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74-591: The Cambridge University Conservative Association , or CUCA , is a student political society founded 1921, as a Conservative Association for students at Cambridge University , although it has earlier roots in the late nineteenth century. CUCA is not affiliated with the nationwide youth branch of the Conservative Party, the Young Conservatives , but is a fully independent Association distinct from other Conservative youth organisations. The association puts on

148-488: A Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance . By mid-1935, Mussolini was clearly preparing to attack Abyssinia . On 12 September 1935 Hoare gave what Adams calls "the greatest speech of his career" to the League General Assembly at Geneva . He declared that Britain stood "for steady and collective resistance to all acts of unprovoked aggression". His speech was widely praised in the world press but did not deter

222-437: A mariage de convenance ". Hoare inherited Sidestrand Hall in 1915. His London home was 18 Cadogan Gardens . Hoare was short, slightly built and a dapper dresser. As a youth he took up games to bolster his physique, including figure skating. He became a tournament-level shot and tennis player. He was a poor speaker but a good writer. He was hard-working but cold. In 1905, Hoare's father arranged for him to be secretary to

296-470: A Conservative MP and former CUCA chairman, as "one of those unpleasant political operators that Cambridge University Conservative Association alone knows how to breed." In November 1998, it was claimed in Varsity that outgoing chairmen of CUCA were awarded a pair of silver cufflinks, with one CUCA committee member quipping that "several of the last Chairmen only served their terms of office so that they could get

370-620: A backdrop of what R.J.Q. Adams described as "much idle talk" of "mutual security". In March 1935, MacDonald's White Paper had committed Britain to limited rearmament. Italy, which also controlled Libya, straddled Britain's sea route across the Mediterranean to Egypt, the Suez Canal and India. The bombast of the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was not taken very seriously in Britain. In April 1935,

444-586: A classicist, growled "translate it!" Amery replied that it meant "If I can trip up Sam, the Government's bust". The ensuing laughter made Churchill look ridiculous. The Select Committee of Both Houses finished its deliberations in November 1934. The result was one of the most complicated pieces of legislation in British parliamentary history, a bill that spent the first half of 1935 passing through Parliament before becoming

518-587: A conflict that to seemed imminent to Halifax. These five men, working together in Europe and blessed in their efforts by the President of the United States of America, might make themselves eternal benefactors of the human race. In 1939, Hoare almost carried the most comprehensive Criminal Justice Reform Bill in British history: he had intended to abolish corporal punishment in prisons and had been keen to work towards

592-762: A dining society, and existed for the next twenty years. However, shortly after the Conservative government's landslide defeat in the 1906 general election , the Cambridge University Carlton Club dissolved, just as its predecessor had. There was no Conservative student organisation in Cambridge for the remainder of the Edwardian period, and the First World War saw party political activity suspended. The present-day Cambridge University Conservative Association

666-624: A disadvantage. He noted that in the absence of the Hoare–Laval Pact, the Italians seized all of Abyssinia and drew closer to Germany, which eventually led to the destabilisation of Austria and the indefensibility of Czechoslovakia . It was widely recognised that Hoare had been a scapegoat for Cabinet policy. His return to Baldwin's Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty in June 1936 was widely praised in

740-509: A leading " appeaser " and his removal from office (along with that of Sir John Simon and the removal of Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister) was a condition of Labour 's agreement to serve in a coalition government in May 1940. Hoare also served as British ambassador to Spain from 1940 to 1944. Hoare was born in London on 24 February 1880, the eldest son of Sir Samuel Hoare, 1st Baronet , who

814-448: A member of the upper classes for an afternoon". CUCA responded with a statement on its website, stressing its "disappointment that a documentary has aired which misrepresents Cambridge University Conservative Association...Contrary to the suggestions of the programme, CUCA is unfalteringly open to all.". In June 2018, it was reported that attendees at chairman's Dinner had walked out during the address from James Delingpole after he made

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888-484: A number of unpalatable jokes. Delingpole is reported to have advised attendees to raise enough money to pay for their children's private education, and joked about the sex abuse perpetuated by Jimmy Savile . Delingpole subsequently defended himself in The Spectator , while CUCA released a statement stating that they did not support the viewpoints that Delingpole stated. In 1980, Private Eye condemned Timothy Eggar ,

962-809: A permanent air cadet college at Cranwell. Lady Maud was awarded the DBE in February 1927, and Hoare was awarded the Knight Grand Cross of the British Empire (GBE) in June 1927. Hoare and Lady Maud travelled by air whenever possible, including the first civilian flight to India in 1927. In 1927 he published a book, India by Air . By 1929 there were regular scheduled routes to India and Cape Town . Hoare continued his interest in aviation affairs as Honorary Air Commodore of No 601 (County of London) (1930–32) and No 604 (County of Middlesex) (1932–57) Bomber Squadrons of

1036-507: A range of events for its members each term, notably its ‘Port & Policy’ debates, as well as addresses from a number of high-profile speakers. The earliest incarnation of the Cambridge University Conservative Association was established in 1882, but lasted only a few months before dissolving. By 1884, Cambridge Conservatives launched a new group – the Cambridge University Carlton Club. This served primarily as

1110-695: A recruiting officer, he learnt Russian. In 1916, he was recruited by Mansfield Cumming to be the future MI6 's liaison officer with the Russian Intelligence service in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg ). He soon became head of the British Intelligence Mission to the Russian General Staff with the temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel. In that post, he reported to the British government the death of Rasputin and apologised, because of

1184-401: A roundtable discussion, with the adversarial format only introduced in 2016, but this change has already driven attendance to, on occasion, over 100. CUCA holds regular speaker events with both Conservative politicians and right-wing thinkers. Speakers that have addressed the association in recent terms have included Jacob Rees-Mogg , John Major , Norman Tebbit and Dominic Grieve . CUCA has

1258-564: A scene which appeared more social than political." A visit by Enoch Powell in March 1985 provoked resignations on CUCA's committee, and when Powell returned in December 1986, he was heckled by non-Conservative students. CUCA had also come under criticism for Powell's 1985 appearance in the New Statesman , which argued that Powell's extreme views were indicative of CUCA's alleged authoritarianism, and

1332-655: A summit meeting, a decision that was then popular. Hoare's later account of the Munich Agreement was anguished. Hoare had close links to the Czechoslovak government. In retirement, he stood strongly by Chamberlain's essential judgements but regretted Chamberlain's lack of sensitivity in foreign affairs and his tendency for personal intervention that led to his failure to retain Eden and to override his Foreign Office advisers. However, Hoare repeatedly pointed out that public opinion

1406-545: A tape recording which he claimed proved the allegations. In early 1998, Varsity published a story alleging that "weeks of bitter in-fighting culminated in allegations of election-rigging and a move to censure the society's most senior members". However, Varsity conceded that the subsequent motions of censure themselves had no reasons formally attached to them by their proposers and that some signatories were unaware of why they were supporting them. However, Varsity articles on CUCA elections have themselves come under fire in

1480-446: A term. In its current format, three motions are presented. Typically the final motion is tongue-in-cheek or less serious: the divine right of kings is a recurring topic, as is the health of Western Civilisation . After speeches for and against the motion, the floor is invited to participate via floor speeches. Once the debate has concluded, voting occurs by acclamation in proposition and opposition. For many years Port and Policy had been

1554-542: A wage of £100 per week (equivalent to £7078 in 2024). For his services in the war, Hoare was twice mentioned in despatches , appointed Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in 1917, and awarded the Orders of St Anne and St Stanislas of Russia , and of St Maurice and St Lazarus of Italy . Hoare was re-elected to Parliament in 1918 , but by 1922, he had become disillusioned with David Lloyd George after

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1628-451: A well-established history of attracting a high calibre of speakers, often including Cabinet ministers, think-tank experts and former Prime Ministers. Much of CUCA's calendar is focused on social events, which have included Cava & Chocolate, Port & Cheese and Garden Parties amongst many others. A termly highlight is the Chairman's Dinner, which marks the handing over of the leadership of

1702-552: Is no evidence that he made such an offer to Bonar Law , who became leader after the two front-runners withdrew to avoid a potential party split. Hoare showed little interest in the two largest issues of the day: House of Lords reform and Irish Home Rule . He joined the Unionist Social Reform Committee. He supported tariff reform , female suffrage and public education. He opposed Welsh disestablishment quite strongly. He encouraged colleagues to call him "Sam" at

1776-566: Is principally a political events association, holding regular speaker meetings, social events and debates. In recent years, CUCA has attempted to play a larger part in Cambridge University-wide politics. Members of CUCA have stood for election as Presidents of the Cambridge University Students' Union (CUSU) in recent years, whilst CUCA itself has lobbied CUSU Council directly. The association remains disaffiliated from

1850-579: The Auxiliary Air Force . Hoare was treasurer of the Conservative Party in opposition in 1929–1931. In 1930, he published The Fourth Seal on World War I Russia. Hoare was a delegate to the First Round Table Conference on India's constitutional future in 1930–1931. He also helped to mediate between Baldwin and the press barons Lords Rothermere and Beaverbrook , who were intriguing for his removal as Conservative leader. Hoare

1924-613: The Colonial Secretary Alfred Lyttelton to gain political experience. Hoare stood unsuccessfully in the 1906 General Election for Parliament at Ipswich , but became a justice of the peace for the county of Norfolk that year. Hoare entered local politics in March 1907, when he was elected to the London County Council as a member of the Municipal Reform Party , the local government wing of

1998-633: The Government of India Act 1935 . The Bill contained 473 clauses and 16 schedules, and the debates took up 4,000 pages of Hansard . Hoare had to answer 15,000 questions and make 600 speeches and completely dominated the committee stage of the bill, just as he had during the Round Table Conferences, by his mastery of detail and his skill at dealing tactfully with deputations. Alec Douglas-Home , later to be Prime Minister, commented in his autobiography, "The most noteworthy performance of that Parliament

2072-559: The Hoare–Laval Pact with French Prime Minister Pierre Laval . This partially recognised the Italian conquest of Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia ) and Hoare was forced to resign by the ensuing public outcry. In 1936 he returned to the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty , then served as Home Secretary from 1937 to 1939 and was again briefly Secretary of State for Air in 1940. He was seen as

2146-461: The full-scale Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October. Limited sanctions were imposed on Italy but excluded oil. A general election on 14 November 1935 had over 90% of the candidates support the League of Nations, and there was much support for sanctions against Italy although they were not necessarily in Britain's interests. With the election out of the way, the government, with the agreement of

2220-546: The honours scandal and the Chanak Crisis . He helped organise the backbench revolt at the Carlton Club meeting (19 October 1922), which brought down Lloyd George's coalition. In Bonar Law 's new Conservative government he was made a Privy Councillor and Secretary of State for Air , but he was not made a member of the Cabinet until Stanley Baldwin succeeded Law as Prime Minister in May 1923. In 1923, Hoare presided over

2294-481: The 'quirks and curiosities' of Cambridge by the production and dissemination of accessible advice. The Guide returned in 2016, published as 'The Cambridge Directory'. Edited by Nicholas Taylor and Jack Drury, it offered advice on shopping, formalwear, restaurants, culture and etiquette. Within a week of publication, the 'Directory' had not only picked up press attention, but had been downloaded over 6000 times. The editors observed that Freshers had approached them praising

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2368-526: The 1980s and 1990s, with the rise to prominence of the ' Cambridge Mafia ' including cabinet ministers Leon Brittan , Kenneth Clarke , Norman Fowler , John Gummer , Michael Howard , and Norman Lamont , who had dominated CUCA and the Cambridge Union in the early 1960s. Considerable overlap between the officeholders of the two societies continues to the present day, while various present-day Cabinet officials and Members of Parliament are CUCA alumni. CUCA

2442-476: The 26th of May 1939, CUCA hosted Sir Winston Churchill in Cambridge's Corn Exchange, where he argued vociferously for conscription in the face of the Nazi threat. At least 2,500 undergraduates and others attended, with further crowds listening over loudspeakers in a nearby hotel. Churchill called for Britain to lead a worldwide "League of Freedom" and received rapturous support. He gave one of his most eloquent speeches of

2516-542: The Act was never fully implemented because of the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. In June 1935, Baldwin became prime minister for the third time. He offered Hoare a choice of the job of Viceroy of India or Foreign Secretary . Hoare, who was ambitious to become Prime Minister, chose the latter to enable him to remain active in domestic politics. The position would later make him notorious. Hoare took office against

2590-572: The British press, causing a public outcry, not least because of memories of Hoare's recent Geneva speech. Hoare, who had been injured in a skating accident, returned to Britain on 16 December. The Cabinet met on the morning of 18 December. Lord Halifax , who was due to make a statement in the Lords that afternoon, insisted for Hoare to resign to save the government's position, causing J. H. Thomas , William Ormsby-Gore and Walter Elliott to come out for Hoare's resignation as well. Privately, however, Halifax

2664-587: The CU Conservative Association because they were such braying, cravat-wearing, port-gargling, social-networking prats." This prompted a letter to The Times signed by CUCA's Registrar who quipped that "at any one meeting of CU Conservative Association, only one person should ever wear a cravat to avoid ostentation." Parris had previously described CUCA in his 2002 autobiography as "a dreadful shower, strutting careerists of distinctly mixed calibre, forever infighting, networking and elbowing their way through

2738-793: The Conservative Party, representing Brixton . He served as Chairman of the London Fire Brigade Committee. He served on the LCC until 1910. Hoare was elected to the House of Commons at the January 1910 general election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Chelsea . In the early years, he was a member of the Anti-Socialist Union . During the Conservative Party leadership contest of November 1911, Hoare wrote pledging support to both leading candidates, Austen Chamberlain and Walter Long . There

2812-656: The Indian government to retain the power to impose tariffs on British textiles. The Manchester Chamber of Commerce, representing the Lancashire cotton trade, initially opposed that since it wanted Lancashire goods to be exported freely to India. Churchill accused Hoare of having, with the aid of the Earl of Derby , breached parliamentary privilege by improperly influencing the Manchester Chamber of Commerce to drop its opposition. Hoare

2886-577: The League Council, authorised Hoare to find a solution. Hoare sent Sir Maurice Peterson , the head of the Foreign Office Abyssinia Department, to Paris to negotiate a compromise offer to Mussolini. An agreement was reached by the end of November: Italy was to gain territory in the north, with the rump of Abyssinia to be an Italian client state and its army under Italian control. Abyssinia had not been consulted. By December 1935, Hoare

2960-497: The Prime Minister ( Sir Anthony Eden ) and Foreign Secretary ( Selwyn Lloyd ) ." In 1961, the future Conservative leader Michael Howard resigned from the committee in protest at the decision of Kenneth Clarke , the then chairman, to invite Sir Oswald Mosley to address the association for the second year running. (The previous year's speech by Mosley had been marred by a heckler throwing jelly at him.) The society has, in

3034-459: The Right as part of its Wonderland series. The episode followed two student political activists from deprived backgrounds, one of whom was former CUCA Committee member Chris Monk. The documentary attracted much press attention in the days following the broadcast, particularly at Monk's remark "The whole point of the [Cambridge University] Conservative Association is it gives you a chance to pretend to be

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3108-535: The abolition of the death penalty of whose risks he was very aware. The Bill was cancelled because of the outbreak of war. Most of its provisions were successfully reintroduced by James Chuter Ede as Home Secretary in 1948, with support from Hoare, who by then was in the House of Lords . Hoare pumped energy into the Air Raid Precautions Department and the Women's Voluntary Service Organisation. On

3182-564: The association from one chairman to another. CUCA has thrice published a 'Freshers' Guide', an introductory magazine distributed to first-years designed to give instruction and advice on Cambridge student life. The association has argued that many unavoidable aspects of student life at Cambridge (formal dinners, navigating a multitude of student societies, language) are ignored by bodies such as CUSU and College JCRs for fear of being seen to perpetuate elitism. CUCA has argued that this approach itself perpetuates elitism, and instead aims to celebrate

3256-553: The committee by applying to become appointed members, whereby they sit on the committee with a non-executive remit. Constitutional reforms passed in the Easter 2023 Termly General Meeting introduced an additional two appointed posts, Alumni Officers, which are also non-executive. In 1938, CUCA hosted Sir Samuel Hoare as he gave a vigorous defence of Neville Chamberlain 's policy of appeasement towards Hitler at Munich , calling it "a great achievement" and "the height of exaltation". On

3330-506: The content of the Directory for "providing answers to questions they'd have felt awkward asking." A new version of the Guide was published in 2023. In 2017, a member of CUCA stood for election to the presidency of CUSU: his membership of CUCA featured heavily in the election reporting. In 2018, another member of CUCA stood for election to the same post. His membership of CUCA also featured heavily in

3404-591: The cufflinks." Peter Hopkins (Emmanuel) Conservative Association The executive boards which are elected every year generally consist of the following officers: There is typically one association in each constituency, although in some areas such as Cumbria, a multi-constituency association has been formed. There are also associations at some universities including: Official website Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood Samuel John Gurney Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood , (24 February 1880 – 7 May 1959), more commonly known as Sir Samuel Hoare ,

3478-459: The election reporting. Both individuals insisted throughout their campaigns that membership of CUCA was incidental to the post for which they stood. In October 2018, members of CUCA took a motion to CUSU Council proposing that CUSU do more to recognise the war dead. The motion was rejected. This decision by CUSU Council resulted in a significant press fallout. The then chairman of CUCA, Timur Coskun, appeared on several national news outlets to discuss

3552-407: The entire pre-war period about "the habit of despotism and the lust of conquest". The pro-conscription, anti-Hitler motion won "ten-to-one" according to a newspaper report of the event. In reporting and listing widespread student protests across Britain against the invasion of Suez in 1956, The Times noted that, instead, the "Cambridge University Conservative Association sent telegrams of support to

3626-712: The extension of the Indian franchise was considered. A White Paper containing the government's legislative proposals for India's constitution was drawn up in March 1933. A Select Committee of Both Houses began to meet for over a year and half in April 1933 to consider the government's plans. In January 1934, Hoare was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Star of India (GCSI) in the New Year Honours. Ill feeling between Hoare and Churchill, who opposed Indian self-government, reached its peak in April 1934. The British government proposed for

3700-564: The issue of remembrance. Following recent reforms, CUCA is run by an executive of nine members: the Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Junior Treasurer, Campaigns Officer, Communications and Publicity Officer, Speakers Officer, Speakers Officer-Elect, Secretary, and Social Events Officer. Following constitutional changes passed in Lent 2009, the Vice-Chairman automatically becomes Chairman in the term following their Vice-Chairmanship. CUCA members may also join

3774-787: The merger (with £1 million state subsidy) of the four principal private air carriers to form Imperial Airways , an ancestor of today's British Airways . The Conservatives fell from power in January 1924, but Hoare was once again Secretary of State for Air in Baldwin's Second Government (1924-1929). As Secretary of State for Air he sided with Trenchard on the importance of the Royal Air Force remaining an independent service. He established air squadrons at Oxford University and Cambridge University to train students as potential RAF officers and re-established

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3848-421: The national Conservative Party, and has instead pitched itself as a bastion of philosophical conservatism for members of Cambridge University. CUCA's current cost of membership is £25 for life membership. Annual memberships were previously sold for £20 but their sale was ended by constitutional amendment in Easter 2023. The association's premier debating event is 'Port and Policy', which is held around four times

3922-605: The new Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain , offered Hoare any office that he liked except the Exchequer, which Hoare would have liked but had been promised to Simon. Hoare chose the Home Office (28 May 1937). Hoare was still seen as a possible successor to Chamberlain. Hoare had a long family interest in judicial and penal reform. The Quaker prison reformer Elizabeth Fry was his great-great aunt. RJQ Adams wrote highly of his time as Home Secretary. Roy Jenkins wrote that Hoare

3996-623: The outbreak of war, Hoare became Lord Privy Seal in the nine-man War Cabinet (3 September 1939), with a wide-ranging brief. On 5 April 1940, Hoare briefly returned to the Air Ministry, swapping places with Sir Kingsley Wood , and later that month came under fire during the Norway Debate which brought down the Chamberlain government . Then, the resignations of himself, Chamberlain and Sir John Simon were essential preconditions for Labour to join

4070-512: The paper asserting the (short-lived) "Cambridge University Monday Club form part of an unholy alliance with elements of the Left and the now-discredited Cambridge University Conservative Association, who are united in their fervent, even violent opposition to libertarians. Perhaps it is this bizarre grouping which deserves investigation." On 9 August 2012, the BBC broadcast the documentary Young, Bright and on

4144-440: The past, occasionally hit the headlines of both national and local papers over electoral disputes: In 1965, The Times reported that CUCA's Secretary was forced to resign after a four and a half-hour meeting deemed some of his election methods to have been forbidden. In 1985, The Times again reported that eight committee members of CUCA had "resigned after allegations of electoral irregularities", with one committee member having

4218-442: The past: following an Easter 2000 article, "Conservatives in Corruption Crisis", which accused the then-chairman of 'vote-buying', the paper was forced to print a front-page "Rectification" and apology, after threats of legal action. In January 2010, former Conservative MP and gay rights campaigner Matthew Parris admitted that on arriving at Cambridge in 1969 he had joined the Liberals, remarking that "I couldn't bring myself to join

4292-404: The press. It was too quick for Halifax. Eden later wrote in his memoirs that Halifax "criticised Baldwin sharply for yielding to Hoare’s importunity". Hoare vigorously endorsed Britain's naval rearmament, including ordering the first three King George V -class battleships , and worked to reverse the subordination of the British naval aviation to the Royal Air Force . On Baldwin's retirement,

4366-410: The sensational nature of the event, for having written it in the style of the Daily Mail . In March 1917 he was posted to Rome, where he remained until the end of the war. His duties included helping to dissuade Italy from dropping out of the war. In Italy, he administered the subsidisation of the former socialist leader Benito Mussolini 's interventionist newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia , with

4440-467: The then Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and Foreign Secretary Sir John Simon had signed the Stresa Front on 14 April 1935, an alliance with France and Italy, the last of which had joined the Allies in World War One and was suspicious of German designs on Austria. However, the Stresa Front did not last. It came to nothing after Britain, without consulting the other members, signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement . That dismayed France, which soon signed

4514-432: The time to soften his hard and detached image. Aged 34 at the time, Hoare joined the Army soon after the outbreak of the First World War . He was commissioned into the Norfolk Yeomanry as a temporary lieutenant on 17 October 1914. To his disappointment, he was initially only a recruiting officer and illness prevented him from serving at the front. He was promoted to temporary captain on 24 April 1915. While acting as

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4588-497: Was "indubitably homosexual", but being highly ambitious and discreet (his nickname amongst colleagues was 'Slippery Sam'), may not have acted much upon it. On 17 October 1909, he married Lady Maud Lygon (1882–1962), youngest daughter of The 6th Earl Beauchamp . Their marriage was childless. It was, in the words of R. J. Q. Adams , "not at first a love match" but in time became "a devoted partnership". His biographer has stated, "it would probably be more appropriate to describe it as

4662-426: Was a Conservative MP from a by-election in 1886 until 1906, and to whose baronetcy he succeeded in 1915. His family were the Anglo-Irish branch of an old Quaker family, with a long history of involvement in banking. He was a descendant of Samuel Hoare , but the family had abandoned Quakerism in the mid eighteenth century and Hoare was brought up an Anglo-Catholic . Hoare was educated at Harrow School , where he

4736-438: Was a classical scholar, and New College, Oxford . As an undergraduate he was awarded a blue in racquets and was a member of the Gridiron and Bullingdon Clubs . Initially he studied classics, taking a first in Mods in 1901, before switching to Modern History, graduating with a first class B.A. in 1903. He was awarded his M.A. in 1910. He later became Honorary Fellow of New College. Michael Bloch comments that Hoare

4810-463: Was a senior British Conservative politician who served in various Cabinet posts in the Conservative and National governments of the 1920s and 1930s. Hoare was Secretary of State for Air during most of the 1920s. As Secretary of State for India in the early 1930s, he authored the Government of India Act 1935 , which granted self-government at a provincial level to India. He was most famous for serving as Foreign Secretary in 1935, when he authored

4884-406: Was completely exonerated by the Committee on Privileges. Churchill gave a powerful speech in the Commons Chamber that attacked the committee's findings. On 13 June 1934, Leo Amery spoke, arguing that Churchill's true aim was to bring down the government under the cover of the doctrine fiat justicia ruat caelum ("may justice be done, though the heavens fall"). Churchill, who was neither a lawyer nor

4958-419: Was founded in 1921, with its inaugural annual dinner held on 24 January of that year. In 1928, the annual St. John's College magazine The Eagle defined "a Cambridge Conservative [association member as] the proud possessor of a certain tie, obtained by signifying with a subscription his refusal or his inability to think out any social question." CUCA alumni had considerable influence on British politics in

5032-433: Was never touched by his humanity. He was the coldest fish with whom I ever had to deal". Hoare was widely praised for his conduct as India Secretary but was close to exhaustion after the difficult passage of the Bill, which was opposed by Churchill and by many rank-and-file Conservatives. The Act became law in August 1935, when Hoare had moved on to his next position. Although provincial governments were elected in 1937 ,

5106-452: Was one of the Conservative negotiators in talks with Ramsay MacDonald in August 1931 over the formation of the National Government . On 26 August 1931 Hoare was appointed Secretary of State for India . At the Second Round Table Conference, Hoare enjoyed good relations with Mahatma Gandhi . He committed Britain to eventual self-government for India, but that was not enough for Gandhi, who wanted full independence. Lord Lothian 's report on

5180-472: Was puzzled by the moral outrage as the Hoare-Laval Pact was little different from proposals that had been put forward by the League Committee of Five. Hoare resigned on 18 December. His successor was Anthony Eden . When Eden had his first audience with King George V , the King is said to have remarked humorously, "No more coals to Newcastle , no more Hoares to Paris." In his memoirs, Hoare admitted that his negotiations in Paris with Laval had caught him at

5254-410: Was still in poor health and suffering from fainting spells since the stressful period of passing the Government of India Act. Suffering from a serious infection, he stopped off in Paris on his way to a skating holiday in Switzerland . The ensuing Hoare–Laval Pact with French Prime Minister Pierre Laval was unanimously approved by the Cabinet on 9–10 December. It was leaked to the French and then to

5328-525: Was the most liberal Home Secretary between H. H. Asquith (1892–1895) and Rab Butler (1957–1962). In 1938, Hoare was instrumental in obtaining approval for the British rescue effort on behalf of endangered Jewish children in Europe, which was known as the Kindertransport . In September 1938, Hoare was part of the informal inner Cabinet, along with Simon and Halifax, and was one of the few consulted by Chamberlain about "Plan Z" to fly to meet Hitler for

5402-551: Was vociferously pacifist and that Chamberlain's actions were widely endorsed at the time, not least by US President Franklin Roosevelt . Also, the Labour opposition strongly opposed rearmament and the introduction of conscription, even after Munich. In spring 1939, Hoare aligned himself very firmly with Chamberlain's upbeat belief that war was now unlikely, rather than with Halifax's increasing focus on shoring up alliances and rearming for

5476-663: Was without question the piloting of the India Independence Bill through the House of Commons by the Secretary of State, Sir Samuel Hoare, ably assisted by Mr. R. A. Butler (later Lord Butler)". Butler, who, as Under-Secretary, had helped to steer the bill through the Commons, wrote of Hoare that he saw life as "a chapter in a great Napoleonic biography" and added "I was amazed by his ambition; I admired his imagination; I shared his ideals; I stood in awe of his intellectual capacity. But I

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