Cannel coal or candle coal is a type of bituminous coal , also classified as terrestrial type oil shale . Due to its physical morphology and low mineral content cannel coal is considered to be coal but by its texture and composition of the organic matter it is considered to be oil shale. Although historically the term cannel coal has been used interchangeably with boghead coal , a more recent classification system restricts cannel coal to terrestrial origin, and boghead coal to lacustrine environments.
32-466: Cannel coal is brown to black oil shale. It comes from resins, spores, waxes, and cutaneous and corky materials of terrestrial vascular plants, in part from Lycopsid (scale tree). Cannel coal was accumulated in ponds and shallow lakes in peat -forming swamps and bogs of the Carboniferous age under oxygen-deficient conditions. Thus cannel coal seams are shallow and often found above other deposits, while
64-565: A Quaker. Edward had cordial relations with Stephenson and his son Robert for the rest of his life. He died of heart failure in Darlington on 31 July 1858 and was buried in the Quaker burial-ground in Skinnergate. Samuel Smiles described Pease as "a thoughtful and sagacious man, ready in resources, possessed of indomitable energy and perseverance." An edition of his diaries appeared in 1907. There
96-497: A special cavity in the pedestal were laid many items as a time capsule, and a cannel coal box made by a driver of the locomotive, Robert Murray, as a tribute to Edward Pease (often known as the "Father of the Railways"). Lycopodiophyta The lycophytes , when broadly circumscribed , are a group of vascular plants that include the clubmosses . They are sometimes placed in a division Lycopodiophyta or Lycophyta or in
128-413: A specially high price for gas-making. Cannel coal was used as a major feedstock for the historical manufactured gas industry , as the gas produced from it was valuable for lighting due to the luminosity of the flame it produced. Cannel gas was widely used for domestic lighting throughout the 19th century before the invention of the incandescent gas mantle by Carl Auer von Welsbach in the 1880s. Following
160-536: A subdivision Lycopodiophytina . They are one of the oldest lineages of extant (living) vascular plants; the group contains extinct plants that have been dated from the Silurian (ca. 425 million years ago). Lycophytes were some of the dominating plant species of the Carboniferous period, and included the tree-like Lepidodendrales , some of which grew over 40 metres (130 ft) in height, although extant lycophytes are relatively small plants. The scientific names and
192-647: Is a statue of Joseph Pease in the centre of Darlington. Locomotion No 1, the first engine to haul passengers by steam on a public railway, used to stand in Darlington Bank Top railway station as a monument to Edward Pease and the Stockton and Darlington Railway, but was later moved to North Road station , and again to the National Railway Museum branch in Shildon , County Durham, the former operating base of
224-540: The Drake Oil Well in 1859, made petroleum a cheaper raw material for making kerosene and drove the American oil shale industry out of business. In June 1857, a large gathering to celebrate the laying of a foundation stone of a pedestal on which to raise the retired Locomotion No 1 outside the Stockton and Darlington Railway Station (now North Road Station and Darlington Railway Museum - Head of Steam ) witnessed that inside
256-456: The Lepidodendrales , were tree-like, and formed extensive forests that dominated the landscape and contributed to the formation of coal . In the broadest circumscription of the lycophytes, the group includes the extinct zosterophylls as well as the extant (living) lycophytes and their closest extinct relatives. The names and ranks used for this group vary considerably. Some sources use
288-537: The Zosterophyllopsida by the possession of microphylls . Some zosterophylls, such as the Devonian Zosterophyllum myretonianum , had smooth stems (axes). Others, such as Sawdonia ornata , had flap-like extensions on the stems ("enations"), but without any vascular tissue. Asteroxylon , identified as an early lycopodiopsid, had vascular traces that extended to the base of the enations. Species in
320-569: The exinite group, and certain inorganic materials. Cannel coal has been used as jewellery since the neolithic, with pieces appearing in Scotland (often alongside jet ) dating from the centuries before 3500BC. In England a member of the Bradshaigh family discovered a plentiful shallow seam of smooth, hard, cannel coal on his estate, in Haigh , Lancashire in the 16th century. The shallow depth at which it
352-476: The lathe and polished. In the Durham coalfield and elsewhere carving cannel coal into ornaments was a popular pastime amongst the miners. The excess of hydrogen in a coal, above the amount necessary to combine with its oxygen to form water, is known as disposable hydrogen, and is a measure of the fitness of the coal for use in the manufacture of coal gas . Such coal, although of very small value as fuel, commands
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#1732859397550384-419: The "zosterophylls" comprise a paraphyletic group, ranging from forms like Hicklingia , which had bare stems, to forms like Sawdonia and Nothia , whose stems are covered with unvascularized spines or enations. The genus Renalia illustrates the problems in classifying early land plants. It has characteristics both of the non-lycophyte rhyniophytes – terminal rather than lateral sporangia – and of
416-530: The Railways". Pease was born on 31 May 1767 as the eldest son of the Darlington woollen manufacturer Joseph Pease (1737–1808) and his wife, Mary Richardson. The family were prominent Quakers : his brother Joseph Pease (1772–1846) was a founder of the Peace Society in 1817 and involved in the second, 1839 Anti-Slavery Society , for which he wrote tracts. Edward boarded at a school in Leeds run by Joseph Tatham
448-522: The S&;DR, despite an extensive campaign organised by Darlington-born sympathisers who collected a 7,000-strong petition from signatories around the world (including members of the House of Lords and celebrities such as Sir Michael Palin) to stop the move. Due to various railway company takeovers, amalgamations or buyouts over the years, the obscurity of ownership was used to justify the bitterly resented relocation. On
480-487: The coal itself, being rich in oils, burns long, with a bright yellow flame and little ash. The modern Lycopodiopsida relatives of these lycopsids ( scale trees ), with their similar high oil content, high surface area spores, are the source of highly flammable lycopodium powder . Cannel coal is also lower in fixed carbon than typical bituminous coal. It includes various amounts of vitrinite and inertinite . Analytically, cannel coal consists of micrinite , and maceral of
512-488: The elder, and then joined his father's woollen business at the age of 15. On 30 November 1796, he married a fellow Quaker, Rachel (died 1833), daughter of John Whitwell, of Kendal . They had five sons and three daughters. In 1809, Pease became involved (like his grandfather before him) in longstanding aspirations to improve navigability on the lower Tees , so that County Durham collieries could compete more effectively with those of Tyneside to supply coal to London . This
544-513: The extant lycophytes and their closest extinct relatives. The consensus classification produced by the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification in 2016 (PPG I) places all extant (living) lycophytes in the class Lycopodiopsida . There are around 1,290 to 1,340 such species. For more information on the classification of extant lycophytes, see Lycopodiopsida § Classification . A major cladistic study of land plants
576-451: The genus Leclercqia had fully vascularized microphylls. These are considered to be stages in the evolution of microphylls. Edward Pease (railway pioneer) Edward Pease (31 May 1767 – 31 July 1858), a woollen manufacturer from Darlington , England, was the main promoter of the Stockton and Darlington Railway , which opened in 1825. He is sometimes referred to as the "Father of
608-487: The informal English names used for this group of plants are ambiguous. For example, "Lycopodiophyta" and the shorter "Lycophyta" as well as the informal "lycophyte" may be used to include the extinct zosterophylls or to exclude them. Lycophytes reproduce by spores and have alternation of generations in which (like other vascular plants) the sporophyte generation is dominant. Some lycophytes are homosporous while others are heterosporous . When broadly circumscribed ,
640-414: The introduction of the gas mantle, cannel coal lost favour as a manufactured gas feedstock as the gas mantle could produce large quantities of light without regard for the flame luminosity of the gas burnt. On October 17, 1850, James Young , of Glasgow , Scotland, patented a method for the extraction of paraffin (kerosene) from torbanite , a very pure cannel coal. It was widely used from 1850 to 1860 in
672-469: The lycophytes represent a line of evolution distinct from that leading to all other vascular plants , the euphyllophytes , such as ferns , gymnosperms and flowering plants . They are defined by two synapomorphies : lateral rather than terminal sporangia (often kidney-shaped or reniform), and exarch protosteles , in which the protoxylem is outside the metaxylem rather than vice versa. The extinct zosterophylls have at most only flap-like extensions of
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#1732859397550704-562: The manufacture of coal oil , which today would be called shale oil. The principal consumer product was the illuminating oil kerosene. In 1860, there were 55 companies in the United States making coal oil from cannel coal, most of them near the cannel coal mines, in New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, and western Virginia (now West Virginia). The discovery of petroleum deposits in the US, starting with
736-421: The names "Lycopodiophyta" or the shorter "Lycophyta" to include zosterophylls as well as extant lycophytes and their closest extinct relatives, while others use these names to exclude zosterophylls. The name "Lycopodiophytina" has also been used in the inclusive sense. English names, such as "lycophyte", "lycopodiophyte" or "lycopod", are similarly ambiguous, and may refer to the broadly defined group or only to
768-410: The project and the line opened on 27 September 1825. The company initially provided only the track, which was hired out to whoever wished to run a train hauled either by horses or by steam. The transition to standard railway management was gradual, spurred on by frequent disputes between drivers about right of way and by the dangers of the higher speeds of steam locomotives. In 1829 Pease retired from
800-701: The railway, whose running was taken over by his second son Joseph Pease . Joseph, like his uncle and namesake, was prominent in the anti-slavery movement and in prison reform. In 1832 he became the first Quaker to sit in Parliament. Edward Pease had extensive connections among the Quaker banking community, which helped considerably in promoting the railway. He also invested strongly in 1823 in Stephenson's new company for building locomotives in Newcastle upon Tyne . He retired from business in 1833, but not from religious life as
832-455: The same group as the extant orders. Different sources use varying numbers and names of the extinct orders. The following phylogram shows a likely relationship between some of the proposed Lycopodiopsida orders. Lycopodiales † Drepanophycales Selaginellales † Lepidodendrales † Pleuromeiales Isoetales Within the broadly defined lycophyte group, species placed in the class Lycopodiopsida are distinguished from species placed in
864-556: The stem ("enations") rather than leaves, whereas extant lycophyte species have microphylls , leaves that have only a single vascular trace (vein), rather than the much more complex megaphylls of other vascular plants. The extinct genus Asteroxylon represents a transition between these two groups: it has a vascular trace leaving the central protostele, but this extends only to the base of the enation. See § Evolution of microphylls . Zosterophylls and extant lycophytes are all relatively small plants, but some extinct species, such as
896-408: The time as "a man of weight, of prudence, of keen commercial instincts", was charged with showing that steam would be a sound investment, and his young son Joseph drew up the company prospectus. The scheme was approved by Parliament in 1821. Robert Stephenson and Company was founded in Newcastle in 1823 to manufacture locomotives, with Pease as one of the principals. Stephenson was put in charge of
928-608: The zosterophylls – kidney-shaped sporangia opening along the distal margin. A rather different view is presented in a 2013 analysis by Hao and Xue. Their preferred cladogram shows the zosterophylls and associated genera basal to both the lycopodiopsids and the euphyllophytes, so that there is no clade corresponding to the broadly defined group of lycophytes used by other authors. basal groups Adoketophyton Zosterophyllopsida Lycopsida basal groups Yunia , Dibracophyton euphyllophytes Some extinct orders of lycophytes fall into
960-440: Was abandoned in favour of a railway. Meanwhile, Pease introduced into the scheme the steam engine maker George Stephenson , and an initial act of Parliament for a horse-drawn railway was immediately superseded by one for a steam-hauled line. Also prominent was a cousin of his, the Darlington banker Jonathan Backhouse , and in promoting steam, Nicholas Wood , the engineer and manager of Killingworth Colliery. Pease, described at
992-467: Was found meant it was suitable for the simple surface mining methods available at that time. It could be worked and carved, and was prized for fireplaces as an excellent fuel that burned with a bright flame, was easily lit, and left virtually no ash. Cannel coal commanded a premium price as a grate fuel for use in home fireplaces. It burned longer than wood, and had a clean, bright flame. It is more compact and duller than ordinary coal , and can be worked in
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1024-1004: Was published in 1997 by Kenrick and Crane. In 2004, Crane et al. published some simplified cladograms , based on a number of figures in Kenrick and Crane (1997). Their cladogram for the lycophytes is reproduced below (with some branches collapsed into 'basal groups' to reduce the size of the diagram). Cooksonia cambrensis, Renalia , Sartilmania , Uskiella , Yunia † Hicklingia Adoketophyton , Discalis , Distichophytum (= Rebuchia ), Gumuia , Huia , Zosterophyllum myretonianum , Z. llanoveranum, Z. fertile Zosterophyllum divaricatum , Tarella , Oricilla , Gosslingia , Hsua , Thrinkophyton , Protobarinophyton , Barinophyton obscurum , B. citrulliforme , Sawdonia , Deheubarthia , Konioria , Anisophyton , Serrulacaulis , Crenaticaulis Nothia , Zosterophyllum deciduum extant and extinct members In this view,
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