Nga and Na Can in Quang Trung commune; Na Keo hamlet in Ngu Lao commune; 5 hamlets: Gia Cung, Na Pe, Na Lum, Thac Thum, Gia Ngam in Vinh Quang commune. After 1975, Cao Bang town was the capital of Cao Lang province , including 4 sub-areas: Song Bang, Song Hien, Noi Thi, Na Phia. On December 27, 1978, Cao Lang province split into two provinces, Cao Bang and Lang Son, Cao Bang town became

3724-489: The capital of Cao Bang province. In 1979, the Chinese army massively attacked during the 1979 Vietnam-China border war, Cao Bang town suffered heavy damage. On September 10, 1981, the Council of Ministers issued Decision 60-HDBT. Accordingly: Since then, Cao Bang town has 4 wards: Hop Giang, Song Bang, Song Hien, Tan Giang and 3 communes: Duyet Trung, Hoa Chung, Ngoc Xuan. On October 4, 2002, De Tham commune of Hoa An district

3800-411: The dictatorship of the Trịnh lords. In 1623, Trịnh Tung died and was succeeded by oldest son Trịnh Tráng . After five years of increasingly hostile talks, fighting broke out between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn in 1627. While the Trịnh ruled over much more populous territory, the Nguyễn had several advantages. First, they initially were on the defensive and rarely launched operations into the north. Second,

3876-491: The former mandarin Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm , who was living in seclusion. Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm advised Trịnh Kiểm not to take the Lê dynasty's throne, although the Lê dynasty was just a puppet. Trịnh Kiểm decided to put Lê Duy Bang on the throne, who was a 6th-generation descendant of Lê Trừ , the older brother of emperor Lê Thái Tổ . Lê Duy Bang took the throne with the title Lê Anh Tông while the Trịnh lords continued to control

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3952-713: The government with the emperor as figurehead. In 1570, Trịnh Kiểm died and a power struggle erupted between his sons Trịnh Cối and Trịnh Tùng . Simultaneously, the Mạc dynasty army attacked the Lê dynasty from the north and Trịnh Cối surrendered to the Mạc dynasty. The emperor Lê Anh Tông supported Trịnh Cối as the next Trịnh lord and co-operated with him to defeat Trịnh Tùng . Trịnh Tùng found out about this conspiracy, forcing Emperor Lê Anh Tông and his four sons to flee. Later, Trịnh Tùng enthroned Emperor Lê Anh Tông's youngest son, prince Đàm, with title Lê Thế Tông . After that, Trịnh Tùng searched for, captured, and murdered Emperor Lê Anh Tông. Both Trịnh and Nguyễn declared that

4028-678: The guidance of my elders and conforming to the customs, I first studied the "Three Character Classic" and various histories of the Three Emperors. Afterward, I delved into the classics and their commentaries, honing my skills in calligraphy and writing, aiming to conform to the rules of society and attain a respectable status. Children around the age of 6–8 begin learning chữ Hán at schools. Students began by learning characters from books such as Nhất thiên tự ( 一千字 ; 'one thousand characters'), Tam thiên tự ( 三千字 ; 'three thousand characters'), Ngũ thiên tự ( 五千字 ; 'five thousand characters'), and

4104-437: The hundred-year truce was ended and the Trịnh army led by Hoàng Ngũ Phúc attacked. Trịnh Sâm's army did what no previous Trịnh army had done and conquered the Nguyễn capital, Phú Xuân (modern-day Huế ), in early 1775. The Trịnh army advanced south, defeated the Tây Sơn and forced them to surrender. In the middle of 1775, the Trịnh army, include Hoàng Ngũ Phúc, were hit by a plague. The plagued forced them to withdraw and left

4180-403: The internal and external obstacles to their rule. They lacked, however, both the power and the moral authority to resolve the contradictions inherent in their system of ruling without reigning. The Trịnh had lost nearly all popularity by the last half of the 18th century. While the Nguyễn lords, or at least Nguyễn Ánh, enjoyed a great deal of support – as his repeated attempts to regain power in

4256-567: The late Tang dynasty (618-907). Vietnamese scholars used Chinese rime dictionaries to derive consistent pronunciations for Chinese characters. After Vietnam had regained independence, its rulers sought to build the country on the Chinese model, during this time, Literary Chinese was used for formal government documents. Around this, the Japanese and Koreans also borrowed large amount of characters into their languages and derived consistent pronunciations, these pronunciations are collectively known as

4332-402: The news and withdrew to Gia Lâm District with Dương Trọng Tế, Đinh Tích Nhưỡng and Hoàng Phùng Cơ withdrew to Hải Dương and Sơn Tây respectively. Chiêu Thống set Trịnh's palace on fire. In the next months, Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh carried campaigned against Bồng. He captured and executed Dương Trọng Tế and Hoàng Phùng Cơ. Trịnh Bồng took refuge at Đinh Tích Nhưỡng's camp. Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh organized

4408-425: The northern region. Mạc Đăng Dung passed away in 1541 and succeeded by his son. Pan Dinggui, a Chinese man shipwrecked in Vietnam in 1688, said in his book Annan Ji You that the Trịnh clan restored the Lê dynasty to power after Vietnam was struck by disease, thunder and winds when the Lê ruler was dethroned, and they initially could not find Lê and Trần dynasty royals to restore to the throne. Pan also said that only

4484-510: The official language for writing whether if it was government documents or literature. Every succeeding dynasty modeled their imperial exams after China's model . Scholars drew lessons from Neo-Confucianism and used its teachings to implement laws in the country. The spread of Confucianism meant the spread of Chinese characters, thus the name for Chinese characters in Vietnamese is called chữ Nho (literally: 'Confucian characters; 𡨸儒 ). Scholars were focused on reading Chinese classics such as

4560-419: The position of Thanh Hóa military governor were delegated to eunuchs. The supervisor services, military, civil service and court all had eunuchs appointed to work in them and they were faithful followers of the Trịnh lords and a check on the power of civil and military officials. Eunuchs were employed as building project supervisors and provincial governors by Trịnh Cương . The long peace came to an end with

4636-938: The reading hạnh would be used. But typically, knowing what readings was not a large problem due to context and compound words. Most Sino-Vietnamese words are restricted to being in compound words. Readings for chữ Hán, often classified into Sino-Vietnamese readings and Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings. Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings are derived from Old Chinese and recent Chinese borrowings during the 17th–20th centuries when Chinese people migrated to Vietnam. Most of these readings were food related as Cantonese Chinese had introduced their food into Vietnam. Borrowings from Old Chinese are also referred to as Early Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations according to Mark Alves. Sino-Vietnamese readings are usually referred to as âm Hán Việt ( 音漢越 ; literally "sound Sino-Vietnamese"), which are Vietnamese systematic pronunciations of Middle Chinese characters. These readings were largely borrowed into Vietnamese during

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4712-480: The rest of the south to the Tây Sơn. The Tây Sơn army conquered the rest of the Nguyễn lands. The Nguyễn lords retreated to Saigon but lost the city in 1776; the Nguyễn lords were nearly wiped out. Tây Sơn's leader Nguyễn Nhạc declared himself king in 1778. Trịnh Tông , the eldest son of Trịnh Sâm, feared that power would fall to his younger brother Trịnh Cán , who was favored by his father. In 1780, Trịnh Sâm became seriously ill, and Trịnh Tông used this to stage

4788-408: The rule of the Trịnh lords, once in 1537, and again in 1788. Both times, the Qing sent an army south because of a formal request for help from the Lê emperors – and both times the intervention was unsuccessful. The Trịnh Lords were, for the most part, intelligent, able, industrious, and long-lived rulers. The unusual dual form of government they developed over two centuries was a creative response to

4864-689: The same simplified characters used by current-day Chinese. According to Trịnh Khắc Mạnh, when he analysed the early 13th century book, 釋氏寶鼎行持秘旨全章 (Thích thị Bảo đỉnh hành trì bí chỉ toàn chương). He found that the number of character variants is double the number of variants borrowed from China. This means that Vietnamese variant characters may differ from Chinese variants and simplified characters , for example: Some characters matching Simplified Chinese do exist, but these characters are rare in Vietnamese literature. There are other variants such as 𭓇 học (variant of 學 ; ⿳⿰〢⿻ 丨 𰀪 冖子 ) and 𱻊 nghĩa (variant of 義 ; ⿱𦍌 又 ). Another prominent example

4940-399: The south show – no equivalent support for the Trịnh survived in the north after the Tây Sơn took power. 鄭檢 Trung Tông Anh Tông 太國公 世祖 明康仁智武貞雄畧太王 鄭檜 俊德侯 鄭松 Thế Tông Kính Tông Thần Tông 平安王 成祖 恭和寬正哲王 鄭梉 Thần Tông 清王 文祖 Ch%E1%BB%AF H%C3%A1n Chữ Hán ( 𡨸漢 [t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥ haːn˧˦] ; lit.   ' Han characters ' ) are

5016-764: The textbooks that were used were mainly derived from colonial textbooks. There were two main textbooks, Hán-văn tân khóa bản ( 漢文新課本 ; 1973) and Hán-văn giáo-khoa thư ( 漢文敎科書 ; 1965). Students could begin learning Chinese characters in secondary school. The department dealing with Literary Chinese and Chinese characters was called Ban Hán-tự D. Students could either chose to learn a second language such as English and French or choose to learn Literary Chinese. Exams for Literary Chinese mainly tested students on their ability to translate Literary Chinese to Vietnamese. These exams typically took around 2 hours. In Vietnam, many provinces and cities have names that come from Sino-Vietnamese words and were written using Chinese characters. This

5092-561: The two families. This division continued for the next 100 years. The Trịnh lords ruled reasonably well, maintaining the fiction that the Lê monarch was the emperor. However, they selected and replaced the emperor as they saw fit, having the hereditary right to appoint many top government officials. Unlike the Nguyễn lords, who engaged in frequent wars with the Khmer Empire and Siam , the Trịnh lords maintained relatively peaceable relations with neighboring states. In 1694, they got involved in

5168-478: The wasteful and inept rule of Trịnh Giang , peasant revolts became more frequent. The key problem was a lack of land to farm, though Giang made the situation worse by his actions. The reign of successor Trịnh Doanh was preoccupied with putting down peasant revolts and wiping out armed gangs that terrorized the countryside. The Dutch East India Company ceased doing business with the Trịnh lords in 1700. The Trịnh lords started employing eunuchs extensively in

5244-545: Was a significant figure in relations between Europe and Vietnam. He gained thousands of converts, created a script for writing Vietnamese using a modified version of the European alphabet, and built several churches. However, by 1630 the new Trịnh lord, Trịnh Tráng , decided that De Rhodes represented a threat to Vietnamese society and forced him to leave the country. From this point on, the Trịnh lords periodically tried to suppress Christianity in Vietnam, with moderate success. When

5320-483: Was defeated by alliance of Southern dynasty. In 1539 the armies of Nguyễn Kim and Trịnh Kiểm returned to Đại Việt , captured Thanh Hóa province , followed by more southern province in later years and installed prince Lê Ninh as the emperor Lê Trang Tông . War raged with the Nguyễn–Trịnh army on one side and the Mạc on the other, until an official Ming delegation determined that Mạc Đăng Dung's usurpation of power

5396-411: Was done because historically the government administration needed to have a way to write down these names, as some native names did not have characters. Even well-known places like Hanoi ( 河內 ) and Huế ( 化 ) were written in Chinese characters. Often, villages only had one word names in Vietnamese. Some Sino-Vietnamese names were translated from their original names, like Tam Điệp Quan ( 三疊關 ) being

5472-442: Was not legitimate. In 1537, a large Ming army was sent to the border to threaten Mạc emperor to return the authority back to Lê emperor . Although Mạc Đăng Dung managed to negotiate this issue with the Ming to control northern part of Đại Việt , he was forced to recognize the Lê emperor's legitimacy over the southern part of realm. However, the war was continued because the Nguyễn–Trịnh alliance refused to recognize Mạc's authority over

5548-424: Was raised in a poor family. He often stole chickens from his neighbors because chicken was his mother's favorite food. When his neighbors found out, they became angry. One day, when Trịnh Kiểm left home, his neighbors abducted his mother and threw her down an abyss. Trịnh Kiểm returned home and panicked due to her disappearance. When he found his mother's body, it was infested with maggots . After her death, he joined

5624-495: Was transferred to Cao Bang town for management. After adjusting the administrative boundaries, Cao Bang town has 5,523 hectares of natural area and 47,272 people with 8 affiliated administrative units, including 4 wards: Hop Giang, Song Bang, Song Hien, Tan Giang and 4 communes. : Duyet Trung, De Tham, Hoa Chung, Ngoc Xuan. On October 18, 2010, the Ministry of Construction issued Decision 926/QD-BXD on recognizing Cao Bang town as

5700-530: Was unpopular and defected to Bồng's side, helping him defeat Trịnh Lệ. Generals Hoàng Phùng Cơ and Đinh Tích Nhưỡng also joined Bồng's faction and pressured Chiêu Thống to grant him the title prince, to which the emperor reluctantly agreed. He then sent a request to Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh, who had raised a considerable army, to aid the emperor once again. Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh obeyed and marched north, where he defeated Trịnh army in Thanh Hoa Province . Trịnh Bồng heard

5776-415: Was welcomed by the king and became an army commander. In summer 1786, Nguyễn Nhạc, who wanted to reclaim the land of the Nguyễn lords taken by the Trịnh in 1775, ordered his brother Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh to attack Trịnh lords, but warned them not to advance further north. After taking Phú Xuân, Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh convinced Nguyễn Huệ to overthrow Trịnh lords under the banner "Destroy the Trịnh and Aid

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