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58-702: About a kilometre long, it runs from the Old Port of Marseille to the Réformés quarter. It has been called the Champs-Élysées of Marseille . The name 'Canebière' ('Canabiera' in Provençal dialect ) comes from the word Cannabis in Latin , as the area around the Old Port were originally hemp fields and Marseille was one of the world's largest trader of hemp baskets and ropes from

116-450: A "weapons manufacturing" area. This military enclave was located on the south bank of the Lacydon, at Plan Fourmiguier (from today's Quai des Belges to the former careening basin). In 1296, Charles II of Naples , then later Charles VIII (1495) and finally Louis XIV , through Colbert (second half of the 17th century), successively rebuilt or redeveloped the arsenal, to accommodate and arm

174-494: A Provençal gentleman, Gaspard de Simiane, sieur de la Coste, knight of Malta , renowned for his piety and charity, and the bishop of Marseille, Jean-Baptiste Gault  [ fr ] . They approached the Duchess of Aiguillon , niece of Cardinal Richelieu , who financed the project. The king offered the land occupied by four tercenaux dating back to the time of Charles VIII, and undertook, under letters patent of July 1646, to cover

232-580: A certain Pierre Puget as contractor, often confused with his famous cousin, the sculptor Pierre Puget . After a new series of expropriations, the galleys' arsenal, which now extended as far as rue du Fort-Notre-Dame, was completed. The people of Marseilles once again lost their shipbuilding yard, which had to be transferred further west to the Miséricorde site. A project was drawn up by Antoine Niquet, Chief Engineer for Fortifications, and accepted in 1685 by

290-492: A certain degree of peace of mind, on condition that he treated only dropsy. He left La Magnanime on February 15, 1716 and moved on to La Fleur-de-Lys , retiring in 1718 at the age of 55. He was recalled on August 10, 1720, during the terrible plague epidemic in Marseille. His letters mention a balm he had developed against furunculosis and plague . Unfortunately, this balm did not prevent Maître Antoine Moulinneuf from dying of

348-577: A record 42 galleys were built in the port of Marseille. Shortly after the king's death and the end of the wars, the decline resumed, and by 1561 only 13 galleys remained, between those sent for reform and those given to the powerful. Galleys were fragile, high-maintenance vessels. It was more economical for the King to lease them to owners, such as the Valbelle family , captain of the Galleys from father to son. In 1578,

406-509: A result of this incident. Moreover, on 28 October 1938, the Nouvelles Galeries store was destroyed by fire, killing 75. The tragedy led to the reorganisation of Marseille's firefighters battalion, and the mayor, Henri Tasso , was dismissed. The avenue fell in disarray after the French colonial empire came to an end by the 1960s. In recent years, it has been refurbished. The new Line T2 of

464-530: A revolt against their governor by the citizens of Marseille, Louis XIV ordered the erection of the forts of St Jean and St Nicolas at the entrance to the harbour and established an arsenal and fleet in the Old Port itself. The notorious arsenal des galères was situated on the left side of the Old Port between the Cours Jean-Balard and the Cours Estienne-d'Orves: those condemned to be galley slaves in

522-558: A special admiralty in Provence and, at the request of his seneschal of Provence, the city of Marseille granted him the shipyards of Plan Fourmiguier, an area at the far end of the Vieux-Port, on the site of today's Quai des Belges. The new admiral was Richard de Lamanon, keeper of Marseille's arsenal and galleys. The Admiral of Provence was responsible for appointing the captains of the galleys and exercising civil and criminal authority over all

580-526: Is a former military arsenal located in Marseille , France . It was built by Colbert in the second half of the 17th century to house and arm King Louis XIV 's galleys , but was only fully operational for less than a hundred years, galleys rapidly losing their role in naval warfare to ships. Until 1748, the Arsenal housed convicts sentenced to forced labor. It was located on the eastern and southern shores of

638-505: Is best known through the abundant correspondence he preserved. Fatherless from an early age, a surgeon-major had him embark with him "as surgeon" on the Hasardeux, Mr. Colbert de Saint-Mars's vessel, during the campaigns of Cape Vert et La Mérique and Algiers (1683). On March 12, 1685, after being examined by two surgeons, he was appointed surgeon on the Renommée galley. In 1690, he moved to

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696-573: Is today the Grand Port Maritime de Marseille : continuous harbour installations as far as L'Estaque and the southern entrance to the Rove Tunnel , and "satellite" extensions around Fos-sur-Mer and along the shore of the Étang de Berre . The Old Port is used today as a marina , as a terminal for local boat trips, and hosts a local fish market. In 2013, for the European Capital of Culture ,

754-590: The Bernardines garden. Construction of the new arsenal kept Nicolas Arnoul busy for four years (1665-1669). The work was carried out under the direction of Gaspard Puget, brother of Pierre Puget , who was working in Genoa at the time. Colbert came to Marseille in June 1669, just as the work was nearing completion. As soon as the first works were commissioned, Arnoul realized the inadequacy of this project and planned to extend

812-666: The Eiffel Tower in Paris . This became known as the " Battle of Marseille ". In 1948 Fernand Pouillon was put in charge of the reconstruction of the devastated old quarter. When, beginning in the 1840s, new harbour moles, quays and the Docks were built along the coast of the La Joliette quarter to the north-west, many port activities were moved out of the Old Port. Over time, new harbour installations were built further north-west, resulting in what

870-511: The King of Aragon 's fleet. The Provençal fleet was commanded by an admiral, such as Barthélemy Bonvin  [ fr ] , who also served under Charles II of Naples or Guillaume Cornut  [ fr ] (or Cornuti), killed at the naval battle of Malta on July 8, 1283. He was independent of the Admiral of Sicily , and acted under the direct orders of the King. In 1296, Charles II created

928-714: The Kingdom of Naples . He had a new arsenal with six terracenals built in the southeast corner of the port. In August 1488, he wrote to promote the construction of several galleys in Provençal shipyards. In 1494, as Charles VIII sailed overland to southern Italy, a Provençal fleet of six galleys joined him in Naples. In 1512, Louis XII ordered the construction of twelve additional tercenals, of which six were built. The arsenal of Charles VIII and Louis XII fell into disrepair, as shown by Jean Roulx's report on his installation in 1570 as keeper of

986-560: The Marquis of Seignelay , son of Colbert . Demolition began the same year. Construction work, entrusted to André Boyer, architect of the Bâtiments du Roi, continued from 1686 to 1690, with the section built in 1665-1669 being known as the "old park" ( fr : vieux parc ). The Arsenal complex was then shaped like a capital L, with the horizontal bar representing the Quai des Belges and the vertical bar

1044-487: The Old Port , and although almost nothing remains of it today, its location still marks the city's urban planning. In Roman times , Marseille already had an arsenal of galleys. In his war against Caesar , Pompey sent seven galleys to Marseille as reinforcements, to attack Caesar's fleet of 17 galleys, 11 of which were decked. The Marseille arsenal was home to 10 galleys, several of which were on deck. The arsenal also housed

1102-566: The Teignmouth landing on August 5. Taking his profession to heart, he overstepped the boundaries of his surgeon's status and "did" medicine, proposing a remedy for dropsy - the term used to describe generalized oedema at the time. But the faculty complained to the Intendant Général des Galères, who dismissed him despite the fact that he had been serving for 10 years on the Renommée , with glowing service records mentioned by his captain. He

1160-553: The Tramway de Marseille runs along La Canebière between Rue de Rome/Cours Belsunce and Réformés. Noailles (M2) and Vieux-Port (M1) metro stations are located along the street. On 8 May 2017, the city of Marseille organized the "Bal Patriotique" (English: "Patriotic Ball") on the Canebière to commemorate the anniversary of the Liberation of France which occurred on 8 May 1945. A similar ball

1218-555: The Écarlate , was sold for demolition, while the other, the Ferme , was repaired and sent to Toulon. The latter, the last existing galley, was demolished in 1814. Galleys, direct heirs to the Roman triremes , typically Mediterranean military craft, used the chiourme , a group of some 260 rowers, for propulsion. The chiourme , a group of rowers, is made up of 3 categories of people: Around 1700, there were an estimated 20,000 people working in

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1276-475: The Église Saint-Vincent-de-Paul (also known as the Église des Réformés). During the French Third Republic , it became a haven for high society, with many cafés, luxury hotels and boutiques, and music hall performances. However, it was marred by the assassination of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia on the avenue on 9 October 1934. That day, French foreign minister Louis Barthou was fatally wounded as

1334-466: The "king's galleys" - from Naples or France. Marseille was an important French war port on the Mediterranean Sea . The galley arsenal was occupied on a discontinuous basis. In its last period, it was operational for less than a hundred years, when Louis XV abolished the galleys (September 27, 1748), which had lost their role in naval warfare to ships in the early eighteenth century. Until 1748,

1392-708: The 1910s), its location still marks the city's urban planning . Dating from the mid-sixteenth century, Stolonomie , the oldest known treatise on galleys, deploys a nautical vocabulary specific to the ports of Marseille and Toulon. No trace has yet been found of the arsenal dating back to Roman times. At the end of the 13th century, the Counts of Provence , kings of Naples, created a war port in Marseille. Charles I d'Anjou established an arsenal where galleys were built. These were actually tercenaux, i.e. sheds where masts , ropes, sails , pulleys , oars and artillery were stored. Some forty galleys took part in battles against

1450-738: The Atlantic coast and embarked on the Heureuse , under the command of Captain Chevalier de Blicourt-Tincourt, but the squadron took 35 days to reach Cherbourg, arriving too late to take part in the battle that Tourville won over the Anglo-Dutch on July 7, at the naval battle of Béveziers, which pitted a French fleet against an Anglo-Dutch fleet on July 7, 1690 during the War of the League of Augsburg . However, he did take part in

1508-518: The Galères back from Toulon and then began by choosing a site for the arsenal. Contrary to Colbert's orders, who wanted an entirely unused site to be found, he annexed the site on the Fourmiguier plan (currently from the Quai des Belges to the careening basin), where Marseille's merchant ships were built, and presented the aldermen with a plan to build a new arsenal. The municipal shipyard was transferred to

1566-732: The Grand Prieur Henri d'Angoulême was able to state in his remonstrances that, of the 18 galleys stationed in Marseille and Toulon , only a couple were fit for sea. Under Henri IV , the decline continued due to a lack of funding, so much so that when the king married Marie de Medici , foreign galleys belonging to the Pope , the Duke of Tuscany and the Knights Hospitaller brought the princess to Marseille on November 3, 1600. As soon as he came to power, Richelieu relaunched galley construction. At

1624-500: The Marseille arsenal. In 1536, under the reign of Francis I , Marseille had 23 galleys in its port. In September 1533, Catherine de Medici made the journey from Florence (more precisely, from the port of Ostia ) to Marseille on the galley of the pope, her uncle Clement VII , to marry the Dauphin, the future Henri II . The peak in the number of galleys was reached during his reign, as he attached great importance to naval power. In 1548,

1682-517: The Middle Ages until the 1930s, when other fibers were used instead. The avenue was built in 1666, when King Louis XIV of France decided to expand the city of Marseille. At the end of the eighteenth century, as the Grand Arsenal shipbuilding dock was demolished, the avenue was extended down to the Old Port and elegant buildings were built. Only as late as 1928 was it extended from the Old Port to

1740-518: The Old Port was largely pedestrianized. It has been renovated as a large public square following an international competition won by Michel Desvigne Paysagistes, with Foster and Partners . The project is also to have a second phase with parks to be built around the port in 2020 for a sum of €64 million. 43°17′41″N 5°22′15″E  /  43.29472°N 5.37083°E  / 43.29472; 5.37083 Arsenal des gal%C3%A8res The Arsenal des Galères (lit. French for Galleys Arsenal )

1798-597: The Quai de Rive-Neuve. It encompassed the land now bounded by the Augustins church, the Palais de la Bourse , Place du Général de Gaulle, Rue Paradis, Rue Sainte and Rue du Fort Notre-Dame. The former Arsenal's horseshoe-shaped entrance is located on Quai des Belges. Opposite this entrance gate stands a large pavilion topped by a clock and placed in the axis of the rue Pavillon to which it gave its name. This former arsenal also housed two galley-building docks , as well as stores for

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1856-580: The arsenal beyond the southeast corner of the port, along the Quai de Rive-Neuve, by expropriating the Capuchin convent. Arnoul became embroiled in an acute conflict with the aldermen, supported by the Duke of Mercœur . In 1673, thanks to the intervention of the Bishop of Marseille, Toussaint de Forbin-Janson , the Capuchin convent, which adjoined the convict hospital, was acquired. The new works lasted until 1679, with

1914-471: The arsenal housed convicts sentenced to forced labour , the galley slaves. It was located to the east and south of the Old Port , and although almost nothing remains of it today (the Capitainerie, and an old discotheque from the 1960s, the "Arsenal des Galères", allowed visitors to observe the cells carved out of the rock of Notre-Dame de la Garde hill, and the access channel and galley basin were filled in in

1972-419: The arsenal, including 12,000 galley slaves, 5,000 sailors and soldiers, 1,200 officers and non-commissioned officers, including 200 officiers d'épée (lit. French for sword officer) and 200 officiers de plume (lit. French for pen officer). There were also 300 master builders and journeymen hired on a year-round basis, plus 2,000 to 2,500 irregular seasonal workers and laborers employed to build and maintain

2030-519: The banners and cannon shots". In 1680, the latter, wife of François Adhémar de Monteil , count of Grignan, lieutenant general of the king in Provence, was, as the Mercure Galant recounts, in Marseille, "went to the château d'If on the Réale that Vivonne , general of the Galleys, had armed and was greeted by twenty-six galleys". The decline that began in the early eighteenth century was inexorable. At

2088-415: The beginning of 1624, the galleys were transferred from Marseille to Toulon, to better fight the barbary pirates threatening the Îles d'Hyères . After a brief return to Marseille, the galleys moved back to Toulon as a plague epidemic ravaged Marseille in 1649. Shortly before the galleys were transferred from Marseille to Toulon, a prisoners' hospital was opened. It was set up in 1646 on the initiative of

2146-559: The century; much deeper docks had to be constructed at La Joliette . In World War II the Old Port was left in complete ruins. According to eye-witness accounts, in January 1943, the Nazis , aided by the French police, dynamited much of the historic old town and demolished the gigantic aerial ferry or "transbordeur", an engineering tour de force that had become a major landmark of Marseille, comparable to

2204-498: The command of the galley general himself, Jean Philippe d'Orléans , legitimate bastard son of the Regent . The general died the following year at the age of 46, and only two months later, Louis XV signed the ordinance of November 27, 1748, merging all galley personnel into the royal navy. By 1779, only two galleys remained in Marseille and four in Toulon. Of the two Marseilles galleys, one,

2262-670: The end of the War of the Spanish Succession , the French galleys were no longer in use, and Pierre Arnoul , intendant of the Marseille galleys from 1710 to 1719 and son of Nicolas Arnoul  [ fr ] , wrote that he had the grass in the arsenal pulled up for lack of passage, and that he had revived the activity of the workers, having a galley completed and organizing a major tidying-up. From 1719 to 1738, some 15 galleys were built, of which only 6 to 8 were operational. The last galley campaign took place from June 15 to August 7, 1747, under

2320-446: The financial crisis, was not replaced. But thanks to the support of a number of important figures in the dropsy field, Moulinneuf was reinstated on La Magnanime on July 28, 1701. He joined his ship in Cadiz , where the galley squadron stayed for two years (1702-1703), built up a good Spanish clientele and returned to Marseille. He was seconded to La Guerrière for the 1704 campaign, but as

2378-499: The galleys went out less and less, his time was over. On land, he became a specialist in dropsy, despite a new outcry from local doctors after the death of another patient, captain of a galley in the port. On November 9, 1711, he had the attestation given by Fagon, the First physician to the king , and all his captains' eulogistic certificates registered with the Parliament of Aix , and enjoyed

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2436-460: The galleys' oars , ropes and rigging . To the north was the galley hospital, a lumber yard, the steward's quarters and the king's garden, containing rare plants and cages of exotic animals. This sumptuous steward's residence became known as the King's House. Between the latter and the timber courtyard stood a building with stores on the first floor and the famous arms room on the second floor. The latter, housing 10,000 muskets and as many sabres ,

2494-600: The land at the far end of the port was used to cultivate hemp for the local manufacture of rope for mariners, which is the origin of the name of the main thoroughfare of Marseille, the Canebière . The great St. Victor's Abbey was gradually built between the third and ninth centuries on the hills to the south of the Old Port, on the site of a Hellenic burial ground. Between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries, quays were constructed under Louis XII and Louis XIII and an important shipyard for galleons put in place. Following

2552-408: The main popular place in Marseille. It became mainly pedestrian in 2013. In 600 BC, Greek settlers from Phocaea landed in the Lacydon, a rocky Mediterranean cove, now the site of the Old Port of Marseille. They set up a trading post or emporion in the hills on the northern shore. Until the nineteenth century the Old Port remained the centre of maritime activity in Marseille. In the Middle Ages

2610-508: The men in the fleet. This organization continued until the end of Charles II's reign. The city of Marseille struggled to regain the use of the Fourmiguier plan. This was achieved in 1320, when the fustiers ( carpenters ) resumed their activity on the site. King Robert the Wise ordered the creation of new tercenaux to the east of the Rive-Neuve quay for the manufacture of galleys, in order to continue

2668-574: The most powerful fleet in Europe. In 1688, Louis XIV had a medal engraved with the motto Assertum maris mediterranei imperium (in Latin ) ("Mastery of the Mediterranean Sea is assured"). Although the Galleys no longer had any real role in the navy of the time, they were still a mark of prestige. In 1673, Madame de Sévigné described to her daughter, the Countess of Grignan , " La Réale , working, and

2726-626: The operating costs of this royal hospital for convicts. The hospital was located in the southeast corner of the port, on the Quai de Rive-Neuve, near the present-day Cours Jean-Ballard  [ fr ] . It had 175 double beds. Its staff included a doctor, a surgeon, six apothecary boys and five nurses. Management of the hospital was entrusted to four administrators. The first administrators were Henri d'Armand, Treasurer of France, Pierre de Bausset, Lord of Roquefort, Gaspard de Simiane de la Coste, Knight of Malta, and Charles Moulas, Esquire. Two new administrators were appointed each year. The hospital

2784-548: The plague a month later, on September 15, 1720. When Louis XIV came to Marseille in 1660, the port was no longer home to a war fleet. Indeed, the galleys were languishing in Toulon, where only six capable of taking to sea and 1,655 men of the chiourme remained. The King wanted a fleet that would surpass those of Spain and the Italian powers. However, the presence of such a fleet demanded sufficient infrastructure to accommodate, maintain and supply it. On April 10, 1665, Nicolas Arnoul

2842-663: The reconquest of Sicily, lost after the Sicilian Vespers . King Charles IV of France , planning a new crusade , had galleys built in Marseille, probably on the tercenaux belonging to his cousin King Robert. These buildings were abandoned in the middle of the 14th century. Following the union of Provence with the Kingdom of France, and the death of Charles III of Provence , the last Count of Provence, on December 11, 1481, Charles VIII , King of France, wanted to assert his rights over

2900-484: The royal war fleet were branded with the letters GAL . According to John Murray , in 1854 the Old Port had a capacity of between 1,000 and 1,200 ships. Roughly 18,000 merchant ships passed through the port each year, carrying about 20 million barrels worth of freight; this represented a quarter of the trade in Liverpool at the time. The 6 metre depth of the harbour, however, proved problematic for steamships later in

2958-499: The tamed sea"). The new arsenal also featured: After the decline of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, in 1675, shortly after the death of the galley intendant Nicolas Arnoul, there were 25 galleys in Marseille. This number gradually increased, reaching 30 in 1680 and 40 galleys in 1690, which marked the peak under the reign of Louis XIV. In addition to the units stationed in the Levant , France also had 15 Atlantic galleys, making it

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3016-514: Was appointed "intendant de justice, police et finances des fortifications de Provence et de Piémont et des galères de France" (Intendant of justice, police and finances for the fortifications of Provence and Piedmont and the galleys of France). This made him lieutenant-general and military commander under the Admiral's authority. He was in charge of administration, stewardship and the corresponding staff (the officiers de plume , lit. French for pen officers). On July 24, 1665, an order from Louis XIV

3074-652: Was later incorporated into the arsenal created under Colbert . The first shipboard surgeons are mentioned from 1540 onwards on the King's galleys. The Marseille galleys had hospital structures modelled on those of the Maltese galleys, with a prisoners' hospital, a crews' hospital, a botanical garden and an anatomy school. The galleys were "France's biggest rotting ground for men", with only one man in two ever leaving alive. There were an average of 300 galley slaves on each galley, with 52 to 64 shoals of 5 galley slaves chained to each shoal, day and night, for 2 to 3 months, which

3132-575: Was once considered the finest in Europe. The new arsenal occupied the southern part of the old arsenal and the rive neuve quay. The entrance gate faced east, along what is now Rue Paradis. Above this gateway, Jean-Baptiste Grosson  [ fr ] noted that a cartouche read the proud praise of the Sun King: Hanc magnus Lodoix invictis classibus arcem condivit hinc domito dat sua jura mari (lit. Latin for "The great Louis of invincible fleets built this citadel; from here he dictates his laws to

3190-400: Was organized in 2016. 43°17′51″N 5°22′50″E  /  43.29750°N 5.38056°E  / 43.29750; 5.38056 Old Port of Marseille The Old Port of Marseille (French: Vieux-Port de Marseille , [vjøpɔʁ də maʁsɛj] ) is at the end of the Canebière , the major street of Marseille . It has been the natural harbour of the city since antiquity and is now

3248-399: Was reinstated on the galley La Vieille Réale , which no longer sailed, and was used as a depot, infirmary and home for sick and injured convicts. In addition, he received only 30 livres per month, instead of 70. Then, for several years, he was transferred to La Reyne , where he bowed to the doctors and was paid 50 livres a month, based on their good report. La Reyne was broken up and, due to

3306-457: Was sent to the aldermen of Marseille, in which the king expressed his desire to arm the galleys and build an arsenal with the necessary resources, by making available in the port a place "suitable for storing wood, irons, antennae, masts, cannons and other things necessary for the armament and construction of the galleys". This "galley park" was to be built in three phases: As soon as he arrived in Marseille, Nicolas Arnoul moved fast. He brought

3364-603: Was the average length of a campaign. As for the galley surgeon, he was a Mediterranean civil servant appointed by competitive examination to a very small corps. He sailed only six months a year in summer, and stayed ashore in winter. He was appointed surgeon to the galleys in 1689, and became Master Sworn Surgeon of the city of Marseille in 1689, and surgeon general of the galleys and their hospitals in 1703. He served for 50 years. In 1689, he began writing observations on practical surgery, which were published in 1724. Born in La Rochelle in 1668, his personal and professional life

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