51-589: The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange is a five-level stack interchange near the Athens and Watts communities of Los Angeles , California. It is the interchange of the following routes: The interchange permits traffic entering the interchange in all directions to exit in all directions (unlike, for example, the Hollywood Split and East Los Angeles Interchange ). The interchange also contains Metro C Line tracks, direct HOV and Metro ExpressLanes connectors,
102-405: A stack interchange , is a type of grade-separated junction between two controlled-access highways that allows for free-flowing movement to and from all directions of traffic. These interchanges eliminate the problems of weaving , have the highest vehicle capacity, and vehicles travel shorter distances when compared to different types of interchanges. The first directional interchange built in
153-549: A Texas-style five-level stack exchange (see below). One of the first four-level stack interchanges in the northeastern United States was constructed in the late 1960s over I-84 in Farmington, Connecticut , for the controversial I-291 beltway around the city of Hartford . Most of the I‑291 beltway was later cancelled, and the sprawling stack lay dormant for almost 25 years. In 1992 the extension of Connecticut Route 9 to I-84 used
204-490: A grid of nearby one-way streets . A common setup is for one mainline to go below grade and another to go above grade. The intersection of the frontage roads is typically at grade or close to it. Two pairs of left-turn connectors are built above these. The Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex has several five-level stacks, most notably the High Five Interchange between US 75 and I-635 ; completed in 2005 and currently
255-462: A largely singlepass, global illumination system incorporating modern ray-tracing and physically based shading techniques. They have achieved that with Arnold Renderer , an unbiased stochastic ray tracer . Arnold, started in 1997 by Marcos Fajardo, was co-developed between 2004 and 2009 with SPI, where Marcos was employed, and a commercial branch is being developed by Marcos' Madrid based company Solid Angle SL (now owned by Autodesk ). Arnold
306-475: A more profitable animation business. Its first independent animated effort was the 5-minute short The ChubbChubbs! directed by Eric Armstrong. In 2002, it won the Oscar for Best Animated Short . Early Bloomer , released in 2003, was the division's second short film and originally made as a storyboarding exercise. SPI completed its first feature animation project in 2006 with the release of Open Season , which
357-473: A new 74,000-square feet headquarters in Vancouver. On October 6, 2023, Cartoon Brew reported that DreamWorks Animation was moving away from producing films in-house at their Glendale campus to rely more heavily on outside studios after 2024, as part of a layoff by chief operating officer Randy Lake in a series of meetings the previous month. According to the report, SPI was named as the animation service for
408-506: A railway line bisecting it at its lowest level. The M4/M25 junction is slightly offset so there is no point where all four levels are directly above each other. M25 (a north–south road at this junction) is offset to the east by approximately 60 metres (200 ft). The junction of the A19 and A66 in Teesside uses a three-level variant, with a 270-degree loop allowing southbound A19 traffic to exit to
459-520: A single point as in a conventional four-level stack. The first four-level stack interchange in Texas was built in Fort Worth at the intersection of I-35W and I-30 (originally I-20) near downtown. This interchange, finished in 1958, was known as "The Pretzel" or the "Mixmaster" by locals. The original contract cost was $ 1,220,000. Improvements to the old Mixmaster over the past 60 years include an upgrade to
510-444: A then-unannounced DreamWorks sequel ( The Bad Guys 2 ) scheduled for 2025. The film will use a "mixed production model", in which pre-production would be done in-house at DreamWorks along with approximately 50% of the asset build and one hour of production, while SPI will handle the other 50% of asset builds and 20 minutes of shot production. During 2009-2010, SPI made transition from traditional biased, multi-pass rendering system to
561-569: Is a six-level stack on the Yan'an East Road Interchange ( Chinese : 延安东路立交 ) in Puxi, Shanghai, with no dedicated HOV/bus/truck lanes. It is six-level stack because it is formed by two elevated highways, Nanbei Elevated Road and Yan'an Elevated Road with service roads and a footbridge underneath. The centrally located interchange has a central pillar known as the Nine-Dragon Pillar ( 九龙柱 ). The story
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#1732851423052612-620: Is also the only true four-level stack in Canada. Highway 407's other proposed four-level stacks at Highway 410 and Highway 404 were reduced to three-level cloverstack interchanges , with loop ramps being built instead of a fourth level of semi-directional ramps. Similarly, the interchange with Highway 427 has four levels but only two semi-directional flyover ramps that cross each other connecting to Highway 427 south of that junction. Two loop ramps link Highway 407 with Highway 427 north of that junction. In Belgium, on
663-503: Is not located near a body of water, most of the city's exports travel through the Port of Durban . The N2 connects Cape Town with Durban and serves the South African cities of Port Elizabeth , East London and George and the towns of Grahamstown , Port Shepstone , Richards Bay and the iSimangaliso Wetland Park . Two busy roads intersect at the junction. A four-level stack interchange
714-566: Is that after several construction accidents, a monk suggested the nine-dragon be welcomed with a bas relief sculpture depicting the dragon. An unusual six-level stack is located at the junction between Interstate 35E and I-635 in Dallas, Texas , and does not contain any service or frontage roads. The interchange features two levels of highway with the top three levels consisting of direct connection ramps and HOV connectors. A single ramp leading from I-635 westbound to I-35E southbound weaves underneath
765-715: The Brussels Ring there are two four-level stack interchanges: The Grand-Bigard and Machelen interchange (only partly in use). In Germany, there is one, the Wetzlarer Kreuz . In Greece, there is also one four stack interchange near Metamorfosi , which connects the A1 and A6 (Attiki Odos) motorways. In the Netherlands there is currently one four-level stack interchange: the Prins Clausplein near The Hague . It forms
816-659: The Harbor Freeway Metro station which jointly serves the Metro C Line light rail and Harbor Transitway bus corridor , which travel down the medians of I-105 and I-110, respectively. As described in a 1989 Los Angeles Times article, the interchange, connecting the existing I-110 with the new I-105 (then called the Century Freeway), was designed to be "biggest, tallest, most costly traffic structure yet built by California Department of Transportation" and "the first time
867-658: The Harbor Transitway , and the Harbor Freeway station for the C Line and the Transitway, all of which contribute to the towering, imposing structure for which the interchange is known. The interchange is over 130 feet high. Opened with Interstate 105 in 1993, the interchange is named after Harry Pregerson , a longtime federal judge who presided over the lawsuit concerning the I-105 freeway's construction. Motorists entering
918-916: The Sony Pictures Studios lot in Culver City, California . SPI is a unit of Sony Pictures Entertainment 's Motion Picture Group . The company has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with Oscars for their work on Spider-Man 2 and the animated short film The ChubbChubbs! , and received many other nominations for their work. SPI has provided visual effects for many films; most recent include The Meg , Men in Black: International , and Spider-Man: Far From Home . They also provided services for several of director Robert Zemeckis ' films, including Contact , Cast Away , The Polar Express , and Beowulf . Since
969-567: The I-110 HOT lanes do not have direct HOV connectors to I-105 and may only continue northbound. HOV/HOT drivers wishing to connect to a direction of travel for which there is no direct left-side connector must exit the HOV/HOT lane at a designated entry/exit point before the interchange and use the mainline connectors, as is typical for HOV lanes in Southern California. The interchange also houses
1020-572: The I-635 eastbound bridge, making the interchange six levels. The interchange between I-35E and the Sam Rayburn Tollway in Lewisville, Texas , although similar in design to five-level stacks elsewhere in Texas, also qualifies as a six-level stack, since the ramp connecting the eastbound Sam Rayburn Tollway with northbound I-35E goes over the fifth-level ramps connecting I-35E in both directions with
1071-427: The I‑291 right-of-way and some sections of the abandoned interchange. Several ramps still remain unused, including abandoned roadbed for I-291 both north and south of the complex. Four-level stacks are used for the interchanges between: Another well-known stack interchange lies west of Baltimore, Maryland , serving as the junction between I-695 and I-70 . It was originally built for a planned extension of I‑70 into
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#17328514230521122-466: The Moon for Netflix and Pearl Studio , and The Sea Beast for Netflix Animation . Sony Pictures Imageworks was formed in 1992 with five employees to use computers to help plan complicated scenes for live-action films. Located in the former TriStar building, their first work was a previsualization for the 1993 film Striking Distance . To fill the gaps between VFX jobs, SPI decided to partake in
1173-646: The Nanjing's Yingtian Street Elevated has one each where it intersects the Inner Ring Road twice. Sometimes a fifth level is added for HOV connectors. An example of this exists in Los Angeles, California , at the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange . The connector from HOV southbound 110 to HOV westbound 105 can be at the same level as the connector from mixed eastbound 105 to mixed northbound 110, but
1224-584: The Sam Rayburn Tollway. The ramp connecting the westbound Sam Rayburn Tollway with southbound I-35E is on the fourth level of the interchange, going under the fifth-level ramps connecting both directions of I-35E with the Sam Rayburn Tollway. Sony Pictures Imageworks Sony Pictures Imageworks Inc. is a visual effects and computer animation studio headquartered in Vancouver , British Columbia and Montreal , Quebec , with an additional office on
1275-476: The beginning of 2014, as part of Sony's cost-cutting move, SPI transferred a portion of its technology team from its headquarters in Culver City to Vancouver. By May 2014, entire headquarters and production had been moved to Vancouver, with only a small office remaining in Culver City. At the same time, SPI closed down its Indian studio, laying off around 100 employees. A year later, over 700 artists moved into
1326-503: The beltway's northwest quadrant. The newly reconstructed interchange of I-610 and I-69, with the new I‑610 northbound feeder road built underground and the new I-610 southbound feeder road overpass, is also a five-level stack interchange. Though not a Texas-style stack in the above sense, an unusual stack is nonetheless found in Houston that features more than four levels of traffic but whose fifth level exists in only one direction. In 2011,
1377-404: The bus jumped over is the directional ramp from I-105 WB to I-110 NB (not the fifth level HOV ramp from I-110 SB to I-105 WB as commonly believed), and as the flyover was already constructed, a gap was added in the editing process using computer-generated imagery with the help of Sony Pictures Imageworks . A 2009 episode of Mythbusters attempted to recreate the bus jump as proposed, including
1428-649: The city. Due to strong opposition, I‑70 ends at a park and ride three miles (4.8 km) east. As a result, the road east of I‑695 sees little traffic compared to the high volumes to and from the west. Another four-level stack interchange in the Baltimore area is located at the northeastern junction between I-695 and I-95 . The stack was built as part of a massive I-95 reconstruction project that includes high-occupancy toll lanes (HOT lanes), designed to relieve congestion between Baltimore and its northeastern suburbs. The Springfield Interchange , south of Washington, D.C. ,
1479-640: The connector from HOV southbound 110 to HOV eastbound 105 needs to be higher level, since it crosses over the former connector. Another case is where connection to nearby arterials suggests that another level may be useful, thus making the interchange more complicated but easier to use. In the Atlanta area, a side ramp forms the fifth level of the Tom Moreland Interchange , colloquially known as Spaghetti Junction , found in DeKalb County, Georgia . There
1530-549: The eastern end of C-470 and the southern end of E-470 . In Thornton, Colorado , there is another stack serving I-25 and E-470 at its northern end as it continues west as the Northwest Parkway . The initial design of Highway 407 had several four-level stack interchanges planned at junctions with existing 400-series highways , but only one example was built: the interchange at Highway 400 in Vaughan, Ontario , which
1581-739: The foundation of its sister company Sony Pictures Animation in 2002, SPI would go on to animate nearly all of SPA's films, including Open Season , Surf's Up , Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse , and films in the Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs , Smurfs and Hotel Transylvania franchises, in addition to animating films for other studios such as Arthur Christmas for Aardman Animations (co-produced by SPA), Storks and Smallfoot for Warner Animation Group (now known as Warner Bros. Pictures Animation ), The Angry Birds Movie for Rovio Animation and its sequel (co-produced by SPA), Over
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1632-430: The interchange on the freeway trunks from all directions have freedom to exit the interchange in all possible directions of travel (i.e., it is a complete interchange). Nearly all ramps are direct (an inherent advantage of the stack interchange design) and can be driven at near-mainline speeds if not congested; the main exception is the ramp from northbound I-110 to westbound I-105, which is a cloverleaf loop. Traffic using
1683-557: The interchange the fifth level, as US 90 to I-10 westbound merges onto I-10 before crossing I-610. (None of the frontage roads for these highways cross the interchange itself, and thus do not factor into the complexity of the stack.) More than 40 bridges make up the five-level stack interchange known as the Big ;I between I-40 and I-25 in Albuquerque, New Mexico . China is also home to many Texas-style stack interchanges. For example
1734-404: The interchange's design, which sought to improve traffic congestion, safety, and air quality. Shortly before the interchange opened, filmmakers had access to use it for the 1994 motion picture Speed . In one of the movie's best-known scenes, a bus must jump across an unfinished construction gap in an uncompleted elevated freeway-to-freeway ramp while still under construction. The highway section
1785-618: The interchange's left-side connectors between the I-105 carpool (HOV) lanes and the I-110 Metro ExpressLanes ( high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes ) is more restricted. Motorists entering eastbound or westbound on the I-105 HOV lanes may connect to the northbound I-110 HOT lanes. Motorists entering the interchange on the southbound I-110 HOT lanes may connect to either the eastbound or westbound I-105 HOV lanes, while motorists entering northbound on
1836-903: The junction of the A4 and A12. In the United Kingdom there are three four-level stacks: at the junction of the M4 and M25 near Heathrow Airport in London (the Thorney Interchange ), at the junction of the M23 and M25 to the south of London (the Merstham Interchange), and at the junction of the M4 and M5 near Bristol (the Almondsbury Interchange ). The M4/M25 junction is particularly unusual as it also has
1887-701: The middle section have traffic driving on the opposite side of oncoming traffic to usual (see diagram for clarity). The first stack interchange was the Four Level Interchange (renamed the Bill Keene Memorial Interchange), built in Los Angeles , California, and completed in 1949, at the junction of US Route 101 (US 101) and State Route 110 (SR 110). Since then, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) has built eight more four-level stacks throughout
1938-480: The motorist deviates from the intended direction of travel while on the ramp. Direct ramps are shorter and can handle higher traveling speeds than semi-direct. The four-level stack (or simply four-stack ) has one major freeway crossing another freeway with a viaduct, with connector flyover ramps crossing on two further levels. This type of interchange does not usually permit U-turns . The four-level stack creates two "inverse" dual-carriageways —the turn ramps crossing
1989-404: The previously four-level stack interchange between I-610 and I-10 on the city's east side gained a new (though long-planned) level of complexity with the opening of four ramps connecting the new US 90 (Crosby Freeway) to the east, featuring direct movements for the new freeway to and from the southeast quadrant of I-610, to westbound I-10, and from eastbound I-10. It is the latter ramp which gives
2040-418: The state of California , notably the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange , as well as a larger number of three-level and four-level stack– cloverleaf hybrids (where the least-used left-turning ramp is built as a cloverleaf-like 270-degree loop). The stack interchange between I-10 and I-405 is a three-level stack, since the semi-directional ramps are spaced out far enough so they do not need to cross each other at
2091-575: The state's traffic engineers have integrated three modes of transportation--light-rail trains, high-occupancy vehicles and individual cars--into one giant intersection". In 1996, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration recognized the Interstate 105/Interstate 110 interchange with an Award of Merit in the Urban Highways category of its biennial Excellence in Highway Design awards. The award recognized
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2142-457: The state. In 2010, SPI opened a production studio in Vancouver , British Columbia , in order to take advantage of the local talent pool and government film production incentives. Two years later, the studio doubled its Vancouver facilities. At the same time, the Albuquerque studio was closed down due to declining New Mexico's subsidies and difficulty with attracting artists to move there. In
2193-732: The tallest interchange in the world. Others can be found at the interchanges between State Highway 121 (SH 121) and the Dallas North Tollway , SH 121 and I-35E / US 77 , I-30 and I-35W , I-30 and President George Bush Turnpike and others which are technically five levels but do not fit under a Texas-style stack configuration (i.e. the extra level being located away from the central stack or existing in only one direction). The Houston area has seven five-level stack interchanges along Beltway 8 : at I-10 east and west of downtown, I-69 northeast and southwest of downtown, I-45 north and south of downtown, and US 290 in
2244-450: The upgraded interchange opened in October 2018. A four-level stack interchange was chosen to serve the increasing volumes of traffic in the uMhlanga/Mount Edgecombe area. In Texas , many stacks contain five levels. They usually have the same configuration as four-level stacks, but frontage roads add a fifth level. The frontage roads usually intersect with traffic lights and are similar to
2295-536: The various tricks that they knew were used by the filmmakers such as the ramp, and proved that the jump, as in the film, would never have been possible. It is featured in the 2011 movie Samsara . For a full weekend in 2015, the left-side connector ramps between the I-105 HOV lanes and the I-110 HOT ExpressLanes were closed for filming the opening musical number of La La Land . Stack interchange A directional interchange , colloquially known as
2346-602: The westbound A66. The Light Horse Interchange at the junction of the M4 and M7 is a four-level stack interchange in Sydney , New South Wales, Australia. Opened in late 2005, it is the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. The EB Cloete Interchange just outside Durban, South Africa , is another four-level stack interchange. The N3 is the busiest highway in South Africa and a very busy truck route. Because Johannesburg
2397-407: The world was the Four Level Interchange which opened to Los Angeles traffic in 1949. A directional interchange is a grade separated junction between two roads where all turns that require crossing over or under the opposite road's lanes of travel to complete the turn utilize ramps that make a direct or semi-direct connection. The difference between direct and semi-direct connections is how much
2448-498: Was chosen to serve the high volumes of traffic. The Mount Edgecombe Interchange is another four-level stack interchange just outside Durban, South Africa , and is the intersection between the N2 (to Durban and KwaDukuza ) and the M41 (to Mount Edgecombe and uMhlanga ). The interchange which was previously a simple diamond interchange was upgraded to a four-level/four-stack interchange, with
2499-472: Was produced by sister company Sony Pictures Animation . In 2007, SPI acquired Indian visual effects studio FrameFlow to take advantage of lower labor costs. Renamed to Imageworks India, a modern facility was opened in Chennai a year later. To leverage New Mexico's tax rebates and talent base, a satellite production facility was opened in 2007 in Albuquerque , becoming the largest post-production operation in
2550-566: Was rebuilt into a four-level stack to accommodate I-95 's transition from the Capital Beltway to its own alignment further south into Virginia. This was necessitated by the inadequacy of the original configuration that was caused by the rerouting of I-95 onto the Beltway after its cancellation within Washington and points north. In Lone Tree, Colorado , there is a four-level stack serving I-25 ,
2601-508: Was used on projects such as Monster House , Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs , 2012 , Alice in Wonderland , The Smurfs , Arthur Christmas and is being used on all upcoming SPI's films. Sony Pictures Imageworks has provided visual effects and digital animation for the following films: In an article published by Vulture in June 2023, several animators quit Spider-Man: Across
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