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67-463: The name Canandaigua is derived from the Seneca name spelled variously Kanandarque, Ganondagan , Ga-nun-da-gwa, or in a modern transcription, tganǫdæ:gwęh , which means "the chosen spot", or "at the chosen town". Canandaigua Lake is 15.5 miles (24.9 km) long, 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide, and has a shoreline of 35.9 miles (57.8 km). Near the northern end is Skenoh Island . About fifty percent of

134-603: A 19th-century replica of a double-decked paddleboat , continues this tradition. The Native Americans and white settlers signed the Treaty of Canandaigua just north of the lake. This parchment, which is in the Memorial Museum, has the names of a number of famous Indian chiefs including Red Jacket , Cornplanter , Handsome Lake , Farmer's Brother, and Fish Carrier. The lake is a popular second home destination for families from nearby Rochester, New York , as well as other parts of

201-473: A clause is included in the Seneca word, Seneca features free word order, and cannot be neatly categorized along the lines of a subject/object/verb framework. Rather, new information appears first in the Seneca sentence; when a noun is judged by the speaker to be more "newsworthy" than a verb in the same sentence, it is likely to appear before the verb; should it not be deemed to hold such relevance, it typically follows

268-438: A cluster of multiple non-consonantal segments in the onset. Seneca is a polysynthetic , agglutinative language with a remarkably rich verbal morphological system, and to a lesser extent, a fairly rich system of nominal morphology as well. Verbs constitute a decisive majority of Seneca words (by one estimate, as much as eighty-five percent of different words), and between the numerous classes of morphemes that can be added to

335-515: A falling pitch. Short vowels are typically accented in a trochaic pattern, when they appear in even-numbered syllables preceding A. a laryngeal obstruent, B. a cluster of non-vocalic segments, or C. an odd-numbered syllable containing either A or B. There does not appear to be any upper or lower limit on how many such syllables can be accented – every even-numbered syllable in a word can be accented, but none need be accented. Syllables can also be stressed by means of accent spreading, if an unaccented vowel

402-555: A federal policy of depriving the Oneida people of their Article Two rights to the quiet enjoyment of their treaty lands by both failing to prevent New York from purchasing treaty lands and actively "encouraging the removal of the Oneidas... to the west." By 1920, the Oneida Nation retained only 32 acres (13 ha) of treaty land, down from the six million acres (2,400,000 ha) held before

469-569: A laryngeal stop, and C. do not contain the vowel [a] (unless the syllable is word-initial). Moreover, vowels are often lengthened compensitorally as the reflex of a short vowel and an (elided) glottal segment (e.g. vowels are long preceding glottal fricatives elided before sonorants (*V̆hR > V̄R)). Stress is either strong, marked with an acute accent mark (e.g. ⟨é⟩), or weak, which is unmarked (e.g. ⟨e⟩). Seneca accented short vowels are typically higher in pitch than their unaccented counterparts, while accented long vowels have been recorded as having

536-510: A middle voice or reflexive prefix, or an incorporated noun root. The common middle voice prefix describes actions performed by an agent and received by that same agent. Its forms, in descending order or prevalence, are as follows: The similar reflexive prefix is nearly semantically identical, the only difference being that the reflexive prefix more clearly distinguishes the two (unitary) roles of agent and recipient. Its forms are not regularly predictable by phonetic environment, and are derived from

603-417: A partnership with Rochester Institute of Technology that will help develop a user-friendly computer catalogue allowing future generations to study and speak the language. The revitalization program grant, awarded to RIT's Native American Future Stewards Program, is designed to enhance usability of the Seneca language. Treaty of Canandaigua The Treaty of Canandaigua (or Konondaigua, as spelled in

670-755: A patient, or the object of the verb, while aspect suffixes can be habitual or stative, describing four types of meanings: habitual, progressive, stative, and perfect. Bases are classified as "consequential" or "nonconsequential," on the basis of whether or not they "result in a new state of affairs." Nonconsequential bases use habitual aspect suffixes to describe habitual actions, and stative aspect stems to describe progressive actions. Consequential bases use habitual aspect suffixes to describe habitual or progressive actions, and stative aspect stems to describe perfect actions. Some verb roots are said to be stative-only; these typically describe long states (e.g. "to be heavy," "to be old," etc.). Habitual and stative roots are related to

737-467: A phonemic differentiation between voiced and voiceless consonants (see below in Phonology 2.1: Consonants). The letter j can also be replaced by the three-letter combination tsy . (For example, a creek in the town of Coldspring, New York , and the community near it, bears a name that can be transliterated as either jo꞉negano꞉h or tsyo꞉nekano꞉h .) As per Wallace Chafe 's 2015 grammar of Seneca,

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804-591: A proximal/distal distinction, as seen in the following demonstrative pronouns: In 1998, the Seneca Faithkeepers School was founded as a five-day-a week school to teach children the Seneca language and tradition. The School has published language learning tools and courses on the language-learning platform Memrise broken out by topic. In 2010, K-5 Seneca language teacher Anne Tahamont received recognition for her work with students at Silver Creek School and in language documentation, presenting "Documenting

871-578: A simple noun suffix (denoting, naturally, that it is a noun), an external locative suffix, denoting that something is "on" or "at" that noun, or an internal locative suffix, denoting that something is "in" that noun. The forms of these are as follows: - Simple noun suffix: -aʼ ~ -öʼ (in a nasalizing context) - External locative suffix: -aʼgeh - Internal locative suffix: -aʼgöh Nouns are often preceded by pronominal prefixes, but in this context, they represent possession, as opposed to agency or reception. Nouns without pronominal prefixes are preceded by either

938-461: Is voiced and optionally spirantized [ j ] , in free variation with a spirant allophone [ ʝ ] . Otherwise it is voiced and not spirantized [ j ] . / w / is a velar semivowel. It is weakly rounded [ w ] . / n / is a released apico-alveolar nasal [ n̺ ] . / t / is an apico-alveolar stop [ t̺ ] . It is voiceless and aspirated [ t̺ʰ ] before an obstruent or an open juncture (but

1005-481: Is also very clear, allowing visibility of the bottom up to 30 to 50 feet (9.1 to 15.2 m) below the surface. Skenoh Island , formerly known as Squaw Island, is located at the north end of the lake. It is the smallest Fish and Wildlife Management Area in New York State and one of only two islands in the eleven Finger Lakes. The Seneca recall that the island was used to hide the Seneca women and children during

1072-514: Is always voiceless, and is fortified to [s˰] everywhere except between vowels. It is palatalized to [ ʃ ] before [ j ] , and lenited to [s˯] intervocalically. / dʒ / is a voiced postalveolar affricate [ dʒ ] , and / dz / is a voiced alveolar affricate [ dz ] . Before [ i ] , it is optionally palatalized [ dz ] in free variation with [ d͡ʑ ] . Nevertheless, among younger speakers, it appears as though / dʒ / and / dz / are in

1139-437: Is distinguished in singular forms. Moreover, before pronominal prefixes, "preproniminal" prefixes carrying a variety of meanings can be placed to modify the meaning of the verb. The prefixes, in the order in which the precede one another, are as follows: Seneca nominal morphology is far simpler than verbal morphology. Nouns consist of a noun root followed by a noun suffix and a pronominal prefix. The noun suffix appears as either

1206-438: Is followed immediately by a stressed vowel (i.e. VV́ > V́V́). Additionally, word-initial and word-final syllables are underlyingly unaccented, although they can be given sentence level stress. Seneca allows both open and closed syllables; a Seneca syllable is considered to be closed when the nucleus is followed by a cluster of multiple consonants. Moreover, [h] appears to be ambisyllabic intervocalically, and can be included in

1273-422: Is hardly audible between a nasalized vowel and open juncture). It is voiced and released [ d̺ ] before a vowel and resonant. / k / is a dorso-velar stop [ k ] . It is voiceless and aspirated [ kʰ ] before an obstruent or open juncture. It is voiced and released [ g ] before a vowel or resonant. / s / is a spirant with blade-alveolar groove articulation [ s ] . It

1340-533: Is indicated with an acute accent over the top. æ is transcribed as ä. /i/ is a high front vowel [i]. /e/ is a high-mid front vowel. Its high allophone [ɪ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i] or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [e] occurs in all other environments. /æ/ is a low front vowel [æ]. /a/ is a low central vowel. Its high allophone [ʌ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i], [w], [j], or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [ɑ] occurs in all other environments. Before [ɛ] or [ɔ] it

1407-439: Is marked with a colon ⟨꞉⟩ , and open juncture by word space. Long vowels generally occur in one of two environments: 1. In even-numbered (i.e. falling and even number of syllables from the beginning of the word) word-penultimate syllables not followed by a laryngeal stop; and 2. In odd-numbered penultimate syllables that A. are followed by only one non-vocalic segment before the succeeding vowel, B. are not followed by

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1474-650: Is nasalized [æ]. /o/ is a mid back vowel. It is weakly rounded. Its high allophone [ʊ] occurs in postconsonantal position before [i] or an oral obstruent. Its low allophone [o] occurs in all other environments. /u/ is a rounded high back vowel [u]. It has also, however, been recorded as [ɯ]. /ɛ/ is a low-mid front vowel. It is nasalized [ɛ̃] . /ɔ/ is a low back vowel. It is weakly rounded and nasalized [ɔ̃] . The following oral diphthongs occur in Seneca: ae, ai, ao, ea, ei, eo, oa, oe, and oi. The following nasal diphthongs occur as well: aö, eö, and oë. Vowel length

1541-485: Is the one used by the Seneca Bilingual Education Project. The nasal vowels , /ɛ̃/ and /ɔ̃/ , are transcribed with tremas on top: ⟨ë ö⟩ . Depending on the phonetic environment, the nasal vowel ⟨ë⟩ may vary between [ɛ̃] and [œ̃] , whereas ⟨ö⟩ may vary from [ɔ̃] to [ɑ̃] . Long vowels are indicated with a following ⟨:⟩ , while stress

1608-753: The Seneca language . The first steamboat in the Finger Lakes region was the Enterprise , which was launched in 1825. Canandaigua Lake's steamboat era ran from 1827 with the launching of the Lady of the Lake and ended in 1935 when the Idler discontinued passenger service. There were fourteen major boats that provided commercial service on Canandaigua Lake. Today, the Canandaigua Lady ,

1675-565: The Sullivan Expedition against the Six Nations of the Iroquois in 1779. The island exhibits an extremely rare form of carbonate of lime forms deposits on pebbles ( conglomerate ). It is a feathery light rock which is calcified from algae filtered by sand and pond scum. The rock, locally called "water biscuits", is hard in the water but crumbles if allowed to dry out. In recent years

1742-425: The letter colon (꞉) and the acute accent mark. Seneca language is generally written in all- lowercase , and capital letters are only used rarely, even then only for the first letter of a word; all-caps is never used, even on road signs. The vowels and consonants are a, ä, e, ë, i, o, ö, h, j, k, n, s, t, w, y , and ʼ . In some transliterations, t is replaced by d , and likewise k by g ; Seneca does not have

1809-625: The American Revolution. The Oneida Nation of Wisconsin was still receiving an annuity check of $ 1,800 as late as 1941, almost 150 years after the treaty took effect. The Quakers were involved in the aftermath of the treaty. Pickering appointed the Quakers to teach the Haudenosaunee Confederacy “European-style agriculture”. The Friends’ Review , a Quaker publication, recalls “ploughs, axes, and hoes” being “liberally” supplied to

1876-460: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy from America. Article Seven states that if the “perpetual peace and friendship” between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and America were disturbed in any way, the conflict would be resolved peacefully by a third party. Article Six of the treaty continues to be honored by the contracting parties. It provides that the U.S. government annually provide goods valued at $ 4,500. To date, Haudenosaunee leaders have insisted that

1943-530: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy over its acceptance of land in the Ohio Valley from Great Britain and faced the threat of another war on its western frontier. To avoid war, the United States government sought to define a solid boundary on its western frontier. It also recognized that peace with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy was critical in case another war broke out. The United States attempted to make peace with

2010-569: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy with a series of conferences and treaties: the treaties of Fort Stanwix and Fort Harmar . However, both treaties were considered failures by the United States government because they resulted in increased tension with the confederacy. Henry Knox , the United States secretary of war , began a military operation on the western frontier in September 1790 and appointed Timothy Pickering as Indian commissioner to address

2077-666: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The treaty has had a lasting legacy in asserting the sovereignty of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy; historian Robert W. Venables states that “from 1794 to the present day, the treaty has been the legal keystones of relations between the United States and the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. The treaty is at the center of any of the Six Nation’s land claims and their rights to govern their own reservations”. The sovereignty and autonomy established in

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2144-525: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy’s grievances with the United States government. Pickering decided to follow a “strategy of conciliation and compromise”, beginning with a conference with the Seneca Nation to offer gifts and peace after the failed treaties of Fort Harmar and Fort Stanwix. A series of conferences followed, in which Pickering opened dialogue between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and

2211-498: The Haudenosaunee saw treaty agreements as requiring constant renewal and upkeep. The term they used was ‘brightening the chain of friendship’”. Seneca leader Red Jacket played an integral role in helping Pickering overcome some of these ideological differences throughout the deliberations. He “reminded Pickering that making peace requires declarations that mean one thing—peace—and mixing in language of blame or criticism simply fouls

2278-621: The Mississippi River to the United States. However, Great Britain’s original rights to this territory were unclear, causing resentment among the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, to whom the land originally belonged. Moreover, some indigenous peoples on the western frontier of the United States remained loyal to the British after the American Revolutionary War and were hostile towards the United States. The United States faced resentment from

2345-503: The Northeast. Seneca language Seneca ( / ˈ s ɛ n ə k ə / ; in Seneca, Onöndowaʼga꞉ʼ Gawë꞉noʼ , or Onötowáʼka꞉ ) is the language of the Seneca people , one of the Six Nations of the Hodinöhsö꞉niʼ ( Iroquois League); it is an Iroquoian language , spoken at the time of contact in the western part of New York. While the name Seneca , attested as early as

2412-678: The Seneca Language' using a Recursive Bilingual Education Framework" at the International Conference on Language Documentation and Conservation (ICLDC). As of summer 2012, The fewer than 50 native speakers of the Seneca Nation of Indians ' language would agree that it is in danger of becoming extinct. Fortunately, a $ 200,000 federal grant for the Seneca Language Revitalization Program has further solidified

2479-516: The Seneca people, one of the members of the Iroquois Five (later, Six) Nations confederacy. It is most closely related to the other Five Nations Iroquoian languages, Cayuga , Onondaga , Oneida , and Mohawk (and among those, it is most closely related to Cayuga). Seneca is first attested in two damaged dictionaries produced by the French Jesuit missionary Julien Garnier around the turn of

2546-472: The Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois ) Confederacy (including the Cayuga , Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Seneca and Tuscarora Nations) and by Timothy Pickering , official agent of President Washington. The Treaty of Canandaigua arose out of a combination of geo-political tensions. In the aftermath of its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain was forced to relinquish its land east of

2613-532: The Treaty of 1794 with the United States government”. The conference ended on November 11, 1794, when fifty-nine war chiefs and sachems signed the treaty, and the text of the Canandaigua treaty, which comprised seven articles, was submitted to the U.S. Senate on January 2, 1795, carrying the title: "The Six Nations, and Oneida, Tuscarora, and Stockbridge Tribes'”. The treaty established peace and friendship between

2680-413: The United States held the first conference for the Treaty of Canandaigua in September 1794. The official conference for the Treaty of Canandaigua began on October 18, 1794, with more than 1,500 members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy present. Deliberations were tense at first because of discrepancies of cultural beliefs on treaties. According to scholar Granville Ganter, “Unlike their Anglo counterparts,

2747-457: The United States of America and the Six Nations and affirmed Haudenosaunee land rights in the state of New York , and the boundaries established by the Phelps and Gorham Purchase of 1788. Article One of the treaty promises “perpetual peace and friendship” between America and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Article Two acknowledges lands belonging to the Oneida, Onondoga, and Cayuga, and gives them

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2814-418: The United States regarding what would become of the land that Great Britain had lost. In October 1791, Knox’s military efforts on the western frontier were failing, and he suggested enlisting the Haudenosaunee Confederacy to fight on behalf of the United States. Pickering and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy were unimpressed by Knox’s request and declined to participate in the war. In 1793, the military operation on

2881-476: The communities of Rushville, Newark, Canandaigua, Palmyra, and Gorham township as their main public supplier of water. In April 2013 and 2017, the drinking water was entered into a competition held by the New York section of American Water Works Association, in which it was voted the best drinking water in New York State. The lake's water is well-oxygenated, allowing fish to live in both shallow and deep areas. The water

2948-509: The consonantal and non-vocalic inventory of Seneca is as follows. Note that orthographic representations of these sounds are given in angled brackets where different from the IPA transcription. j is a palatal semivowel. After [ s ] , it is voiceless and spirantized [ ç ] . After [ h ] , it is voiceless [ j̊ ] , in free variation with a spirant allophone [ ç ] . After [ t ] or [ k ] , it

3015-435: The eighteenth century. It is clear from these documents, and from early nineteenth century Seneca writings, that the eighteenth century saw an extremely high degree of phonological change, such that the Seneca collected by Garnier would likely be mutually unintelligible with modern Seneca. Moreover, as these sound changes appear to be unique to Seneca, they have had the effect of making Seneca highly phonologically divergent from

3082-399: The end of a base noun to alter the meaning of the verb; these are as follows (given with the underlying form or most common form of the suffix): Seneca verbs consist of a verb base that represents a certain event or state, which always includes a verb root; this is always followed by an aspect suffix, and almost always preceded by a pronominal prefix. Pronominal prefixes can describe an agent,

3149-440: The ending of the verb base, but have become largely arbitrary, or at least inconsistent. Additionally, there is a common punctual suffix, an aspect suffix that is added to describe punctual events. It necessarily takes the "modal prefix," which precedes a pronominal prefix, and indicate the relationship of the action described in the verb to reality; these three prefixes are factual, future, and hypothetical. A list of forms of each of

3216-451: The island has been eroding rapidly from the forces of ice, wind, water currents and development changing the wave patterns. In 1977, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation installed a cedar log buffer around the island to help preserve it. Its size, approximately two acres (0.81 ha) in 1853, shrank by 75% in 162 years, to about 0.25 acres (0.10 ha) in 1971. Today only 55 feet (17 m) by 145 feet (44 m) of

3283-543: The island remains. A newly formed group called the Squaw Island Preservation Society has raised citizen support to protect the island and its unique place in science and local history, after state officials said they would no longer maintain it. Work on the preservation was completed in Summer 2001. As with other places with " squaw " in the name, efforts began in the 21st century to have the name changed, since

3350-717: The languages most closely related to it, as well as making the underlying morphological richness of the language incredibly opaque. Today, Seneca is spoken primarily in western New York, on three reservations, Allegany ( ʼohi꞉yoʼ ), Cattaraugus ( kaʼtä꞉kë̓skë꞉öʼ ), and Tonawanda ( tha꞉nöwöteʼ ), and in Ontario, on the Grand River Six Nations Reserve ( swe꞉këʼ ). While the speech community has dwindled to approximately one hundred native speakers, revitalization efforts are underway. Seneca words are written with 13 letters, three of which can be umlauted , plus

3417-425: The legal right to sell the land if they so wish and Article Three legally defines the perimeter of Seneca territories. Article Four maintains that America must not “claim or disturb” any lands belonging to the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Article Five legally acknowledges that the road from “Fort Schlosser to Lake Erie, as far south as Buffalo Creek” belongs to the Seneca Nation. Article Six promises $ 4,500 each year to

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3484-462: The neuter patient prefix yo- ~ yaw- ~ ya-, or the neuter agent prefix ka- ~ kë- ~ w- ~ y-. These morphemes do not hold semantic value, and are historically linked to certain noun roots arbitrarily. Finally, certain prepronominal verbal prefixes can be suffixed to nouns to alter the meaning thereof; in particular, the cislocative, coincident, negative, partitive, and repetitive fall into this group. As much of what, in other languages, might be included in

3551-430: The oral vowels /i/, /e/, /æ/, /a/, and /o/, and the nasalized vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. Of these vowels, /æ/ is relatively rare, an innovation not shared with other Five Nations Iroquoian languages; even rarer is /u/, a vowel only used to describe unusually small objects. Note that orthographic representations of these sounds are given in angled brackets where different from the IPA transcription. The orthography described here

3618-522: The patient is 2pl. There are fifty-five possible pronominal pronouns, depending on who is performing an action, and who is receiving that action. These pronouns express number as singular, dual, or plural; moreover, in the case of pronominal prefixes describing agents, there is an inclusive/exclusive distinction in the first person. Gender and animacy are expressed as well in the third person; gender distinctions are made between masculine entities and "feminine-zoic" entities (i.e. women and animals), and inanimacy

3685-413: The payment be made with bolts of cloth, rather than cash, as a means of adhering to the terms of the largely dishonored treaty. The U.S. government dishonored Article Two, which ensured that the land rights of the Oneida, Onondaga, and Cayuga nations would be protected by the U.S. government against state interference. By the early 19th century, federal Indian agents were "deeply involved" in furthering

3752-484: The process of merging to [ dʒ ] . Similarly, / tʃ / is a voiceless postalveolar affricate [ tʃ ] , and / ts / is a voiceless alveolar affricate [ ts ] . / h / is a voiceless segment [ h ] colored by an immediately preceding and/or following vowel and/or resonant. / ʔ / is a glottal stop [ ʔ ] , written ⟨ʼ⟩ and commonly substituted with ASCII ⟨´⟩ . The vowels can be subclassified into

3819-405: The process”. Another ideological difference between the United States and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy during deliberations was the role of women. No United States settler women were included in the dialogue; however, Haudenosaunee women, in keeping with their significant role in tribal governance, were included. Historian Joan M. Jensen states that Seneca women “spoke during the negotiations of

3886-451: The seventeenth century, is of obscure origins, the endonym Onödowáʼga꞉ translates to "those of the big hill." About 10,000 Seneca live in the United States and Canada, primarily on reservations in western New York , with others living in Oklahoma and near Brantford , Ontario . As of 2022, an active language revitalization program is underway. Seneca is an Iroquoian language spoken by

3953-440: The stems is as follows: The system of pronominal prefixes attached to Seneca verbs is incredibly rich, as each pronoun accounts not only for the agent of an action, but for the recipient of that action (i.e. "patient") as well. For example, the first person singular prefix is k- ~ ke- when there is no patient involved, but kö- ~ köy- when the patient is 2sg, kni- ~ kn- ~ ky- when the patient is 2du., and kwa- ~ kwë- ~ kw- ~ ky- when

4020-413: The surrounding land is in forest, but most of the remainder is under cultivation. Of 35.9 miles (57.8 km) of shoreline, 34.7 miles (55.8 km) (97%) are private and 1.2 miles (1.9 km) (3%) are public. Canandaigua Lake is known for its water quality. The lake is the sole source of drinking water for the town and city of Canandaigua, located on the northern end of the lake, in addition to serving

4087-710: The treaty itself), also known as the Pickering Treaty and the Calico Treaty , is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington , representing the United States of America. It was signed at Canandaigua , New York , on November 11, 1794, by fifty sachems ( hoya:ne:h ) and war chiefs representing the Grand Council of

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4154-519: The treaty was also reaffirmed in the State Papers of the London Review of 1796, stating that anyone is able to “freely to pass and repass” through the territory addressed in the treaty, while recognizing the friendship established by the treaty itself. The treaty was signed by fifty sachems and war chiefs. Notable signatories include: To us it is more than a contract, more than a symbol; to us

4221-425: The underlying form -at-. A noun can be incorporated into the verb base by placing it before the middle voice or reflexive prefix (i.e. at the front of the base noun), such that that noun becomes the patient (or often, instrument or manner) of the verb. In between noun-final and prefix/verb root-initial consonants, the "stem-joining" vowel -a- is epenthesized. The following types of derivational suffixes can be added at

4288-785: The use of the term is seen as insensitive. These efforts became successful with the announcement in October 2021 that the U.S. Board on Geographic Names had approved the name "Skenoh Island", effective immediately, based on recommendations from the New York State Geographic Names Committee, the New York State Museum and the Commissioner of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation . The word "skenoh" translates to "health" or "peace" in

4355-411: The verb root, the generally multiple morphemes constituent thereto, and the variants thereof, a truly staggering number of Seneca verbs is grammatically possible. While most verb forms have multiple allomorphs , however, in the majority of cases, variants of morphemes cannot be reliably predicted on the basis of its phonological environment. The verb base can be augmented by adding a derivational suffix,

4422-547: The verb. Particles, the only Seneca words that cannot be classified as nouns or verbs, appear to follow the same ordering paradigm. Moreover, given the agent/participant distinction that determines the forms of pronominal morphemes, it seems appropriate to consider Seneca a nominative-accusative language. In Seneca, multiple constituents of a sentence can be conjoined, in a number of ways. They are summarized as follows: The words utilized in Seneca to identify referents based on their position in time and space are characterized by

4489-473: The western frontier broke out into war, escalating the situation in the Ohio Valley. In June 1794, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy proposed a conference at Buffalo Creek . At the conference, the confederacy rejected the Fort Harmar and Fort Stanwix treaties. As a result, the United States ceded land to the Seneca Nation. Afraid that the Haudenosaunee Confederacy would join the opposition at the western frontier,

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