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73-554: The federal budget presented on March 19, 2019 included a reference to the possibility of privatizing CATSA. On June 21, 2019, Parliament passed the Security Screening Services Commercialization Act , which allows the Governor-in-Council to designate a private not-for-profit corporation as the designated screening authority to take over and privatize the screening duties of CATSA. However, as

146-435: A "People's Inquiry into Privatisation" (2016/17) found that the impact of privatisation on communities was negative. The report from the inquiry "Taking Back Control" made a range of recommendations to provide accountability and transparency in the process. The report highlighted privatisation in healthcare, aged care, child care, social services, government departments, electricity, prisons and vocational education featuring

219-414: A form of a secured loan and are criticized as a "particularly noxious form of governmental debt". In this interpretation, the upfront payment from the privatization sale corresponds to the principal amount of the loan, while the proceeds from the underlying asset correspond to secured interest payments—the transaction can be considered substantively the same as a secured loan, though it is structured as

292-749: A more cautious and nuanced evaluation of privatization" and that "private ownership alone is no longer argued to automatically generate economic gains in developing economies". According to a 2008 study published in Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics , liberalization and privatization have produced mixed results. Although typically there are many costs associated with these efficiency gains, many economists argue that these can be dealt with by appropriate government support through redistribution and perhaps retraining . Yet, some empirical literature suggests that privatization could also have very modest effects on efficiency and quite regressive distributive impact. In

365-479: A natural and inevitable societal correction emerges to undermine the contradictions of capitalism. This was the case in the 2000 Cochabamba protests . Privatization in Latin America has invariably experienced increasing push-back from the public. Mary Shirley from The Ronald Coase Institute suggests that implementing a less efficient but more politically mindful approach could be more sustainable. In India,

438-526: A result of COVID-19 , the privatization plans have been delayed with no clear timeline for discussions to resume. The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority was officially formed April 1, 2002, following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 in the United States. After September 11, 2001, the Government of Canada took responsibility for airport screening which, until then, was the responsibility of

511-493: A sale. This interpretation is particularly argued to apply to recent municipal transactions in the United States, particularly for fixed term, such as the 2008 sale of the proceeds from Chicago parking meters for 75 years. It is argued that this is motivated by "politicians' desires to borrow money surreptitiously", due to legal restrictions on and political resistance to alternative sources of revenue, viz, raising taxes or issuing debt. Privatization had different outcomes around

584-473: A specialist in ancient history, posits that economic inequality and wealth concentration in the top percentile "had been made possible by the transfer of state assets to private owners." In Latin America, on the one hand, according to John Nellis's research for Center for Global Development , economic indicators, including firm profitability, productivity, and growth, project positive microeconomic results. On

657-608: A stock market with high capital. Voucher privatization occurred mainly in the transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe, such as Russia , Poland , the Czech Republic , and Slovakia . Additionally, privatization from below had made important contribution to economic growth in transition economies. In one study assimilating some of the literature on "privatization" that occurred in Russian and Czech Republic transition economies,

730-704: A survey by the National Commission for Protection of Child Rights (NCPCR) – Utilization of Free Medical Services by Children Belonging to the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) in Private Hospitals in New Delhi, 2011–12: A Rapid Appraisal – indicates under-utilization of the free beds available for EWS category in private hospitals in Delhi, though they were allotted land at subsidized rates. In Australia

803-412: A transition to "effective private sector owners [of former] state assets". Rather than mainly participating in a market economy, these individuals could prefer elevating their personal status or prefer accumulating political power. Instead, outside foreign investment led to the efficient conduct of former state assets in the private sector and market economy. Through privatization by direct asset sale or

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876-448: Is influenced by the capital market and the political and firm-specific factors. Privatization through the stock market is more likely to be the method used when there is an established capital market capable of absorbing the shares. A market with high liquidity can facilitate the privatization. If the capital markets are insufficiently developed, however, it would be difficult to find enough buyers. The shares may have to be underpriced, and

949-604: Is more often called "going private" . Before and after this process the company is privately owned, but after the buyout its shares are withdrawn from being traded at a public stock exchange . The term privatizing first appeared in English, with quotation marks, in the New York Times , in April 1923, in a translation of a German speech referring to the potential for German state railroads to be bought by American companies. In German,

1022-577: Is more prevalent in non-privatized sectors. Furthermore, according to the World Bank extralegal and unofficial activities are more prevalent in countries that privatized less. Other research suggests that privatization in Russia resulted in a dramatic rise in the level of economic inequality and a collapse in GDP and industrial output. Russian President Boris Yeltsin 's IMF -backed rapid privatization schemes saw half

1095-497: Is often, but not always, a company or business ) based on the principle of mutuality and governed by private law. Unlike a cooperative , members usually do not directly contribute to the capital of the organization, but derive their right to profits and votes through their customer relationship. A mutual exists with the purpose of raising funds from its membership or customers (collectively called its members ), which can then be used to provide common services to all members of

1168-524: The 2011 revolution , most of the public began to call for re-nationalization, citing allegations of the privatized firms practicing crony capitalism under the old regime. There are various reasons why a government may decide to privatize; commonly due to economic reasons. The economic factors that influence a government's decision to privatize assume this will lower government debt. Studies have shown that governments are more likely to privatise with higher public debt, typically because governments do not have

1241-690: The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). Privatization Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English ) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector. It is also sometimes used as a synonym for deregulation when a heavily regulated private company or industry becomes less regulated. Government functions and services may also be privatised (which may also be known as "franchising" or "out-sourcing"); in this case, private entities are tasked with

1314-524: The Conservative government of Margaret Thatcher when many state-run firms were sold off to the private sector. The privatization received very mixed views from the public and the parliament. Even former Conservative prime minister Harold Macmillan was critical of the policy, likening it to "selling the family silver". There were around 3 million shareholders in Britain when Thatcher took office in 1979 , but

1387-567: The European Commission argues that privatisation in Europe had mixed effects on service quality and has achieved only minor productivity gains, driven mainly by lower labour input combined with other cost cutting strategies that led to a deterioration of employment and working conditions. Meanwhile, a different study by the commission found that the UK rail network (which was privatized from 1994 to 1997)

1460-715: The Montreal Urban Community Police Service (SPCUM) , while Saunders served in a managerial capacity with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). Watt, however, came from a military background instead, having previously served as Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force . Current President Semaan has previously served in a variety of directorate roles within the Federal government of Canada , most notably as Executive Vice President of

1533-620: The Privacy Commissioner of Canada for collecting non-aviation security information from the travelling public. For example, a domestic traveller with large sums of cash (not illegal) was reported by CATSA to the local police. Of the 10,400 reported incidents in CATSA's databases at the time of the audit, more than half had nothing to do with aviation security. Three of the four former presidents of CATSA have come from law enforcement backgrounds: Duchesneau and McGarr had both previously served with

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1606-604: The Revolutions of 1989 introduced non-communist governments. Freedom House's privatization index, 1998 and 2002 Freedom House 's privatization index rated transition countries from 1 (maximum progress) to 7 (no progress). The table below shows the privatization index for various Eastern European countries in 1998 and 2002: The largest public shares offering in France involved France Télécom . Egypt undertook widespread privatization under Hosni Mubarak . Following his overthrow in

1679-667: The private sector , and the women in the public sector are more likely to be unionized than those in the private sector. In Chile, women are disproportionately affected by the privatization of the pension system because factors such as "women's longer life expectancy, earlier retirement age, and lower rates of labor-force participation, lower salaries" affect their ability to accumulate funds for retirement which leads to lower pensions. Low-income women face an even greater burden; Anjela Taneja, of Oxfam India says "The privatization of public services...implies limited or no access to essential services for women living in poverty, who are often

1752-496: The 1931 economic crisis. The word became common in the late 1970s and early 1980s as part of UK prime minister Margaret Thatcher's economic policies . She was drawing on the work of the pro-privatization Member of Parliament David Howell , who was himself drawing on the Austrian-American management expert Peter Drucker 's 1969 book, The Age of Discontinuity . The word privatization may mean different things depending on

1825-554: The 1980s. Savings and loan industry deregulation and the late 1980s savings and loan crisis led many to change to stock ownership, or in some cases into banks . Many large U.S.-based insurance companies, such as the Prudential Insurance Company of America and the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company have demutualized , with shares of stock being distributed to their policyholders to represent

1898-676: The Nazi Party." Great Britain privatized its steel industry in the 1950s, and the West German government embarked on large-scale privatization, including sale of the majority stake in Volkswagen to small investors in public share offerings in 1961. However, it was in the 1980s under Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the United States that privatization gained worldwide momentum. Notable privatization attempts in

1971-595: The Russian population fall into destitution in just several years as unemployment climbed to double digits by the early to mid 1990s. A 2009 study published in The Lancet medical journal has found that as many as a million working men died as a result of economic shocks associated with mass privatization in the former Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe during the 1990s, although a further study suggested that there were errors in their method and "correlations reported in

2044-672: The Taoist clergy that a strong ruler was virtually invisible. During the Renaissance , most of Europe was still by and large following the feudal economic model. By contrast, the Ming dynasty in China began once more to practice privatization, especially with regards to their manufacturing industries. This was a reversal of the earlier Song dynasty policies, which had themselves overturned earlier policies in favor of more rigorous state control. In Britain,

2117-406: The UK included privatization of Britoil (1982), the radioactive-chemicals company Amersham International (1982), British Telecom (1984), Sealink ferries (1984), British Petroleum (gradually privatized between 1979 and 1987), British Aerospace (1985 to 1987), British Gas (1986), Rolls-Royce (1987), Rover Group (formerly British Leyland , 1988), British Steel Corporation (1988), and

2190-525: The airlines as per direction from Transport Canada . The Canadian Air Transport Security Authority Act (Budget Implementation Act, 2001) provides additional security requirements as prescribed under the Aeronautics Act . CATSA shares responsibility for civil aviation security with several federal government departments and agencies, air carriers and airport operators. Transport Canada is Canada's designated national civil aviation security regulator, under

2263-600: The assumption that foreign investment would play a major role. In post- reunification East Germany, by the end of June 1992, the Treuhandanstalt had privatized 8,175 companies, with 5,950 left on hand (4,340 remaining to be sold and the remainder to be liquidated). June 1992 was also when the last East German on the board of the Treuhand left. By the end of 1994, Treuhand had sold almost everything, having only 65 firms left to privatize as of December 1994. More than 80% of

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2336-445: The authors identified three methods of privatization: "privatization by sale", "mass privatization", and "mixed privatization". Their calculations showed that "mass privatization" was the most effective method. However, in economies "characterized by shortages" and maintained by the state bureaucracy, wealth was accumulated and concentrated by "gray/black market" operators. Privatizing industries by sale to these individuals did not mean

2409-409: The clients in the form of dividend distributions, reduced future premiums or paid up additions to the policy value. This is a competitive advantage to such companies—the idea of owning a piece of the company could be more attractive to some potential clients than the idea of being a source of profits for investors. In the typical stock company, profits go to shareholders. In contrast, a mutual manages

2482-501: The co-operative movement are usually known as credit unions or cooperative banks rather than mutuals. Various types of financial institutions around the world are mutuals, and examples include: Some mutual financial institutions offer services very similar to (if not the same as) those of a commercial bank . In some markets, mutuals offer very competitive interest rates and fee tariffs on savings and deposit accounts , mortgages and loans . The members who save and borrow with

2555-400: The company in the best interests of the customers. Furthermore, a mutual company is able to focus on a longer horizon than a typical company. Some mutual insurance companies make this claim explicitly. In more general terms, mutual organizations are able to minimize the principal–agent problem by removing one stakeholder, the investor-owner, in favor of one of the other stakeholders, usually

2628-544: The context in which it is used. It can mean moving something from the public sphere into the private sphere, but it may also be used to describe something that was always private, but heavily regulated, which becomes less regulated through a process of deregulation . The term may also be used descriptively for something that has always been private, but could be public in other jurisdictions. There are also private entities that may perform public functions. These entities could also be described as privatized. Privatization may mean

2701-503: The cost of bureaucracy was one of the reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire . Perhaps one of the first ideological movements towards privatization came during China 's golden age of the Han dynasty . Taoism came into prominence for the first time at a state level, and it advocated the laissez-faire principle of Wu wei (無為), literally meaning "do nothing". The rulers were counseled by

2774-696: The countries suggest that a large segment of the public is dissatisfied with or have negative views of privatization in the region. In the 1990s, the governments in Eastern and Central Europe engaged in extensive privatization of state-owned enterprises in Eastern and Central Europe and Russia, with assistance from the World Bank , the U.S. Agency for International Development, the German Treuhand , and other governmental and non-governmental organization . Nippon Telegraph and Telephone 's privatization in 1987 involved

2847-446: The customer, who becomes both user and joint owner of the business. However, the mutual form of ownership also has disadvantages. One example is that mutual companies have no shares to sell and hence no access to equity markets . At one time, most major U.S. life insurers were mutual companies. For many years, the tax status of such organizations was open to dispute, as they were technically nonprofit organizations. Eventually, it

2920-758: The first attempt at a social welfare analysis of the British privatization program under the Conservative governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major during the 1980s and 1990s, Massimo Florio points to the absence of any productivity shock resulting strictly from ownership change. Instead, the impact on the previously nationalized companies of the UK productivity leap under the Conservatives varied in different industries. In some cases, it occurred prior to privatization, and in other cases, it occurred upon privatization or several years afterward. A 2012 study published by

2993-449: The government sells state-owned businesses to private interests, but it may also be discussed in the context of the privatization of services or government functions, where private entities are tasked with the implementation of government programs or the performance of government services. Gillian E. Metzger has written that: "Private entities [in the US] provide a vast array of social services for

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3066-429: The government; administer core aspects of government programs; and perform tasks that appear quintessentially governmental, such as promulgating standards or regulating third-party activities." Metzger mentions an expansion of privatization that includes health and welfare programs, public education, and prisons. The history of privatization dates from Ancient Greece , when governments contracted out almost everything to

3139-421: The implementation of government programs or performance of government services that had previously been the purview of state-run agencies. Some examples include revenue collection, law enforcement , water supply , and prison management . Another definition is that privatization is the sale of a state-owned enterprise or municipally owned corporation to private investors; in this case shares may be traded in

3212-479: The largest share offering in financial history at the time. 15 of the world's 20 largest public share offerings have been privatizations of telecoms. In 1988, the perestroika policy of Mikhail Gorbachev started allowing privatization of the centrally planned economy. Large privatization of the Soviet economy occurred over the next few years as the country dissolved . Other Eastern Bloc countries followed suit after

3285-400: The middle of the 1930s. The firms belonged to a wide range of sectors: steel, mining, banking, local public utilities, shipyard, ship-lines, railways, etc. In addition to this, delivery of some public services produced by public administrations prior to the 1930s, especially social services and services related to work, was transferred to the private sector, mainly to several organizations within

3358-464: The more competitive the industry, the greater the improvement in output, profitability, and efficiency. Such efficiency gains mean a one-off increase in GDP , but through improved incentives to innovate and reduce costs also tend to raise the rate of economic growth . More recent research and literature review performed by Professor Saul Estrin and Adeline Pelletier concluded that "the literature now reflects

3431-508: The mutual to sustain or grow the organization, though some mutuals operate a dividend scheme similar to a cooperative. The primary form of financial business set up as a mutual company in the United States has been mutual insurance . Some insurance companies are set up as stock companies and then mutualized, their ownership passing to their policy owners. In mutual insurance companies, what would have been profits are instead rebated to

3504-434: The mutual ultimately own the business. Mutualization or mutualisation is the process by which a joint stock company changes legal form to a mutual organization or a cooperative , so that the majority of the stock is owned by employees or customers. Demutualization or demutualisation is the reverse process, whereby a mutual may convert itself to a joint-stock company. This process became increasingly common in

3577-408: The needed time to wait for a return. Another economic factor that influences this area is the resulting efficiency of SOEs once privatised. Commonly, governments aren’t able to provide the required investments required to ensure profitability for various reasons. These factors may lead to a government deciding to privatize. There are several main methods of privatization: The choice of sale method

3650-446: The ones more in need of these services." The increase in privatization since the 1980s has been a factor in rising income and wealth inequality in the United States. Due to low levels of native capital accumulation in the former Central and Eastern Europe, the rapid privatization preferred by international institutions ( EBRD , IMF , World Bank ) and other foreign banks was a de facto call for international bidding, reflecting

3723-424: The organization or society. A mutual is therefore owned by, and run for the benefit of, its members – it has no external shareholders to pay in the form of dividends , and as such does not usually seek to maximize and make large profits or capital gains . Mutuals exist for the members to benefit from the services they provide and often do not pay income tax . Surplus revenue made will usually be re-invested in

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3796-678: The original article are simply not robust." A subsequent body of scholarship, while still controversial, demonstrates that rapid privatization schemes associated with neoliberal economic reforms did result in poorer health outcomes in former Eastern Bloc countries during the transition to markets economies, with the World Health Organization contributing to the debate by stating "IMF economic reform programs are associated with significantly worsened tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates in post-communist Eastern European and former Soviet countries." Historian Walter Scheidel ,

3869-430: The other hand, however, privatisation has been largely met with a negative criticism and citizen coalitions. This neoliberal criticism highlights the ongoing conflict between varying visions of economic development. Karl Polanyi emphasizes the societal concerns of self-regulating markets through a concept known as a "double movement". In essence, whenever societies move towards increasingly unrestrained, free-market rule,

3942-457: The ownership interest they formerly had in the form of their interest as mutual policyholders. The Mutual of Omaha Insurance Company has also investigated demutualization, even though its form of ownership is embedded in its name. It is noted that other formerly mutual companies such as Washington Mutual , a former savings and loan association , have been allowed to demutualize and yet retain their names. The approximate British equivalent of

4015-593: The private sector. In the Roman Republic private individuals and companies performed the majority of services including tax collection ( tax farming ), army supplies ( military contractors ), religious sacrifices and construction. However, the Roman Empire also created state-owned enterprises —for example, much of the grain was eventually produced on estates owned by the Emperor. David Parker and David S. Saal suggest that

4088-459: The private sector. In the 1990s, privatization revenue from 18 Latin American countries totaled 6% of gross domestic product. Private investment in infrastructure from 1990 and 2001 reached $ 360.5 billion, $ 150 billion more than in the next emerging economy. While economists generally give favorable evaluations of the impact of privatization in Latin America, opinion polls and public protests across

4161-840: The privatization of common lands is referred to as enclosure (in Scotland as the Lowland Clearances and the Highland Clearances ). Significant privatizations of this nature occurred from 1760 to 1820, preceding the Industrial Revolution in that country. The first mass privatization of state property occurred in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1937: "It is a fact that the government of the National Socialist Party sold off public ownership in several state-owned firms in

4234-575: The privatized businesses were bought by foreigners (chiefly West Germans – 75%). Romania's first privatization took place on 3 August 1992. There was "very little" privatization during 1992: only 22 state-owned enterprises were privatized. The pace picked up throughout the following year, with more than 260 companies privatized. Four of the 22 enterprises privatized in 1992 were sold to foreign investors. In 1993, 265 companies were privatized, followed by 604 in 1994. Two companies were sold to foreign investors during this period, one each in 1993 and 1994. At

4307-438: The public market for the first time, or for the first time since an enterprise's previous nationalization . This type of privatization can include the demutualization of a mutual organization , cooperative , or public-private partnership in order to form a joint-stock company . Separately, privatization can refer to the purchase of all outstanding shares of a publicly traded company by private equity investors, which

4380-428: The regional water authorities (mostly in 1989). After 1979, council house tenants in the UK were given the right to buy their homes (at a heavily discounted rate). One million purchased their residences by 1986. Such efforts culminated in 1993 when British Rail was privatized under Thatcher's successor, John Major . British Rail had been formed by prior nationalization of private rail companies. The privatization

4453-425: The sale of the state-owned companies. Those with political connections unfairly gained large wealth, which has discredited privatization in these regions. While media have widely reported the grand corruption that accompanied those sales, according to research released by the World Bank there has been increased operating efficiency, daily petty corruption is, or would be, larger without privatization, and that corruption

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4526-500: The sales may not raise as much capital as would be justified by the fair value of the company being privatized. Many governments, therefore, elect for listings in more sophisticated markets, for example, Euronext , and the London , New York and Hong Kong stock exchanges. Governments in developing countries and transition countries more often resort to direct asset sales to a few investors, partly because those countries do not yet have

4599-652: The savings and loan is the building society . Building societies also went through an era of demutualisation in the 1980s and 1990s, leaving only one large national building society and around forty smaller regional and local ones. Significant demutualisation also occurred in Australia and South Africa in the same era. Cooperatives are very similar to mutual companies. They tend to deal in primarily tangible goods and services such as agricultural commodities or utilities rather than intangible products such as financial services . Nevertheless, banking institutions with close ties to

4672-594: The standards established by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). CATSA contracts screening services to private security companies . There were 5,747 active screening personnel across Canada in 2020–2021, and 7 million passengers screened. Passenger levels in 2020–2021 were significantly lower than usual due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The following are the rank insignias used by CATSA Screening Officers: CATSA has been implicated by

4745-408: The start of 1999, 4,330 companies were left to be privatized, with 5,476 having been sold during 1993–1998. At the end of 1998, only 2.4% of privatized companies had foreign participation. Arguments for and against the controversial subject of privatization are presented here. Mutual organization A mutual organization , also mutual society or simply mutual , is an organization (which

4818-411: The stock market, bidders compete to offer higher prices, generating more revenue for the state. Voucher privatization, on the other hand, could represent a genuine transfer of assets to the general population, creating a sense of participation and inclusion. A market could be created if the government permits transfer of vouchers among voucher holders. Some privatization transactions can be interpreted as

4891-434: The subsequent sale of state-run firms saw the number of shareholders double by 1985. By the time of her resignation in 1990, there were more than 10 million shareholders in Britain. Privatization in Latin America was extensive in the 1980s and 1990s, as a result of a Western liberal economic policy. Companies providing public services such as water management , transportation, and telecommunications were rapidly sold off to

4964-402: The voices of workers, community members and academics. Some reports show that the results of privatization are experienced differently between men and women for numerous reasons: when public services are privatized women are expected to take on the health and social care of dependents , women have less access to privatized goods, public sector employs a larger proportion of women than does

5037-448: The word Privatisierung has been used since at least the 19th century. Ultimately, the word came to German through French from the Latin privatus . The term reprivatization , again translated directly from German ( Reprivatisierung ), was used frequently in the mid-1930s as The Economist reported on Nazi Germany's sale of nationalized banks back to public shareholders following

5110-551: The world. Results of privatization may vary depending on the privatization model employed. According to Irwin Stelzer , "it is somewhere between difficult and impossible to separate the effects of privatisation from the effects of such things as trends in the economy". According to research performed by the World Bank and William L. Megginson in the early 2000s, privatization in competitive industries with well-informed consumers, consistently improved efficiency. According to APEC ,

5183-410: Was agreed that federal taxation would be based on their share of business: for instance, in years in which mutual companies represented half of the business, they would be responsible for half of the taxes paid by the industry. Many savings and loan associations were also mutual companies, owned by their depositors. As a form of corporate ownership the mutual has fallen out of favor in the U.S. since

5256-410: Was controversial, and its impact is still debated today , as doubling of passenger numbers and investment was balanced by an increase in rail subsidy . This has been reverted by the same party in Britain in the early 2020s with the state-owned Great British Railways . The United Kingdom's largest public share offerings were privatizations of British Telecom and British Gas during the 1980s under

5329-609: Was most improved out of all the 27 EU nations from 1997 to 2012. The report examined a range of 14 different factors and the UK came top in four of the factors, second and third in another two and fourth in three, coming top overall. Nonetheless, the impact of the privatisation of British Rail has been the subject of much debate, with the stated benefits including improved customer service, and more investment; and stated drawbacks including higher fares, lower punctuality and increased rail subsidies. Privatizations in Russia and Latin America were accompanied by large-scale corruption during

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