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43-534: The road starts at its junction with Outram Road , Eu Tong Sen Street and New Bridge Road in the north and ends at its junction with Keppel Road in the south. It is intersected by the arterial Neil Road . Namesake roads include Cantonment Link , a one-way road which connects Keppel Road to Cantonment Road, and Cantonment Close . The Police Cantonment Complex and The Pinnacle@Duxton , an award-winning 50-storey residential development in Singapore's city center,

86-490: A grid of nearby one-way streets . A common setup is for one mainline to go below grade and another to go above grade. The intersection of the frontage roads is typically at grade or close to it. Two pairs of left-turn connectors are built above these. The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex has several five-level stacks, most notably the High Five Interchange between US 75 and I-635 ; completed in 2005 and currently

129-506: A railway line bisecting it at its lowest level. The M4/M25 junction is slightly offset so there is no point where all four levels are directly above each other. M25 (a north–south road at this junction) is offset to the east by approximately 60 metres (200 ft). The junction of the A19 and A66 in Teesside uses a three-level variant, with a 270-degree loop allowing southbound A19 traffic to exit to

172-410: A right turn (across oncoming traffic) in one turn). It also allows for diagonal crossings ( pedestrian scramble ) and reduces crossing distances for pedestrians. Intersections generally must manage pedestrian as well as vehicle traffic. Pedestrian aids include crosswalks , pedestrian-directed traffic signals ("walk light") and over/ underpasses . Walk lights may be accompanied by audio signals to aid

215-559: A right turn on red, and sometimes left on red depending on the geometry of the intersection in question, possible in many cases, often without stopping. Cyclists ideally have a protected bike lane on the approach to the intersection, separated by a concrete median with splay kerbs if possible, and have a protected bike lane width of at least 2 metres if possible (one way). In the Netherlands , most one way cycle paths are at least 2.5 metres wide. Bicycle traffic can be accommodated with

258-415: A setback crossing of the pedestrians and cyclists , generally between 1.5–7 metres of setback, a forward stop bar, which allows cyclists to stop for a traffic light well ahead of motor traffic who must stop behind the crosswalk. Separate signal staging or at least an advance green for cyclists and pedestrians is used to give cyclists and pedestrians no conflicts or a head start over traffic. The design makes

301-471: A viaduct, with connector flyover ramps crossing on two further levels. This type of interchange does not usually permit U-turns . The four-level stack creates two "inverse" dual-carriageways —the turn ramps crossing the middle section have traffic driving on the opposite side of oncoming traffic to usual (see diagram for clarity). The first stack interchange was the Four Level Interchange (renamed

344-909: Is a four-way interchange on the German autobahn network. Autobahndreieck (literally "autobahn triangle"), short form dreieck , and abbreviated as AD, is a three-way interchange on the German autobahn network. At intersections , roads cross at-grade . They also can be further subdivided into those with and without signal controls. Signalized designs include advanced stop line , bowtie , box junction , continuous-flow intersection , continuous Green-T, double-wide, hook turn , jughandle , median u-turn, Michigan left , paired, quadrant , seagulls , slip lane , split, staggered , superstreet , Texas T , Texas U-turn and turnarounds . Non-signalized designs include unsignalized variations on continuous-flow 3 and 4-leg, median u-turn and superstreet, along with Maryland T/J, roundabout and traffic circle . In

387-569: Is a six-level stack on the Yan'an East Road Interchange ( Chinese : 延安东路立交 ) in Puxi, Shanghai, with no dedicated HOV/bus/truck lanes. It is six-level stack because it is formed by two elevated highways, Nanbei Elevated Road and Yan'an Elevated Road with service roads and a footbridge underneath. The centrally located interchange has a central pillar known as the Nine-Dragon Pillar ( 九龙柱 ). The story

430-620: Is also the only true four-level stack in Canada. Highway 407's other proposed four-level stacks at Highway 410 and Highway 404 were reduced to three-level cloverstack interchanges , with loop ramps being built instead of a fourth level of semi-directional ramps. Similarly, the interchange with Highway 427 has four levels but only two semi-directional flyover ramps that cross each other connecting to Highway 427 south of that junction. Two loop ramps link Highway 407 with Highway 427 north of that junction. In Belgium, on

473-524: Is an example of such a location. In the United Kingdom and other countries, the practice of giving names to junctions emerged, to help travellers find their way. Junctions took the name of a prominent nearby business or a point of interest. As of the road networks increased in density and traffic flows followed suit, managing the flow of traffic across the junction became of increasing importance, to minimize delays and improve safety. The first innovation

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516-450: Is located along the road. One of the interesting landmark along Cantonment Road is the Lim's Ancestral Temple, known as Lim See Tai Chong Soo Kiu Leong Tong (林氏大宗祠九龙堂家). The ancestral temple was founded in 1928, the main purpose of this ancestral temple is to conduct the ancestral worship of the Lim's ancestors and Mazu (天后圣姑), whom they regarded as their Grand-Auntie. One of the temple's founder

559-503: Is not located near a body of water, most of the city's exports travel through the Port of Durban . The N2 connects Cape Town with Durban and serves the South African cities of Port Elizabeth , East London and George and the towns of Grahamstown , Port Shepstone , Richards Bay and the iSimangaliso Wetland Park . Two busy roads intersect at the junction. A four-level stack interchange

602-566: Is that after several construction accidents, a monk suggested the nine-dragon be welcomed with a bas relief sculpture depicting the dragon. An unusual six-level stack is located at the junction between Interstate 35E and I-635 in Dallas, Texas , and does not contain any service or frontage roads. The interchange features two levels of highway with the top three levels consisting of direct connection ramps and HOV connectors. A single ramp leading from I-635 westbound to I-35E southbound weaves underneath

645-413: Is the wealthy Nan'an businessman called Lim Loh (林路), who is the father of war hero Lim Bo Seng . Junction (road) A junction is where two or more roads meet. Roads began as a means of linking locations of interest: towns , forts and geographic features such as river fords . Where roads met outside of an existing settlement, these junctions often led to a new settlement. Scotch Corner

688-632: Is whether or not the roads cross at the same or different elevations . More expensive, grade-separated interchanges generally offer higher throughput at higher cost. Single-grade intersections are lower cost and lower throughput. Each main type comes in many variants. At interchanges , roads pass above or below each other, using grade separation and slip roads . The terms motorway junction and highway interchange typically refer to this layout. They can be further subdivided into those with and without signal controls. Signalized ( traffic-light controlled) interchanges include such " diamond " designs as

731-715: The Brussels Ring there are two four-level stack interchanges: The Grand-Bigard and Machelen interchange (only partly in use). In Germany, there is one, the Wetzlarer Kreuz . In Greece, there is also one four stack interchange near Metamorfosi , which connects the A1 and A6 (Attiki Odos) motorways. In the Netherlands there is currently one four-level stack interchange: the Prins Clausplein near The Hague . It forms

774-638: The diverging diamond , Michigan urban diamond, three-level diamond , and tight diamond. Others include center-turn overpass, contraflow left, single loop, and single-point urban overpass. Non-signalized designs include the cloverleaf , contraflow left, dogbone (restricted dumbbell), double crossover merging , dumbbell (grade-separated bowtie), echelon, free-flow interchange , partial cloverleaf , raindrop , single and double roundabouts (grade-separated roundabout ), single-point urban , stack , and windmill . Autobahnkreuz (literally "autobahn cross"), short form kreuz , and abbreviated as AK,

817-743: The Bill Keene Memorial Interchange), built in Los Angeles , California, and completed in 1949, at the junction of US Route 101 (US 101) and State Route 110 (SR 110). Since then, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) has built eight more four-level stacks throughout the state of California , notably the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange , as well as a larger number of three-level and four-level stack– cloverleaf hybrids (where

860-640: The EU it is estimated that around 5,000 out of 26,100 people who are killed in car crashes are killed in a junction collision, in 2015, while it was around 8,000 in 2006. During the 2006–2015 decade, this means around 20% of road fatalities occur at junctions. By kind of users junctions fatalities are car users, 34%; pedestrians, 23%; motorcycle, 21%; pedal-cycle 12%; and other road users, the remaining. It has been considered that several causes might lead to fatalities; for instance: A number of features make this protected intersection much safer . A corner refuge island,

903-620: The I-635 eastbound bridge, making the interchange six levels. The interchange between I-35E and the Sam Rayburn Tollway in Lewisville, Texas , although similar in design to five-level stacks elsewhere in Texas, also qualifies as a six-level stack, since the ramp connecting the eastbound Sam Rayburn Tollway with northbound I-35E goes over the fifth-level ramps connecting I-35E in both directions with

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946-518: The Nanjing's Yingtian Street Elevated has one each where it intersects the Inner Ring Road twice. Sometimes a fifth level is added for HOV connectors. An example of this exists in Los Angeles, California , at the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange . The connector from HOV southbound 110 to HOV westbound 105 can be at the same level as the connector from mixed eastbound 105 to mixed northbound 110, but

989-503: The beltway's northwest quadrant. The newly reconstructed interchange of I-610 and I-69, with the new I‑610 northbound feeder road built underground and the new I-610 southbound feeder road overpass, is also a five-level stack interchange. Though not a Texas-style stack in the above sense, an unusual stack is nonetheless found in Houston that features more than four levels of traffic but whose fifth level exists in only one direction. In 2011,

1032-454: The city of Hartford . Most of the I‑291 beltway was later cancelled, and the sprawling stack lay dormant for almost 25 years. In 1992 the extension of Connecticut Route 9 to I-84 used the I‑291 right-of-way and some sections of the abandoned interchange. Several ramps still remain unused, including abandoned roadbed for I-291 both north and south of the complex. Four-level stacks are used for

1075-640: The connector from HOV southbound 110 to HOV eastbound 105 needs to be higher level, since it crosses over the former connector. Another case is where connection to nearby arterials suggests that another level may be useful, thus making the interchange more complicated but easier to use. In the Atlanta area, a side ramp forms the fifth level of the Tom Moreland Interchange , colloquially known as Spaghetti Junction , found in DeKalb County, Georgia . There

1118-549: The eastern end of C-470 and the southern end of E-470 . In Thornton, Colorado , there is another stack serving I-25 and E-470 at its northern end as it continues west as the Northwest Parkway . The initial design of Highway 407 had several four-level stack interchanges planned at junctions with existing 400-series highways , but only one example was built: the interchange at Highway 400 in Vaughan, Ontario , which

1161-557: The interchange the fifth level, as US 90 to I-10 westbound merges onto I-10 before crossing I-610. (None of the frontage roads for these highways cross the interchange itself, and thus do not factor into the complexity of the stack.) More than 40 bridges make up the five-level stack interchange known as the Big ;I between I-40 and I-25 in Albuquerque, New Mexico . China is also home to many Texas-style stack interchanges. For example

1204-409: The interchanges between: Another well-known stack interchange lies west of Baltimore, Maryland , serving as the junction between I-695 and I-70 . It was originally built for a planned extension of I‑70 into the city. Due to strong opposition, I‑70 ends at a park and ride three miles (4.8 km) east. As a result, the road east of I‑695 sees little traffic compared to the high volumes to and from

1247-846: The junction of the A4 and A12. In the United Kingdom there are three four-level stacks: at the junction of the M4 and M25 near Heathrow Airport in London (the Thorney Interchange ), at the junction of the M23 and M25 to the south of London (the Merstham Interchange), and at the junction of the M4 and M5 near Bristol (the Almondsbury Interchange ). The M4/M25 junction is particularly unusual as it also has

1290-544: The least-used left-turning ramp is built as a cloverleaf-like 270-degree loop). The stack interchange between I-10 and I-405 is a three-level stack, since the semi-directional ramps are spaced out far enough so they do not need to cross each other at a single point as in a conventional four-level stack. The first four-level stack interchange in Texas was built in Fort Worth at the intersection of I-35W and I-30 (originally I-20) near downtown. This interchange, finished in 1958,

1333-596: The low grade bike lanes in the roadway or higher grade and much safer protected bicycle paths that are physically separated from the roadway. In Manchester, UK, traffic engineers have designed a protected junction known as the Cycle-Optimised Signal (CYCLOPS) Junction. This design places a circulatory cycle track around the edge of the junction, with pedestrian crossing on the inside. This design allows for an all-red pedestrian / cyclist phase with reduced conflicts. Traffic signals are timed to allow cyclists to make

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1376-449: The opposite road's lanes of travel to complete the turn utilize ramps that make a direct or semi-direct connection. The difference between direct and semi-direct connections is how much the motorist deviates from the intended direction of travel while on the ramp. Direct ramps are shorter and can handle higher traveling speeds than semi-direct. The four-level stack (or simply four-stack ) has one major freeway crossing another freeway with

1419-404: The previously four-level stack interchange between I-610 and I-10 on the city's east side gained a new (though long-planned) level of complexity with the opening of four ramps connecting the new US 90 (Crosby Freeway) to the east, featuring direct movements for the new freeway to and from the southeast quadrant of I-610, to westbound I-10, and from eastbound I-10. It is the latter ramp which gives

1462-414: The problems of weaving , have the highest vehicle capacity, and vehicles travel shorter distances when compared to different types of interchanges. The first directional interchange built in the world was the Four Level Interchange which opened to Los Angeles traffic in 1949. A directional interchange is a grade separated junction between two roads where all turns that require crossing over or under

1505-732: The tallest interchange in the world. Others can be found at the interchanges between State Highway 121 (SH 121) and the Dallas North Tollway , SH 121 and I-35E / US 77 , I-30 and I-35W , I-30 and President George Bush Turnpike and others which are technically five levels but do not fit under a Texas-style stack configuration (i.e. the extra level being located away from the central stack or existing in only one direction). The Houston area has seven five-level stack interchanges along Beltway 8 : at I-10 east and west of downtown, I-69 northeast and southwest of downtown, I-45 north and south of downtown, and US 290 in

1548-450: The upgraded interchange opened in October 2018. A four-level stack interchange was chosen to serve the increasing volumes of traffic in the uMhlanga/Mount Edgecombe area. In Texas , many stacks contain five levels. They usually have the same configuration as four-level stacks, but frontage roads add a fifth level. The frontage roads usually intersect with traffic lights and are similar to

1591-495: The visually impaired. Medians can offer pedestrian islands, allowing pedestrians to divide their crossings into a separate segment for each traffic direction, possibly with a separate signal for each. Stack interchange A directional interchange , colloquially known as a stack interchange , is a type of grade-separated junction between two controlled-access highways that allows for free-flowing movement to and from all directions of traffic. These interchanges eliminate

1634-453: The west. Another four-level stack interchange in the Baltimore area is located at the northeastern junction between I-695 and I-95 . The stack was built as part of a massive I-95 reconstruction project that includes high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes), designed to relieve congestion between Baltimore and its northeastern suburbs. The Springfield Interchange , south of Washington, D.C. ,

1677-602: The westbound A66. The Light Horse Interchange at the junction of the M4 and M7 is a four-level stack interchange in Sydney , New South Wales, Australia. Opened in late 2005, it is the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. The EB Cloete Interchange just outside Durban, South Africa , is another four-level stack interchange. The N3 is the busiest highway in South Africa and a very busy truck route. Because Johannesburg

1720-498: Was chosen to serve the high volumes of traffic. The Mount Edgecombe Interchange is another four-level stack interchange just outside Durban, South Africa , and is the intersection between the N2 (to Durban and KwaDukuza ) and the M41 (to Mount Edgecombe and uMhlanga ). The interchange which was previously a simple diamond interchange was upgraded to a four-level/four-stack interchange, with

1763-488: Was known as "The Pretzel" or the "Mixmaster" by locals. The original contract cost was $ 1,220,000. Improvements to the old Mixmaster over the past 60 years include an upgrade to a Texas-style five-level stack exchange (see below). One of the first four-level stack interchanges in the northeastern United States was constructed in the late 1960s over I-84 in Farmington, Connecticut , for the controversial I-291 beltway around

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1806-566: Was rebuilt into a four-level stack to accommodate I-95 's transition from the Capital Beltway to its own alignment further south into Virginia. This was necessitated by the inadequacy of the original configuration that was caused by the rerouting of I-95 onto the Beltway after its cancellation within Washington and points north. In Lone Tree, Colorado , there is a four-level stack serving I-25 ,

1849-521: Was to add traffic control devices, such as stop signs and traffic lights that regulated traffic flow. Next came lane controls that limited what each lane of traffic was allowed to do while crossing. Turns across oncoming traffic might be prohibited, or allowed only when oncoming and crossing traffic was stopped. This was followed by specialized junction designs that incorporated information about traffic volumes, speeds, driver intent and many other factors. The most basic distinction among junction types

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