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35-507: The Cameron Blockhouse is a timber blockhouse in Wanganui , New Zealand , built during the New Zealand Wars in the mid-19th century. It is a rare surviving example of a privately constructed redoubt from that era. John Cameron bought the property known as Marangai in 1841, but it wasn't until around 1868, when he commissioned a blockhouse to protect his family from what he believed

70-551: A Crimean War scene. The flag carried was British, but the defenders appeared to be wearing Russian uniform of the mid 19th century. Any engagement between Russians and Napoleonic armies would not have featured a British flag. Pub names like this and the Alma came into prominence after the Crimean War. The Redan public house on Thorpe Road in Norwich (now closed) was originally named The Hero of

105-475: A bunker to the right (in a traditional Redan) side of the green which can be skillfully used to propel the ball onto the green and nearer the hole by the more skilled golfer. Redan holes in which the green is visible from the tee can produce a particular excitement for the golfer as the ball tracks its way to the hole. At the original Redan design in North Berwick, Scotland, the green is invisible (or blind) from

140-480: A green complex of any "par" hole - a par 3 most commonly, but it may also be used as a par 4 or par 5 green complex. Many Redan holes are flanked by a variety of deep bunkers, in the typical arrangement one fronts on the left side. The original "Redan" is the 15th hole on the West Links of North Berwick . A frequent feature is a somewhat raised portion of ground, often called a kick mound or kick plate, with or without

175-516: A half-moon-shaped outwork ; with shorter flanks it became a redan. Redans were a common feature in the coastal batteries built in Malta between 1715 and the end of the 18th century. Surviving batteries with redans include Mistra Battery and Saint Anthony's Battery . The Russians used redans on their left at the Battle of Borodino against Napoleon . A small redan whose faces make an obtuse angle with

210-408: A larger fortification, usually a battery or redoubt. The term blockhouse is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Middle Dutch blokhus and 18th-century French blocus (blockade). Blockhouses existed in ancient Greece, for example the one near Mycenae . Early blockhouses were designed solely to protect a particular area by the use of artillery, and they had accommodation only for

245-589: A modern blockhouse and a bunker is that a bunker is constructed mostly below ground level while a blockhouse is constructed mostly above ground level. Some blockhouses like those constructed in England in 1940 were built in anticipation of a German invasion ; they were often hexagonal in shape and were called " pillboxes ". About 28,000 pillboxes and other hardened field fortifications were constructed, of which about 6,500 still survive. The Admiralty Citadel in London

280-435: A single blockhouse. Many of the redoubts consisted of a pentagonal platform with a rectangular blockhouse at the rear, although a few had semi-circular or rectangular platforms. Surviving redoubts with blockhouses include Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq Redoubt and Briconet Redoubt , both of which have a pentagonal plan. A few of the redoubts consisted of a single tower-like blockhouse without a platform, and were known as tour-reduits . Of

315-513: A vertex toward the enemy is called a flèche (arrow in French ). The Bagration flèches were three redans backwards in echelon . The Shevardino Redoubt (another redan) was erected as an early warning post a mile in front of the Bagration flèches. A Redan hole or Redan is an aspect of golf course architecture commonly associated with golf architect Charles B. Macdonald . The term alludes to

350-576: Is one of the few blockhouses to survive from the New Zealand Wars . During the Second Boer War the British forces built a large number of fortifications in South Africa . Around 441 were solid masonry blockhouses, many of which stand today. Different designs were used in the construction of these blockhouses, but most were either two or three story structures built using locally quarried stone. However

385-651: Is one of the sturdiest above-ground structures built during World War II. It was constructed in 1940–1941 as a bomb-proof operations centre for the Admiralty , with foundations nine metres deep and a concrete roof six metres thick. It too was intended to serve as a strongpoint in defending against the feared invasion. In Berlin and other cities during World War II some massive blockhouses were built as air-raid shelters and anti-aircraft artillery platforms. They were called Hochbunker (literally, "high bunkers"; better translated as "above ground bunkers", to distinguish them from

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420-482: The United States . Blockhouses may be made of masonry where available, but were commonly made from very heavy timbers , sometimes even logs arranged in the manner of a log cabin . They were usually two or even three floors , with all storeys being provided with embrasures or loopholes, and the uppermost storey would be roofed. If the structure was of timber, usually the upper storey would project outward from

455-399: The "Redan" type of fortification. Specifically, a Redan hole has a green which slopes downwards and away from the point of entrance, typically the front right portion of the green. Links golf is played on the ground as much as in the air and, consequently, the green slopes away from the golfer playing to the green from the tee or fairway. Thus, it is often played in an indirect manner; that is,

490-514: The 6th (now the 15th - Ed.) like the formidable fortress, or redan, he had encountered at Sebastopol . It was conquered only after nearly a year of attrition, in which deaths totalled more than 20,000 British and 80,000 French soldiers. The word 'Redan' is now part of the English language, and the definition given by the Oxford Dictionary is 'Fort—A work having two faces forming a salient towards

525-613: The Redan , in reference to Major-General Charles Ashe Windham who took part in the storming of the Redan at Sevastopol during the Crimean campaign in 1855. An area of Maryhill, Glasgow was known as 'The Redan' for many years and there is a closed-down pub called 'The Redan' close to this area on Maryhill Road, Glasgow. There was also a beerhouse called The Redan at the junction of Blue Ball Road and Cross Wells Road, Soyland, near Ripponden, West Yorkshire. It opened in 1890 and closed in 1937. Unfortunately,

560-575: The blockhouses were not built to a common design, but usually consisted of a stone tower and bastion or gun platform, which could be semi-circular, rectangular or irregular in shape. The last blockhouse of this type was Cromwell's Castle , built in Scilly in 1651. Blockhouses were an ubiquitous feature in Malta 's coastal fortifications built in the 18th century by the Order of St. John . Between 1714 and 1716, dozens of batteries and redoubts were built around

595-664: The coasts of the Maltese Islands, while a few others were built in the subsequent decades. Almost every battery and redoubt had a blockhouse, which served as gun crew accommodation and a place to store munitions. Many of the batteries consisted of a semi-circular or polygonal gun platform, with one or two blockhouses at the rear. The blockhouses usually had musketry loopholes, and in some cases were linked together by redans . Surviving batteries include Mistra Battery and Ferretti Battery , which both have two blockhouses, and Saint Mary's Battery and Saint Anthony's Battery , which have

630-422: The cost to build a blockhouse dropped down to £16, compared to several hundred pounds for masonry ones. These blockhouses played a vital role in the protection of the railway lines and bridges that were key to the British military supply lines. During World War I and World War II , many types of blockhouses were built, when time allowed usually constructed of reinforced concrete . The major difference between

665-716: The enemy. In Aldershot, once 'Home of the British Army', Redan Road leads from the High Street to the top of a hill where a redan was constructed for training soldiers in Victorian times. The redan was restored by the local council and a replica cannon is installed there above a glacis. At the time of the Crimean War, several public houses in Britain adopted the name. The Redan Inn (now The Quarterdeck) in North Berwick shared its name with

700-558: The famous hole on the golf course, while there is also a Redan Inn in Chilcompton , Somerset . A street in Shepherd's Bush , London is named Redan Street, and there is a street in Ipswich named Redan Street; the pub on the corner of Queensway and Westbourne Grove , London W2, was named The Redan. Its sign carried an illustration purportedly from a Napoleonic era battle, but it was more likely

735-401: The form of a single building, serving as a defensive strong point against any enemy that does not possess siege equipment or, in modern times, artillery , air force or cruise missiles . A fortification intended to resist these weapons is more likely to qualify as a fortress or a redoubt , or in modern times, be an underground bunker . However, a blockhouse may also refer to a room within

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770-504: The four tour-reduits that were built, only the Vendôme Tower survives today. Originally blockhouses were often constructed as part of a large plan, to "block" access to vital points in the scheme. But from the Age of Exploration to the nineteenth century standard patterns of blockhouses were constructed for defence in frontier areas, particularly South Africa , New Zealand , Canada , and

805-494: The fourth hole at the National Golf Links of America , commonly known as NGLA. He and his design cohorts, Seth Raynor and Charles "Steamshovel" Banks built a Redan or a reverse version of it at nearly every course that they constructed. It is a design element that has been copied by modern architects frequently - most notably the husband & wife team of Pete and Alice Dye, and Tom Doak. The design element can be used as

840-478: The lower so the upper storey defenders could fire on enemies attacking the lower storey, or perhaps pour water on any fires. When the structure had only one storey, its loopholes were often placed close to the ceiling, with a bench lining the walls inside for defenders to stand on, so that attackers could not easily reach the loopholes. Blockhouses were normally entered via a sturdy, barred door at ground level. Most blockhouses were roughly square in plan , but some of

875-498: The more elaborate ones were hexagonal or octagonal , to provide better all-around fire. In some cases, blockhouses became the basis for complete forts, by building a palisade with the blockhouse at one corner, and possibly a second tower at the opposite corner. Many historical stone blockhouses have survived, and a few timber ones have been restored at historical sites. In New Zealand, the Cameron Blockhouse , near Whanganui ,

910-415: The need for a substructure. Failure due to wood rot and splintering when hit by bullets or shrapnel were eliminated. The steel door to the blockhouse was sheltered by another piece of corrugated iron. The Major Rice blockhouse could be erected in six hours by six trained men. With the change from square gabled roofs to a circular design, they were given the nickname "Pepperpot blockhouse". With mass production

945-457: The player plays somewhat away from the target and then allows contours to direct the golf ball to its final resting point. Macdonald's oft-quoted description from Scotland's Gift: Golf is as follows: Take a narrow tableland, tilt it a little from right to left, dig a deep bunker on the front side, approach it diagonally and you have a Redan. This definition serves well to explain the basic concept. Macdonald built his original American Redan as

980-728: The pub was later demolished. As at November 2018, CAMRA's WhatPub website lists only two extant pubs called the Redan: one in Wokingham, Berkshire and one in Chilcompton, near Bath. The census-designated place of Redan, Georgia was likely named for the redans built in the area during the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War . Redan is also a southern suburb of the regional city of Ballarat in central western Victoria, Australia. It

1015-603: The short-term use of the garrison. The first known example is the Cow Tower, Norwich , built in 1398, which was of brick and had three storeys with the upper storeys pierced for six guns each. The major period of construction was in the maritime defence programmes of Henry VIII between 1539 and 1545. They were built to protect important maritime approaches such as the Thames Estuary , the Solent , and Plymouth . Often sited in pairs,

1050-578: The tee. The NGLA version, more the inspiration for modern copies than the original hole, introduced this concept of green visibility to the design. Many golf architecture connoisseurs feel that the NGLA hole is the perhaps the greatest example of this design, exceeding the original. The name 'Redan' in golf comes from the Crimean War , when the British captured a Russian-held fort, or redan. A serving officer—John White-Melville—is credited on his return as describing

1085-511: The usual deep i.e. underground air raid shelters) and those that functioned as anti-aircraft artillery platforms were also called Flak towers . Some were over six stories high; several survive to this day because of the high cost of demolition. The Hochbunker Pallasstraße  [ de ] in Berlin- Schöneberg has a post-war block of flats built over it. During the Cold War the shelter

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1120-470: The vast scale of British strategy led the British to develop cheaper, double-skinned corrugated iron structures. These could be prefabricated, delivered to site by armoured train, and then have locally sourced rocks or rubble packed inside the double skin to provide improved protection. A circular design developed by Major Rice in February 1901 had good all round visibility, and the lack of corners did away with

1155-399: Was an impending attack by Māori leader Riwha Titokowaru . Titokowaru had won several battles in south Taranaki and was heading south to Wanganui. Heightening the fears of settlers was Te Kooti 's raid of Poverty Bay that occurred around the same time. The blockhouse consists of a floor of compacted earth, double-skinned tōtara walls with clay infill and a corrugated iron roof. Clay

1190-522: Was in use as a NATO foodstore. In the guerrilla phase of the Irish Civil War (1922–1923), a network of blockhouses was constructed to protect the railways from guerrilla attacks. Blockhouses and coordinated road systems were used in the encirclement campaigns of Chiang Kai-shek against the Chinese Communist Party . Redan The redan developed from the lunette , originally

1225-407: Was used in the walls for protection against bullets and the threat of fire. This article about a New Zealand building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Blockhouse A blockhouse is a small fortification , usually consisting of one or more rooms with loopholes , allowing its defenders to fire in various directions. It is usually an isolated fort in

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