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76-414: Many Canadian universities offer multi-faith chaplaincy services. Chaplains may offer faith-specific support and counselling for students, staff, and faculty dealing with stress, grief or loneliness, or they can be present for non-religious students with questions about faith and for those wrestling with spiritual meaning in their lives. Overall, chaplains are committed to supporting the spiritual well-being of

152-561: A BA "under the line" (with lower second class honours in Classics, and having failed classification in the Mathematical Papers). Desiring to remain in Oxford, Newman then took private pupils and read for a fellowship at Oriel College , then "the acknowledged centre of Oxford intellectualism". He was elected a fellow at Oriel on 12 April 1822. Edward Bouverie Pusey was elected a fellow of

228-408: A Catholic periodical, saw them as "furnishing a key to the whole mystery of anti-Catholic hostility and as shewing the special point of attack upon which our controversial energies should be concentrated." However, some Catholic theologians, principally John Gillow , president of Ushaw College , perceived Newman's language as ascribing too much to the role of the laity. Gillow accused Newman of giving

304-529: A Victorian". Popular anti-Catholic feeling ran high at this time, partly in consequence of the papal bull Universalis Ecclesiae by which Pope Pius IX re-established the Catholic diocesan hierarchy in England on 29 September 1850. New episcopal sees were created and Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman was to be the first Archbishop of Westminster. Wiseman announced the restoration of the hierarchy in England on 7 October in

380-614: A cardinal by Pope Leo XIII in recognition of his services to the cause of the Catholic Church in England. He was instrumental in the founding of the Catholic University of Ireland in 1854, which later became University College Dublin . Newman was also a literary figure: his major writings include the Tracts for the Times (1833–1841), his autobiography Apologia Pro Vita Sua (1864),

456-563: A definite idea of the Christian Church as institution: "a Divine appointment, and as a substantive body, independent of the State, and endowed with rights, prerogatives and powers of its own". Newman broke with Whately in 1827 on the occasion of the re-election of Robert Peel as Member of Parliament for the university: Newman opposed Peel on personal grounds. In 1827 Newman was a preacher at Whitehall . In 1828, Newman supported and secured

532-642: A group of aggressive anti-Catholics. Isaac Williams became Littlemore's curate instead, succeeded by John Rouse Bloxam from 1837 to 1840, during which the school opened. William John Copeland acted as curate from 1840. Newman continued as a High Anglican controversialist until 1841, when he published Tract 90 , which proved the last of the series. This detailed examination of the Thirty-Nine Articles suggested that their framers directed their negations not against Catholicism's authorised creed, but only against popular errors and exaggerations. Though this

608-588: A higher ecclesiastical tone. George Herring considers that the death of his sister Mary in January had a major impact on Newman. In the middle part of the year he worked to read the Church Fathers thoroughly. While local secretary of the Church Missionary Society , Newman circulated an anonymous letter suggesting a method by which Anglican clergy might practically oust Nonconformists from all control of

684-422: A national outcry. This "No Popery" uproar led to violence with Catholic priests being pelted in the streets and Catholic churches being attacked. Newman was keen for lay people to be at the forefront of any public apologetics, writing that Catholics should "make the excuse of this persecution for getting up a great organization, going round the towns giving lectures, or making speeches". He supported John Capes in

760-609: A pastoral letter dated "from out of the Flaminian Gate". Led by The Times and Punch , the British press saw this as being an attempt by the papacy to reclaim jurisdiction over England. This was dubbed the "Papal Aggression". The prime minister, John Russell , wrote a public letter to the Bishop of Durham and denounced this "attempt to impose a foreign yoke upon our minds and consciences". Russell's stirring up of anti-Catholicism led to

836-479: A related para-church student fellowship ministry or college group directly or indirectly affiliated with their denomination , sometimes named by it. Additionally, independent churches will often have college ministries which may extend onto constituent college campuses in the form of a student organization . List of multi-campus protestant college ministries: John Henry Newman Defunct John Henry Newman CO (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890)

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912-434: A side chapel of St Mary's in defence of the via media ("middle way") of Anglicanism between Roman Catholicism and popular Protestantism. Newman's influence in Oxford was supreme about the year 1839. Just then, however, his study of monophysitism caused him to doubt whether Anglican theology was consistent with the principles of ecclesiastical authority which he had come to accept. He read Nicholas Wiseman 's article in

988-446: A small band of followers, and lived in semi-monastic conditions. The first to join him there was John Dobree Dalgairns . Others were William Lockhart on the advice of Henry Manning , Ambrose St John in 1843, Frederick Oakeley and Albany James Christie in 1845. The group adapted buildings in what is now College Lane, Littlemore, opposite the inn, including stables and a granary for stage coaches. Newman called it "the house of

1064-542: A tour in southern Europe on account of the latter's health. On board the mail steamship Hermes they visited Gibraltar , Malta, the Ionian Islands and, subsequently, Sicily , Naples and Rome, where Newman made the acquaintance of Nicholas Wiseman . In a letter home he described Rome as "the most wonderful place on Earth", but the Roman Catholic Church as " polytheistic , degrading and idolatrous ". During

1140-515: A tutor to Oriel, and the same year Richard Hurrell Froude , described by Newman as "one of the acutest, cleverest and deepest men" he ever met, was elected fellow there. The two formed a high ideal of the tutorial office as clerical and pastoral rather than secular, which led to tensions in the college. Newman assisted Whately in his popular work Elements of Logic (1826, initially for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana ), and from him gained

1216-514: Is Cru , originally known as Campus Crusade for Christ, an interdenominational Christian ministry established in 1951 on the campus of UCLA which has ministries in over a thousand universities. Various other evangelical groups have worldwide networks of campus ministries including the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students , World Student Christian Federation , and The Navigators . Often Protestant denominations will also have

1292-605: The Dublin Review on "The Anglican Claim", which quoted Augustine of Hippo against the Donatists , " securus judicat orbis terrarum " ("the verdict of the world is conclusive"). Newman later wrote of his reaction: For a mere sentence, the words of St Augustine struck me with a power which I never had felt from any words before. ... They were like the 'Tolle, lege,—Tolle, lege,' of the child, which converted St Augustine himself. 'Securus judicat orbis terrarum!' By those great words of

1368-553: The Grammar of Assent (1870), and the poem The Dream of Gerontius (1865), which was set to music in 1900 by Edward Elgar . He wrote the popular hymns " Lead, Kindly Light ", "Firmly I believe, and truly", and "Praise to the Holiest in the Height" (the latter two taken from Gerontius ). Newman's beatification was proclaimed by Pope Benedict XVI on 19 September 2010 during his visit to

1444-622: The Church of Ireland , and the elimination of Vestry Assessment ( church rates or "parish cess"), a cause of grievance in the Tithe War . The bill also made changes to the leasing of church lands. Some politicians and clergy (including a number of Whigs ) feared that the Church of England might be disestablished and lose its endowments. John Keble criticised these proposals as " National Apostasy " in his Assize Sermon in Oxford in 1833, in which he denied

1520-645: The English Reformation , as well as from contemporary Roman Catholic traditions. The immediate impetus for the Tractarian movement was a perceived attack by the reforming Whig administration on the structure and revenues of the Church of Ireland (the established church in Ireland), with the Irish Church Temporalities Bill (1833). The Act provided for the merging of dioceses and provinces of

1596-500: The Lectures as follows: We have the very curious spectacle of a grave religious apologist giving rein for the first time at the age of fifty to a sense of rollicking fun and gifts of humorous writing, which if expended on other subjects would naturally have adorned the pages of Thackeray's Punch . Ian Ker has raised the profile of Newman's satire. Ker notes that Newman's imagery has a "savage, Swiftian flavour" and can be "grotesque in

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1672-533: The Oxford Conservative Journal , an anonymous but otherwise formal retractation of all the hard things he had said against Roman Catholicism. Lockhart became the first in the group to convert formally to Catholicism. Newman preached his last Anglican sermon at Littlemore, the valedictory "The parting of friends" on 25 September, and resigned the living of St Mary's, although he did not leave Littlemore for two more years, until his own formal reception into

1748-610: The University of Oxford and priest in the Church of England , Newman was drawn to the high church tradition of Anglicanism. He became one of the more notable leaders of the Oxford Movement , an influential and controversial grouping of Anglicans who wished to restore to the Church of England many Catholic beliefs and liturgical rituals from before the English Reformation . In this, the movement had some success. After publishing his controversial Tract 90 in 1841, Newman later wrote: "I

1824-684: The " one, holy, catholic, and apostolic " Christian church. Many key participants subsequently converted to Roman Catholicism . The movement's philosophy was known as Tractarianism after its series of publications, the Tracts for the Times , published from 1833 to 1841. Tractarians were also disparagingly referred to as "Newmanites" (before 1845) and "Puseyites" after two prominent Tractarians, John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey . Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble , Charles Marriott , Richard Froude , Robert Wilberforce , Isaac Williams and William Palmer . All except Williams and Palmer were fellows of Oriel College, Oxford . In

1900-492: The Blessed Virgin Mary at Littlemore" (now Newman College). This "Anglican monastery" attracted publicity, and much curiosity in Oxford, which Newman tried to downplay, but some nicknamed it Newmanooth (from Maynooth College ). Some Newman disciples wrote about English saints, while Newman himself worked to complete an Essay on the development of doctrine . In February 1843, Newman published, as an advertisement in

1976-472: The Catholic Church. An interval of two years then elapsed before Newman was received into the Catholic Church on 9 October 1845 by Dominic Barberi , an Italian Passionist , at the college in Littlemore . The personal consequences for Newman of his conversion were great: he suffered broken relationships with family and friends, and attitudes toward him within his Oxford circle became polarised. The effect on

2052-483: The Church of England to return to the ways of the ancient and undivided church in matters of doctrine, liturgy and devotion. They believed that the Church of England needed to affirm that its authority did not come from the authority of the state, but from God. Even if the Anglican Church were completely separated from the state, it could still claim the loyalty of Englishmen because it rested on divine authority and

2128-420: The Church's role in the transmission of revealed truth , and that must lead inexorably to subjectivism and skepticism ." Newman's name was entered at Lincoln's Inn . He was, however, sent shortly to Trinity College , Oxford , where he studied widely. His anxiety to do well in the final schools produced the opposite result; he broke down in the examination, under Thomas Vowler Short , and so graduated as

2204-553: The Dickens manner". Oxford Movement The Oxford Movement was a movement of high church members of the Church of England which began in the 1830s and eventually developed into Anglo-Catholicism . The movement, whose original devotees were mostly associated with the University of Oxford , argued for the reinstatement of some older Christian traditions of faith and their inclusion into Anglican liturgy and theology . They thought of Anglicanism as one of three branches of

2280-683: The Midland district, resided; and in October he went to Rome, where he was ordained priest by Cardinal Giacomo Filippo Fransoni and awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity by Pope Pius IX . At the close of 1847, Newman returned to England as an Oratorian and resided first at Maryvale (near Old Oscott , now the site of Maryvale Institute , a college of Theology, Philosophy and Religious Education); then at St Wilfrid's College , Cheadle ; and then at St Anne's, Alcester Street , Birmingham. Finally, he settled at Edgbaston , where spacious premises were built for

2356-663: The Newman movement and are ministered by laypeople , local parishes , or religious institutes . More recently, lay apostolates such as the Fellowship of Catholic University Students (FOCUS), established in 1997, are ministering to and re-evangelizing Catholic university students and young adults. LDS Student Association of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Protestant Christian and ecumenical groups following their establishment also created ministries especially focused on evangelizing students. One most recognizable group

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2432-620: The Oxford Movement. The family lived in Southampton Street (now Southampton Place) in Bloomsbury and bought a country retreat in Ham , near Richmond , in the early 1800s. At the age of seven Newman was sent to Great Ealing School conducted by George Nicholas. There George Huxley, father of Thomas Henry Huxley , taught mathematics, and Walter Mayers taught classics. Newman took no part in

2508-577: The Roman Catholic Church in 1845, followed by Henry Edward Manning in 1851, had a profound effect on the movement. Apart from the Tracts for the Times , the group began a collection of translations of the Church Fathers , which they termed the Library of the Fathers . The collection eventually comprised 48 volumes, the last published three years after Pusey's death. They were issued through Rivington 's company with

2584-608: The Roman and Anglican churches were wholly compatible. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1845 and was ordained a Catholic priest two years later. He later became a cardinal (but not a bishop). Writing on the end of Tractarianism as a movement, Newman stated: I saw indeed clearly that my place in the Movement was lost; public confidence was at an end; my occupation was gone. It was simply an impossibility that I could say any thing henceforth to good effect, when I had been posted up by

2660-488: The Tractarian priests began working in slums . This was partly because bishops refused to give livings to Tractarian priests, and partly due to an ethos of concern for the poor. From their new ministries, they developed a critique of British social policy , both local and national. One of the results was the establishment of the Christian Social Union , of which a number of bishops were members, where issues such as

2736-575: The United Kingdom . His canonisation was officially approved by Pope Francis on 12 February 2019, and took place on 13 October 2019. He is the fifth saint of the City of London , after Thomas Becket (born in Cheapside), Thomas More (born on Milk Street), Edmund Campion (son of a London bookseller) and Polydore Plasden (of Fleet Street). Newman was born on 21 February 1801 in the City of London ,

2812-628: The ancient Father, interpreting and summing up the long and varied course of ecclesiastical history, the theology of the Via Media was absolutely pulverised. ( Apologia , part 5) After a furore in which the eccentric John Brande Morris preached for him in St Mary's in September 1839, Newman began to think of moving away from Oxford. One plan that surfaced was to set up a religious community in Littlemore, outside

2888-480: The appointment of Renn Dickson Hampden as Regius Professor of Divinity . Hampden's 1832 Bampton Lectures , in the preparation of which Joseph Blanco White assisted, were suspected of heresy ; and this suspicion was accentuated by a pamphlet put forth by Newman, Elucidations of Dr Hampden's Theological Statements . At this date, Newman became editor of the British Critic . He also gave courses of lectures in

2964-523: The authority of the British Parliament to abolish several dioceses in Ireland. The Gorham Case , in which secular courts overruled an ecclesiastical court on the matter of a priest with somewhat unorthodox views on the efficacy of infant baptism , was also deeply unsettling. Keble, Edward Bouverie Pusey , Newman, and others began to publish a series known as Tracts for the Times , which called

3040-445: The casual school games. He was a great reader of the novels of Walter Scott , then in course of publication, and of Robert Southey . Aged 14, he read sceptical works by Thomas Paine , David Hume and perhaps Voltaire . At the age of 15, during his last year at school, Newman converted to Evangelical Christianity , an incident of which he wrote in his Apologia that it was "more certain than that I have hands or feet". Almost at

3116-533: The church. In particular, it brought the insights of the Liturgical Movement into the life of the church. Its effects were so widespread that the Eucharist gradually became more central to worship , vestments became common, and numerous Roman Catholic practices were re-introduced into worship. This led to controversies within churches that resulted in court cases, as in the dispute about ritualism . Many of

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3192-463: The city of Oxford. Since accepting his post at St Mary's, Newman had a chapel ( dedicated to Sts Nicholas and Mary ) and a school built in the parish's neglected area. Newman's mother had laid the foundation stone in 1835, based on a half-acre plot and £100 given by Oriel College. Newman planned to appoint Charles Pourtales Golightly , an Oriel man, as curate at Littlemore in 1836. However, Golightly had taken offence at one of Newman's sermons and joined

3268-721: The committee he was organising for public lectures in February 1851. Due to ill health, Capes had to stop them halfway through. Newman took the initiative and booked the Birmingham Corn Exchange for a series of public lectures. He decided to make their tone popular and provide cheap off-prints to those who attended. These lectures were his Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England and they were delivered weekly, beginning on 30 June and published on 1 September 1851. In total, there were nine lectures: which form

3344-495: The community, and where (except for four years in Ireland) he lived a secluded life for nearly forty years. Before the house at Edgbaston was occupied, Newman established the London Oratory , with Father Frederick William Faber as its superior. Anti-Catholicism had been central to British culture since the 16th-century English Reformation. According to D. G. Paz, anti-Catholicism was "an integral part of what it meant to be

3420-535: The concept of the Oxford Movement to argue for a return to traditional Confucianism in China . Defunct One of the principal writers and proponents of Tractarianism was John Henry Newman , a popular Oxford priest who, after writing his final tract, " Tract 90 ", became convinced that the Branch Theory was inadequate. Concerns that Tractarianism was disguised Roman Catholicism were not unfounded; Newman believed that

3496-644: The course of this tour, Newman wrote most of the short poems which a year later were printed in the Lyra Apostolica . From Rome, instead of accompanying the Froudes home in April, Newman returned to Sicily alone. He fell dangerously ill with gastric or typhoid fever at Leonforte , but recovered, with the conviction that God still had work for him to do in England. Newman saw this as his third providential illness. In June 1833 he left Palermo for Marseille in an orange boat, which

3572-439: The early nineteenth century, many of the clergymen of the Church of England , particularly those in high office, saw themselves as latitudinarian (liberal). Conversely, many clergy in the parishes were Evangelicals , as a result of the revival led by John Wesley . Alongside this, the universities became the breeding ground for a movement to restore liturgical and devotional customs which borrowed deeply from traditions before

3648-601: The editorship of the British Critic and was thenceforth, as he later described it, "on his deathbed as regards membership with the Anglican Church". He now considered the position of Anglicans to be similar to that of the semi-Arians in the Arian controversy. The joint Anglican-Lutheran bishopric set up in Jerusalem was to him further evidence that the Church of England was not apostolic. In 1842 Newman withdrew to Littlemore with

3724-515: The eldest of a family of three sons and three daughters. His father, John Newman, was a banker with Ramsbottom, Newman and Company in Lombard Street . His mother, Jemima (née Fourdrinier), was descended from a notable family of Huguenot refugees in England, founded by the engraver, printer and stationer Paul Fourdrinier . Francis William Newman was a younger brother. His younger sister, Harriet Elizabeth, married Thomas Mozley , also prominent in

3800-464: The election of Edward Hawkins as Provost of Oriel over John Keble . In the same year Newman was appointed vicar of St Mary's University Church , to which the benefice of Littlemore (to the south of the city of Oxford) was attached, and Pusey was made Regius Professor of Hebrew . At this date, though Newman was still nominally associated with the Evangelicals, his views were gradually assuming

3876-462: The end of his life, Newman looked back on his conversion to Evangelical Christianity in 1816 as the saving of his soul, he began to shift away from his early Calvinism. As Eamon Duffy puts it, "He came to see Evangelicalism, with its emphasis on religious feeling and on the Reformation doctrine of justification by faith alone , as a Trojan horse for an undogmatic religious individualism that ignored

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3952-625: The first of their kind in English literature." John Wolffe assesses the Lectures as: an interesting treatment of the problem of anti-Catholicism from an observer whose partisan commitment did not cause him to slide into mere polemic and who had the advantage of viewing the religious battlefield from both sides of the tortured no man's land of Littlemore. The response to the Lectures was split between Catholics and Protestants. Generally, Catholics greeted them with enthusiasm. A review in The Rambler ,

4028-503: The historic pre- schism Catholic Church. Tractarians argued for the inclusion of traditional aspects of liturgy from medieval religious practice, as they believed the church had become too "plain". In the final tract, " Tract 90 ", Newman argued that the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, as defined by the Council of Trent , were compatible with the Thirty-Nine Articles of the 16th-century Church of England. Newman's eventual reception into

4104-512: The impetus, and Newman who took up the work"; but the first organisation of it was due to Hugh James Rose , editor of the British Magazine , who has been styled "the Cambridge originator of the Oxford Movement ". Rose met Oxford Movement figures on a visit to Oxford looking for magazine contributors, and it was in his rectory house at Hadleigh, Suffolk , that a meeting of High Church clergy

4180-480: The impression that the church's infallibility resides in a partnership between the hierarchy and the faithful, rather than falling exclusively in the teaching office of the church, a concept described by Pope Pius IX as the "ordinary magisterium" of the church. The Protestant response was less positive. Archdeacon Julius Hare said that Newman "is determined to say whatever he chooses, in spite of facts and reason". Wilfrid Ward , Newman's first biographer, describes

4256-476: The imprint of the Holyrood Press. The main editor for many of these was Charles Marriott . A number of volumes of original Greek and Latin texts were also published. One of the main contributions that resulted from Tractarianism is the hymnbook entitled Hymns Ancient and Modern which was published in 1861. The Oxford Movement was criticised as being a mere " Romanising " tendency, but it began to influence

4332-401: The just wage, the system of property renting, infant mortality and industrial conditions were debated. The more radical Catholic Crusade was a much smaller organisation than the Oxford Movement. Anglo-Catholicism – as this complex of ideas, styles and organisations became known – had a significant influence on global Anglicanism. Gu Hongming , an early twentieth-century Chinese author, used

4408-412: The marshal on the buttery-hatch of every College of my University, after the manner of discommoned pastry-cooks, and when in every part of the country and every class of society, through every organ and opportunity of opinion, in newspapers, in periodicals, at meetings, in pulpits, at dinner-tables, in coffee-rooms, in railway carriages, I was denounced as a traitor who had laid his train and was detected in

4484-481: The nine chapters of the published book. Following the first edition, a number of paragraphs were removed following the Achilli trial as "they were decided by a jury to constitute a libel, June 24, 1852." Andrew Nash describes the Lectures as "an analysis of this [anti-Catholic] ideology, satirising it, demonstrating the false traditions on which it was based and advising Catholics how they should respond to it. They were

4560-511: The principle of apostolic succession. With a wide distribution and a price in pennies, the Tracts succeeded in drawing attention to the views of the Oxford Movement on points of doctrine, but also to its overall approach, to the extent that Tractarian became a synonym for supporter of the movement. The Tractarians postulated the Branch Theory , which states that Anglicanism, along with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, form three "branches" of

4636-645: The same college in 1823. On 13 June 1824, Newman was made an Anglican deacon at Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford . Ten days later he preached his first sermon at Holy Trinity Church in Over Worton (near Banbury , Oxfordshire), where his former teacher, the Reverend Walter Mayers, was curate. On Trinity Sunday, 29 May 1825, he was ordained a priest at Christ Church Cathedral by the Bishop of Oxford, Edward Legge . He became, at Pusey's suggestion, curate of St Clement's Church, Oxford . Here, for two years, he

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4712-532: The same time (March 1816) the bank Ramsbottom, Newman and Co. crashed, though it paid its creditors, and his father left to manage a brewery. Mayers, who had himself undergone a conversion in 1814, lent Newman books from the English Calvinist tradition. "It was in the autumn of 1816 that Newman fell under the influence of a definite creed and received into his intellect impressions of dogma never afterwards effaced." He became an evangelical Calvinist and held

4788-567: The society. This resulted in his being dismissed from the post on 8 March 1830; and three months later Newman withdrew from the Bible Society , completing his move away from the low church group. In 1831–1832, Newman became the "Select Preacher" before the university. In 1832 his difference with Hawkins as to the "substantially religious nature" of a college tutorship became acute and prompted his resignation. In December 1832, Newman accompanied Archdeacon Robert Froude and his son Hurrell on

4864-437: The theory and practice of Anglicanism more broadly, spreading to cities such as Bristol during the 1840s-50s. The Oxford Movement was also criticised as both secretive and collusive. The Oxford Movement resulted in the establishment of Anglican religious orders , both of men and of women. It incorporated ideas and practices related to the practice of liturgy and ceremony to incorporate more powerful emotional symbolism in

4940-455: The typical belief that the Pope was the antichrist under the influence of the writings of Thomas Newton , as well as his reading of Joseph Milner 's History of the Church of Christ . Mayers is described as a moderate, Clapham Sect Calvinist, and Newman read William Law as well as William Beveridge in devotional literature. He also read The Force of Truth by Thomas Scott . Although to

5016-468: The university community using a holistic approach. Chaplains can run worship services, social events, or meal programs. Universities may offer multi-faith rooms for prayer or reflection. The need for pastoral services in secular universities can be traced back to the writings of John Henry Newman advocating for societies of Catholic students to be established at secular universities in England. The rising popularity of public universities in many parts of

5092-526: The wider Tractarian movement is still debated since Newman's leading role is regarded by some scholars as overstated, as is Oxford's domination of the movement as a whole. Tractarian writings had a wide and continuing circulation after 1845, well beyond the range of personal contacts with the main Oxford figures, and Tractarian clergy continued to be recruited into the Church of England in numbers. In February 1846, Newman left Oxford for St. Mary's College, Oscott , where Nicholas Wiseman , then vicar-apostolic of

5168-480: The world over sectarian private universities also necessitated a need for Christian ministerial services for students. At the same time Christian churches in the vicinity of colleges and universities may provide worship and ministerial services to local students. In the United States there are about 250 Catholic Newman Centers that minister to Catholic students at public universities. They trace their origin to

5244-513: Was an English Catholic theologian, academic, philosopher, historian, writer, and poet. He was previously an Anglican priest and after his conversion became a cardinal . He was an important and controversial figure in the religious history of England in the 19th century and was known nationally by the mid-1830s. He was canonised as a Catholic saint in 2019. He was a member of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri . Originally an evangelical academic at

5320-486: Was becalmed in the Strait of Bonifacio . Here, Newman wrote the verses " Lead, Kindly Light " which later became popular as a hymn. Newman was at home again in Oxford on 9 July 1833 and, on 14 July, Keble preached at St Mary's an assize sermon on " National Apostasy ", which Newman afterwards regarded as the inauguration of the Oxford Movement. In the words of Richard William Church , it was "Keble who inspired, Froude who gave

5396-658: Was engaged in parochial work and wrote articles on " Apollonius of Tyana ", " Cicero " and " Miracles " for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana . Richard Whately and Edward Copleston , Provost of Oriel, were leaders in the group of Oriel Noetics , a group of independently thinking dons with a strong belief in free debate. In 1825, at Whately's request, Newman became vice-principal of St Alban Hall , but he held this post for only one year. He attributed much of his "mental improvement" and partial conquest of his shyness at this time to Whately. In 1826 Newman returned as

5472-474: Was held over 25–26 July (Newman was not present, but Hurrell Froude, Arthur Philip Perceval , and William Palmer had gone to visit Rose), at which it was resolved to fight for "the apostolical succession and the integrity of the Prayer Book ". A few weeks later Newman started, apparently on his own initiative, the Tracts for the Times , from which the movement was subsequently named "Tractarian". Its aim

5548-674: Was increasingly marked during a period of eight years. Through Francis Rivington, the tracts were published by the Rivington house in London. In 1835 Professor Edward Pusey joined the Oxford Movement and contributed tracts on Baptism and the Eucharist, and the wider movement became known as the so-called "Puseyites", a term soon generally applied to Anglican ritualists . In 1836 the Tractarians appeared as an activist group, in united opposition to

5624-447: Was not altogether new, Archibald Campbell Tait , with three other senior tutors, denounced it as "suggesting and opening a way by which men might violate their solemn engagements to the university". Other heads of houses and others in authority joined in the alarm. At the request of Richard Bagot , the Bishop of Oxford , the publication of the Tracts came to an end. Newman also resigned

5700-515: Was on my death-bed, as regards my membership with the Anglican Church." In 1845, Newman resigned his teaching post at Oxford University, and, joined by some but not all of his followers, officially left the Church of England and was received into the Catholic Church . He was quickly ordained as a priest and continued as an influential religious leader, based in Birmingham. In 1879, he was created

5776-407: Was to secure for the Church of England a definite basis of doctrine and discipline. At the time the state's financial stance towards the Church of Ireland had raised the spectres of disestablishment, or an exit of high churchmen. The teaching of the tracts was supplemented by Newman's Sunday afternoon sermons at St Mary's, the influence of which, especially over the junior members of the university,

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