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94-477: Before the edition of Antti Aarne 's first folktale classification, Svend Grundtvig developed - and later Astrid Lunding translated - a classification system for Danish folktales in comparison with other international compilations available at the time. In this preliminary system, four folktypes were grouped together based on essential characteristics: folktypes 44 Den forskudte dronning og den talende fugl, det syngende træ, det rindende vand ("The Disowned Queen and

188-657: A per-capita basis, Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East. The country has the fourth- and eighth-highest per-capita income in the world on the World Bank 's and IMF 's list, respectively. It has the world's largest sovereign wealth fund , with a value of US$ 1.3 trillion. Norway has two official names: Norge in Bokmål and Noreg in Nynorsk . The English name Norway comes from

282-571: A resistance movement which incorporated civil disobedience and armed resistance including the destruction of Norsk Hydro 's heavy water plant and stockpile of heavy water at Vemork , which crippled the German nuclear programme . More important to the Allied war effort, however, was the role of the Norwegian Merchant Marine , the fourth-largest merchant marine fleet in the world. It was led by

376-407: A unitary state with a constitutional monarchy , Norway divides state power between the parliament , the cabinet , and the supreme court , as determined by the 1814 constitution . Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels: counties and municipalities . The Sámi people have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through

470-515: A central role in the peaceful separation of Norway from Sweden on 7 June 1905. A national referendum confirmed the people's preference for a monarchy over a republic. However, no Norwegian could legitimately claim the throne, since none of Norway's noble families could claim royal descent . The government then offered the throne of Norway to Prince Carl of Denmark, a prince of the Dano-German royal house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg and

564-454: A conservative society. Life in Norway (especially economic life) was "dominated by the aristocracy of professional men who filled most of the important posts in the central government". There was no strong bourgeois class to demand a breakdown of this aristocratic control. Thus, even while revolution swept over most of the countries of Europe in 1848, Norway was largely unaffected. Marcus Thrane

658-640: A distant relative of Norway's medieval kings. Following the plebiscite, he was unanimously elected king by the Norwegian Parliament ; he took the name Haakon VII . Throughout the First World War , Norway remained neutral; however, diplomatic pressure from the British government meant that it heavily favoured the Allies . During the war, Norway exported fish to both Germany and Britain, until an ultimatum from

752-457: A distinct national character. The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature ( Henrik Wergeland , Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson , Peter Christen Asbjørnsen , Jørgen Moe ), painting ( Hans Gude , Adolph Tidemand ), music ( Edvard Grieg ), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian: Bokmål and Nynorsk . King Charles III John came to

846-467: A girl, is carried off by birds and raised in a nest. The maiden, now an adult, is found by a prince in the woods. This sequence exists as its own type in the Georgian Tale Index, numbered -407***, "The Forest Girl": the girl is born from the man's ankle, and is raised on top of an oak tree or poplar by the eagle or the raven. At the end of the tale, after the maiden is expelled from the palace, she

940-506: A holy sun tree" (the sycamore ). This tale type is also known in folkloristics as belonging to the Constance -cycle . The tale's origins, according to the historical-geographical study of Alexander H. Krappe , point to Eastern Europe; more precisely, the tale is "a migratory legend of Oriental, i. e. Byzantine, origin". On a similar note, scholar Jack Zipes stated that motifs of Helene de Constantinopla (including incest and bodily harm to

1034-538: A home in Southern Africa for many generations". A line of scholarship argues for the existence of the tale type among Arctic peoples (i.e., Inuit ), related to a legend about the origin of marine animal life. Professor Jack Zipes states that the motif of the mutilation of a woman harks back to Antiquity, and the mutilation of a daughter by a father occurs in tales about incest. As such, remark scholars Anne Duggan and D. L. Ashliman , in many variants of type ATU 706

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1128-709: A hundred [variants]" are reported in the Irish Catalogue (among them, 46 from Kerry and 23 from Galway ), whereas nine are reported from Scotland (as per an unpublished Catalogue of Scottish Folktales). The tale type is also present in "the Russian tale corpus", with the name "Безручка" ("[The Girl] Without Hands"). A preliminary analysis by scholar Jack Haney points to 44 variants in Russia. A further analysis by Russian scholarship shows 50 variants, some contaminated with tale type 707. Researcher Hélène Bernier, in her 1971 book about

1222-566: A lecturer at the University since 1911 and where he had held a position as Professor extraordinarius since 1922. This Finnish academic-related biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a cultural anthropologist is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Norway in Europe  (green and dark grey) Norway ( Bokmål : Norge , Nynorsk : Noreg ), officially

1316-477: A letter to tell the boy she has given birth to a monster. The girl escapes with her son; her hand is miraculously returned and she finds shelter with a beggar. At the end of the tale, her husband finds her and the family reunites. Variants have also been found in Africa. For instance, Africanist Sigrid Schmidt asserted that the tale type 706, as well as types 707, Three Golden Children , and 510, Cinderella , "found

1410-436: A man remarries a rich woman, who gives birth to a son and becomes jealous of her step-daughter. So she lies to her husband that she has given birth to a litter of mice. He orders two servants to kill his daughter and bring him her right hand, but they cut off her hand and let her live. The girl is found by a boy, who marries her in secret. She gives birth to his son while he is away, but her step-mother strikes again: she falsifies

1504-483: A monster or to animals. She is then banished to the forest with her sons. According to scholar Denise Paulme, European versions of the tale type deal with the motif of the mother accused of giving birth to a monster; in African variants, the main theme involves the wrongdoings of a jealous co-wife. This view is also supported by S. Ruelland, who published a study of 19 African variants of the tale type, most of which contained

1598-472: A recent importation of the type into his country, since he found no ancient literary version. Korean scholarship reports variants of the tale type in Korea , with the name 손 없는 색시 ("Bride With no Hands"). One variant of the tale type, with the title The Girl with No Hands , was collected from a Daghur source. Professor Charles R. Bawden provided the summary of a Mongolian variant titled The Orphan Girl :

1692-613: A small group had left Norway following their king to Britain. This group included 13 ships, five aircraft, and 500 men from the Royal Norwegian Navy. By the end of the war, the force had grown to 58 ships and 7,500 men in service in the Royal Norwegian Navy, 5 squadrons of aircraft in the newly formed Norwegian Air Force, and land forces including the Norwegian Independent Company 1 and 5 Troop as well as No. 10 Commandos . During German occupation , Norwegians built

1786-667: A union between the two countries. In 1397, under Margaret I , the Kalmar Union was created between the three Scandinavian countries. She waged war against the Germans, resulting in a trade blockade and higher taxation on Norwegian goods, which led to a rebellion . However, the Norwegian Council of State was too weak to pull out of the union. Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark because of its greater population. Margaret also granted trade privileges to

1880-618: A united Norway. Harald's realm was mainly a South Norwegian coastal state. Fairhair ruled with a strong hand and according to the sagas, many Norwegians left the country to live in Iceland, the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and parts of Britain and Ireland. Haakon I the Good was Norway's first Christian king, in the mid-10th century, though his attempt to introduce the religion was rejected. Norse traditions were replaced slowly by Christian ones in

1974-643: A variant exists in Chile, then the tale type must exist in some form in Spain. Also, scholar Ørnulf Hodne  [ no ] , in his book The Types of the Norwegian Folktale , reported 3 Norwegian variants of type 705, Fiskebarnet ("The Fish-Child"). Further studies show a larger area of distribution of this tale type. For example, professor Hasan M. El-Shamy, in Enzyklopädie des Märchens , locates variants across

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2068-685: A variation on Baba Yaga , the witch of Slavic folklore . The story shows an Eastern origin, with ancient literature attesting the episode, such as the Book of Daniel and the Ramayana . The theme has also inspired tales and novellas about women's fidelity and chastity in the Middle Ages , in highly fictionalized accounts of historical personages, such as Bertrada , Charlemagne's mother. Other tales involve fictional queens and empresses. Antti Aarne Antti Amatus Aarne (5 December 1867 – 2 February 1925)

2162-578: A woman in Melusine form or a "dark lady", and he questioned the internal logic of the story, since it would be uncharacteristic for the Virgin Mary to submit a child to such tribulations. Also, he recognized a third tradition, which exists in Sweden, wherein the heroine's pursuer is a man named Grau-mantel ("Gray Cloak"). In some Slavic variants, the role of the Virgin Mary is taken by a character named Jezibaba ,

2256-657: Is Oslo . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres (148,729 sq mi). The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden , and is bordered by Finland and Russia to the northeast. Norway has an extensive coastline facing the Skagerrak strait, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the Barents Sea . The unified kingdom of Norway was established in 872 as a merger of petty kingdoms and has existed continuously for 1,151–1,152 years. From 1537 to 1814, Norway

2350-563: Is banished to the world at large. Finally, the heroine manages to find a human mate, and her monstrous son changes into human form. According to the French folktale catalogue of Paul Delarue and Marie-Louise Theneze, tale type ATU 708 is less attested than type 707, but most of its variants are attested in Brittany . The tale type is also attested in Norway with the title Vidunderbarnet , according to Ørnulf Hodne  [ no ] 's The Types of

2444-454: Is little archaeological evidence dating to the early Iron Age (the last 500 years BC). The dead were cremated, and their graves contained few goods. During the first four centuries AD, the people of Norway were in contact with Roman-occupied Gaul ; about 70 Roman bronze cauldrons, often used as burial urns, have been found. Contact with countries farther south brought a knowledge of runes ; the oldest known Norwegian runic inscription dates from

2538-437: Is summoned to the king's presence and narrates her tale in the form of a riddle or a story-within-a-story, by which the king recognizes her. Scholar Anna Angelopoulos sees the storyline as a process of humanization for the heroine of the tale, albeit with participation of an evil female character (the king's stepmother). Stith Thompson, in his book The Folktale , claimed that the tale type was "purely Scandinavian", since most of

2632-468: Is thought to derive ultimately from a Celtic source. Professor Linda Dégh stated that, due to the proximity of the tales, some versions of ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children", merge with episodes of type ATU 706, "The Maiden Without Hands". In the same vein, scholar Andreas John stated that type 706, in the East Slavic classification, was "clearly related" to type 707, since the maiden loses her arm up to

2726-571: The German invasion of France . King Haakon and the Norwegian government escaped to Rotherhithe in London. Throughout the war they sent radio speeches and supported clandestine military actions against the Germans. On the day of the invasion, the leader of the small National-Socialist party Nasjonal Samling , Vidkun Quisling , tried to seize power, but was forced by the German occupiers to step aside. Real power

2820-829: The Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northern Europe , situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula with a population of 5.5 million as of 2024. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of Norway. Bouvet Island , located in the Subantarctic , is a dependency , and not a part of the Kingdom; Norway also claims the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land . The capital and largest city in Norway

2914-479: The Labour Party held an absolute majority in the parliament. The government, led by prime minister Einar Gerhardsen , embarked on a programme inspired by Keynesian economics , emphasising state financed industrialisation and co-operation between trade unions and employers' organisations . Many measures of state control of the economy imposed during the war were continued, although the rationing of dairy products

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3008-479: The Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system, and its values are rooted in egalitarian ideals. The Norwegian state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, having extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, and fresh water. The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). On

3102-704: The Normans mediated the transmission of the tale type between England and France. Scholar Jack Haney stated that the tale type is "widely distributed throughout Europe". Likewise, researcher Theo Meder also stated that the tale can be found in the Middle East , in Africa , in India and in the Far East . According to Barbara Hillers, tale type 706 also appears in Ireland and Scotland : "over

3196-576: The Old English word Norþweg mentioned in 880, meaning "northern way" or "way leading to the north", which is how the Anglo-Saxons referred to the coastline of Atlantic Norway. The Anglo-Saxons of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land . There is some disagreement about whether the native name of Norway originally had the same etymology as the English form. According to

3290-527: The Syttende mai (Seventeenth of May) holiday. Norwegian opposition to the decision to link Norway with Sweden caused the Norwegian–Swedish War to break out as Sweden tried to subdue Norway by military means. As Sweden's military was not strong enough to defeat the Norwegian forces outright, and Norway's treasury was not large enough to support a protracted war, and as British and Russian navies blockaded

3384-1231: The Sámi Parliament and the Finnmark Act . Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States . Norway is a founding member of the United Nations , NATO , the European Free Trade Association , the Council of Europe , the Antarctic Treaty , and the Nordic Council ; a member of the European Economic Area , the WTO , and the OECD ; and a part of the Schengen Area . The Norwegian dialects share mutual intelligibility with Danish and Swedish . Norway maintains

3478-571: The introduction of Protestantism in 1536, the archbishopric in Trondheim was dissolved; Norway lost its independence and effectually became a colony of Denmark. The Church's incomes and possessions were instead redirected to the court in Copenhagen. Norway lost the steady stream of pilgrims to the relics of St. Olav at the Nidaros shrine, and with them, much of the contact with cultural and economic life in

3572-467: The union with Sweden . Under this arrangement, Norway kept its liberal constitution and its own independent institutions, though it shared a monarch and foreign policy with Sweden. Following the recession caused by the Napoleonic Wars , economic development of Norway remained slow until 1830. This period also saw the rise of Norwegian romantic nationalism , as Norwegians sought to define and express

3666-490: The "Persecuted Heroine" genre, a subcategory of tales postulated by scholar Steve Swann Jones. In this tale type, a poor peasant couple give their daughter to the Virgin Mary (in more religious variants) or to a kind fairy. When the girl is under the tutelage of the magical or religious character, the girl's curiosity impels her to take a gander inside a forbidden chamber, against her benefactor's wishes. Her godmother discovers

3760-739: The 19th century, established the tale type, in Europe, was distributed "from the Balkan peninsula to Iceland, and from Russia to Catalonia", with the highest number of variants being found in Germany and Italy. In regards to the Turkic distribution of the tale, parallels are also said to exist in Central Asia and Eastern Siberia, among the Mongolians and Tungusian peoples. Studies by Sigrid Schmidt and Hasan El-Shamy point to

3854-581: The British government and anti-German sentiments as a result of German submarines targeting Norwegian merchantmen led to a termination of trade with Germany. 436 Norwegian merchantmen were sunk by the Kaiserliche Marine , with 1,150 Norwegian sailors killed. Norway once more proclaimed its neutrality during the Second World War , but was invaded by German forces on 9 April 1940. Although Norway

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3948-672: The Danish kingdom was on the losing side in 1814, it was forced by the Treaty of Kiel to cede Norway to Sweden, while the old Norwegian provinces of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands remained with the Danish crown. Norway took this opportunity to declare independence, adopted a constitution based on American and French models, and elected the Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway, Christian Frederick , as king on 17 May 1814 – celebrated as

4042-403: The Hanseatic merchants of Lübeck in Bergen in return for recognition of her rule, and these hurt the Norwegian economy. The Hanseatic merchants formed a state within a state in Bergen for generations. The " Victual Brothers " launched three devastating pirate raids on the port (the last in 1427). Norway slipped ever more to the background under the Oldenburg dynasty (established 1448). There

4136-410: The Lost Husband "), ATU 706 ("The Maiden Without Hands") and ATU 707 (" The Three Golden Sons "), since "their variants cross each other constantly and because their blendings are more common than their keeping to their separate type outlines" and even influence each other. Comparative mythologist Patrice Lajoye and folklorist Stith Thompson both remarked on the similarity between the initial part of

4230-447: The Mediterranean: in North Africa , in Asia Minor , in the Middle East , in the Near East , even into Subsaharan Africa . In addition, Anna Angelopoulou and Aigle Broskou, editors of the Greek Folktale Catalogue, list 55 variants found all over Greece. Scholars Ibrahim Muhawi and Sharif Kanaana remarked that the "complete type [with the episode of the ingestion of the fish] is more common" in Palestine . The unusual circumstances of

4324-430: The Norwegian Folktale , with 14 variants recorded. In addition, in his study, Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungman  [ sv ] located it "from Italy to Scandinavia", and from Western Europe ("in Brittany, Ireland and Scotland"), to Poland, Hungary, and Yugoslavia. This tale type is widespread in Europe, in America, in Africa and "in some Turkic traditions". A primary analysis by Celtic folklorist Alfred Nutt , in

4418-416: The Norwegian coast, the belligerents were forced to negotiate the Convention of Moss . Christian Frederik abdicated the Norwegian throne and authorised the Parliament of Norway to make the necessary constitutional amendments to allow for the personal union that Norway was forced to accept. On 4 November 1814, the Parliament (Storting) elected Charles XIII of Sweden as king of Norway, thereby establishing

4512-445: The Norwegian shipping company Nortraship under the Allies throughout the war and took part in every war operation from the evacuation of Dunkirk to the Normandy landings . Every December Norway gives a Christmas tree to the United Kingdom as thanks for the British assistance during the war. Svalbard was not occupied by German troops, but Germany secretly established a meteorological station there in 1944. From 1945 to 1962,

4606-410: The Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird , Princess Belle-Etoile , Ancilotto, King of Provino , The Wicked Sisters , and The Three Little Birds . A related theme appears in Aarne-Thompson type 710, where the heroine's children are stolen from her at birth, leading to the slander that she killed them, as in Mary's Child or The Lassie and Her Godmother . Stith Thompson remarked that

4700-461: The Talking Bird, the Singing Tree, the Flowing Water"); 45A Den stumme dronning ("The Mute Queen" or "The Fairy Godmother"); 45B Født af fisk ("Born from Fish") and 46 Pigen uden hænder ("The Maiden without Hands"). The mother falsely accused of giving birth to strange children is in common between tale types 706 and 707, where the woman has married the king because she has said she would give birth to marvelous children, as in The Dancing Water,

4794-429: The available variants at the time were collected in Denmark (10 tales) and Sweden (5 tales), apart from 6 tales recorded in Greece and some tales sparsely collected in other countries. However, Chilean folklorist Yolando Pino Saavedra  [ es ] collected a Chilean tale with the initial episode of the male pregnancy with a fruit, and his daughter being taken by an eagle to a treetop. Saavedra supposed that, if

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4888-456: The child's disobedience and expels her to the forest, where she is found by a king. In the second part of the tale, when the girl is found by the prince or king, she cannot utter a single word, either because she has made a vow of silence or because the shock of her experience with her caretaker has left her mute . Under this lens, the tale type shares similarities with ATU 451, "The Maiden Who Seeks her Brothers" (e.g., The Six Swans ), wherein

4982-536: The coast, where the huge ice shelf of the last ice age first melted between 11,000 and 8000 BC. The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 9500 to 6000 BC, discovered in Finnmark ( Komsa culture ) in the north and Rogaland ( Fosna culture ) in the southwest. Theories about the two cultures being separate were deemed obsolete in the 1970s. Between 3000 and 2500 BC, new settlers ( Corded Ware culture ) arrived in eastern Norway . They were Indo-European farmers who grew grain and kept livestock, and gradually replaced

5076-428: The control of Queen Margaret when the country entered into the Kalmar Union . After Sweden broke out of the Kalmar Union in 1521, Norway tried to follow suit, but the subsequent rebellion was defeated, and Norway remained in a union with Denmark until 1814. This period was by some referred to as the "400-Year Night", since all of the kingdom's intellectual and administrative power was centred in Copenhagen . With

5170-413: The core narrative action of tale types ATU 705, ATU 706, ATU 707 and ATU 710 seemed so uniform as to transfer from one type to the other. However, he glanced a possibility that these types may be further related to each other. In the same vein, scholar Linda Dégh suggested a common origin for tale types ATU 403 (" The Black and the White Bride "), ATU 408 (" The Three Oranges "), ATU 425 (" The Search for

5264-476: The death of Haakon in 1379, his 10-year-old son Olaf IV acceded to the throne. As Olaf had already been elected to the throne of Denmark in 1376, Denmark and Norway entered a personal union . Olaf's mother and Haakon's widow, Queen Margaret, managed the foreign affairs of Denmark and Norway during Olaf's minority. Margaret was on the verge of achieving a union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway when Olaf IV suddenly died. Denmark made Margaret temporary ruler on

5358-434: The death of Olaf. On 2 February 1388, Norway followed suit and crowned Margaret. Queen Margaret knew that her power would be more secure if she were able to find a king to rule in her place. She settled on Eric of Pomerania , grandson of her sister. Thus at an all-Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries, bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden under

5452-438: The economy, because of the loans the Hansa had made to the royals and the large debt the kings were carrying. The League's monopolistic control over the economy of Norway put pressure on all classes, especially the peasantry, to the degree that no real burgher class existed in Norway. From the 1040s to 1130, the country was at peace. In 1130, the civil war era broke out on the basis of unclear succession laws , which allowed

5546-409: The elbow, and the wonderful children show golden color in their arms up to the elbow. According to Hungarian ethnographer Ákos Dömötor, tale type 706, "A kalapvári kisasszony", and 510B, "Csonkakezű lány", are a "well-known" combination in the Hungarian tale corpus. Ethnologist Verrier Elwin commented that the motif of jealous queens, instead of jealous sisters, is present in a polygamous context:

5640-500: The end of the century. Throughout the High Middle Ages , the king established Norway as a sovereign state with a central administration and local representatives. In 1349, the Black Death spread to Norway and within a year killed a third of the population. Later plagues reduced the population to half the starting point by 1400. Many communities were entirely wiped out, resulting in an abundance of land, allowing farmers to switch to more animal husbandry . The reduction in taxes weakened

5734-423: The expense of Sweden and Russia. The famine of 1695–1696 killed roughly 10% of Norway's population. The harvest failed in Scandinavia at least nine times between 1740 and 1800, with great loss of life. After Denmark–Norway was attacked by the United Kingdom at the 1807 Battle of Copenhagen , it entered into an alliance with Napoleon , with the war leading to dire conditions and mass starvation in 1812. As

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5828-427: The heroine is mutilated because she refuses her father's sexual advances. The female protagonist may lose her hands at the beginning of the story, but regains them due to the divine intervention of a holy character, such as the Virgin Mary . After the handless maiden is found by the prince/king and marries him, she is pregnant with child or with twins, but her wicked mother-in-law writes her son his wife gave birth to

5922-404: The heroine must promise to not say a word for a specific period of time as part of a spell to save her transformed brothers. Scholarship suggests that the ambivalent character of the Virgin Mary, "both as a guardian and a merciless punisher of a girl", may be due to Christian influence, which superimposed Christian imagery onto the role previously held by fairies and other supernatural beings. In

6016-433: The heroine's birth from a male body part are noted to resemble the births of Athena and Dionysus of Greek mythology . When analysing an Egyptian variant, The Falcon's Daughter , scholar Hasan M. El-Shamy saw that "basic parts" of the tale type found resonance with Ancient Egyptian religion : the falcon represented solar deity Horus , and the maiden on the tree Hathor , a deity with solar traits "believed to dwell in

6110-429: The heroine) "stem from Byzantine and Greek tales and medieval legends". Professor Thomas Leek chronologically situates the birth of the story after the Fourth Crusade and the fragmentation of the then existent Byzantine Empire , and suggests an interaction between eastern and western sources to form the tale. An early version of the tale type is said to be found in the compilation of The Arabian Nights . Versions of

6204-438: The hunting-fishing population of the west coast. From about 1500 BC, bronze was gradually introduced. Burial cairns built close to the sea as far north as Harstad and also inland in the south are characteristic of this period, with rock carving motifs that differ from those of the Stone Age , depicting ships resembling the Hjortspring boat , while large stone burial monuments known as stone ships were also erected. There

6298-433: The king's position, and many aristocrats lost the basis for their surplus. High tithes to church made it increasingly powerful and the archbishop became a member of the Council of State . The Hanseatic League took control over Norwegian trade during the 14th century and established a trading centre in Bergen . In 1380, Olaf Haakonsson inherited both the Norwegian (as Olaf IV) and Danish thrones (as Olaf II), creating

6392-419: The king's sons to rule jointly. The Archdiocese of Nidaros was created in 1152 and attempted to control the appointment of kings. The church inevitably had to take sides in the conflicts. The wars ended in 1217 with the appointment of Håkon IV Håkonsson , who introduced clear laws of succession. From 1000 to 1300, the population increased from 150,000 to 400,000, resulting both in more land being cleared and

6486-437: The kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles. Thus Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII. In 1349, the Black Death killed between 50% and 60% of Norway's population and led to a period of social and economic decline. Although the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe, economic recovery took much longer because of the small, scattered population. Even before

6580-409: The late 10th and early 11th centuries. This is largely attributed to the missionary kings Olaf I Tryggvasson and Olaf II Haraldsson (St. Olaf). Olaf Tryggvasson conducted raids in England, including attacking London. Arriving back in Norway in 995, Olaf landed in Moster where he built a church which became the first Christian church in Norway. From Moster, Olaf sailed north to Trondheim where he

6674-410: The ninth century when heading for the Faroe Islands , and eventually came across Vinland , known today as Newfoundland , in Canada. The Vikings from Norway were most active in the northern and western British Isles and eastern North America isles . According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified them into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger , thus becoming the first king of

6768-440: The plague, the population was only about 500,000. After the plague, many farms lay idle while the population slowly increased. However, the few surviving farms' tenants found their bargaining positions with their landlords greatly strengthened. King Magnus VII ruled Norway until 1350, when his son, Haakon, was placed on the throne as Haakon VI . In 1363, Haakon married Margaret , daughter of King Valdemar IV of Denmark . Upon

6862-508: The presence of the tale type across the African continent (North, West, Central, East and Southeast), often combined with other tale types. According to scholarship, the tale type ATU 709, "Snow White", appears combined or contaminated with closely related tales ATU 706, "The Maiden Without Hands" and ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children", and even ATU 451, " The Maiden who Seeks her Brothers " (or "The Seven Ravens") and ATU 480, " The Kind and Unkind Girls ". The tale also merges with other tales of

6956-404: The queens replace the youngest queen's child (children) with animals or objects and accuse the woman of infidelity. The queen is then banished and forced to work in a humiliating job. As for the fate of the children, they are either buried and become trees or are cast in the water (river, stream). In the same vein, French ethnologue Paul Ottino ( fr ) noted that the motif of casting the children in

7050-489: The reign of Charles III John brought some significant social and political reforms. In 1854, women won the right to inherit property. In 1863, the last trace of keeping unmarried women in the status of minors was removed. Furthermore, women were eligible for different occupations, particularly the common school teacher. By mid-century, Norway's democracy was limited; voting was limited to officials, property owners, leaseholders and burghers of incorporated towns. Norway remained

7144-418: The rest of Europe. Eventually restored as a kingdom (albeit in legislative union with Denmark) in 1661, Norway saw its land area decrease in the 17th century with the loss of the provinces Båhuslen , Jemtland , and Herjedalen to Sweden, as the result of a number of disastrous wars with Sweden. In the north, its territory was increased by the acquisition of the northern provinces of Troms and Finnmark , at

7238-618: The rivalry between cowives. A motif that appears in some variants of the tale type is a thorn embedded in the body of the heroine's persecutor. Hélène Bernier's study on the tale type located the motif in Irish, Breton and Canadian variants. Romanian folklorist Corneliu Barbulescu also found the motif in Romanian variants. Similar tales were collected in the United States, Algeria, Argentina, and Chile. The incident has been traced to Breton variants and

7332-405: The same vein, Stith Thompson mentioned that the heroine's benefactor/pursuer may be the Virgin Mary, a witch or even a man, and this variation is reflected in defining the nature of the tale type: a pious legend about the Virgin Mary or the story about a witch. Similarly, Swedish scholar Waldemar Liungman  [ sv ] noted two cycles: one involving the Virgin Mary, and another, involving

7426-530: The subdivision of farms. While in the Viking Age farmers owned their own land, by 1300, seventy per cent of the land was owned by the king, the church, or the aristocracy, and about twenty per cent of yields went to these landowners. The 14th century is described as Norway's golden age , with peace and increase in trade, especially with the British Islands, although Germany became increasingly important towards

7520-463: The tale type ATU 705A, "Born of a Fish", with tale type ATU 303, " The Twins or Blood Brothers ": a fisherman catches a fish in the sea and brings it home to his wife to eat. Through the ingestion of the fish, a miraculous gestation occurs and a child is born. Thompson described that the tale type involves a male pregnancy caused by the ingestion of the fish. The pregnancy is carried on the father's thigh (knee). The child born of this unusual pregnancy,

7614-1161: The tale type, listed 48 variants in France , 30 in Canada (18 in Québec and 12 in the Provinces Maritimes ), and 5 in the United States. She concluded that the Franco-Canadian versions were derived from oral versions of Brittany . Folklorist Jonas Balys  [ lt ] reported 33 Lithuanian variants in his 1936 publication, under the title Moteris nukirstomis rankomis . Romanian folklorist Corneliu Barbulescu tabulated 21 Romanian variants (9 from Transylvania , 5 from Western Moldavia , and 7 from Wallachia ), and 4 Macedo-Romanian ( Aromanian or Megleno-Romanian ) variants. Japanese scholar Kunio Yanagita listed some variants of The Girl Without Hands (手なし娘; Tenashi musume ) found in Japan . Scholar Seki Keigo reported 33 variants in Japan, and suggested

7708-518: The tale were also known in medieval European literature since the 13th century, such as Manékine and Roman de la belle Hèlene de Constantinople , from the 13th century. Another predecessor of the tale type is the Life of King Offa , a European mediaeval tale that also shows that Offa's future wife has escaped an attempted incest by her father - a motif close to Donkeyskin and variants. German scholar Ernst Tegethoff  [ de ] suggested that

7802-571: The third century. By the time of the first historical records of Scandinavia, about the 8th century, several small political entities existed in Norway. It has been estimated that there were nine petty realms in Western Norway during the early Viking Age . Archaeologist Bergljot Solberg on this basis estimates that there would have been at least 20 in the whole country. In the Viking period, Norwegian Viking explorers discovered Iceland by accident in

7896-452: The throne of Norway and Sweden in 1818 and reigned to 1844. He protected the constitution and liberties of Norway and Sweden during the age of Metternich . As such, he was regarded as a liberal monarch. However, he was ruthless in his use of paid informers, secret police and restrictions on the freedom of the press to put down public movements for reform—especially the Norwegian national independence movement. The Romantic Era that followed

7990-494: The traditional dominant view, the first component was originally norðr , a cognate of English north , so the full name was Norðr vegr , "the way northwards", referring to the sailing route along the Norwegian coast, and contrasting with suðrvegar "southern way" (from Old Norse suðr ) for (Germany), and austrvegr "eastern way" (from austr ) for the Baltic . The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along

8084-463: The water vaguely resembles the Biblical story of Moses , but, in these stories, the children are cast in a box in order to perish in the dangerous waters. In addition, by analysing similar tales from Madagascar , he concluded that the jealousy of the older co-wives of the polygamous marriage motivate their attempt on the children, and, after the children are restored, the co-wives are duly punished, paving

8178-486: The way for a monogamous family unit with the expelled queen. According to Daniel Aranda, the tale type develops the narrative in two eras: the tale of the calumniated wife as the first; and the adventures of the children as the second, wherein the mother becomes the object of their quest. In this tale type, the heroine's evil stepmother curses her to give birth to a monster child (the titular "Wonder-Child"). The son does possess magical powers, and helps his mother when she

8272-626: Was a Utopian socialist who in 1848 organised a labour society in Drammen . In just a few months, this society had a membership of 500 and was publishing its own newspaper. Within two years, 300 societies had been organised all over Norway, with a total membership of 20,000 drawn from the lower classes of both urban and rural areas. In the end, the revolt was easily crushed; Thrane was captured and jailed. In 1898, all men were granted universal suffrage , followed by all women in 1913. Christian Michelsen , Prime Minister of Norway from 1905 to 1907, played

8366-623: Was a Finnish folklorist . Aarne was a student of Kaarle Krohn , the son of the folklorist Julius Krohn . He further developed their historic-geographic method of comparative folkloristics, and the initial version of what became the Aarne–Thompson classification system of classifying folktales , first published in 1910 and extended by Stith Thompson first in 1927 and again in 1961. Early in February 1925, Aarne died in Helsinki where he had been

8460-408: Was one revolt under Knut Alvsson in 1502. Norway took no part in the events which led to Swedish independence from Denmark in the 1520s. Upon the death of King Haakon V in 1319, Magnus Eriksson , at just three years old, inherited the throne as King Magnus VII. A simultaneous movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful (he was a grandson of King Magnus Ladulås of Sweden), and both

8554-464: Was part of Denmark–Norway , and, from 1814 to 1905, it was in a personal union with Sweden. Norway was neutral during the First World War , and in the Second World War until April 1940 when it was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany until the end of the war. Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Jonas Gahr Støre has been Prime Minister of Norway since 2021. As

8648-623: Was proclaimed King of Norway by the Eyrathing in 995. One of the most important sources for the history of the 11th century Vikings is the treaty between the Icelanders and Olaf II Haraldsson, king of Norway circa 1015 to 1028. Feudalism never really developed in Norway or Sweden, as it did in the rest of Europe. However, the administration of government took on a very conservative feudal character. The Hanseatic League forced royalty to cede to them greater and greater concessions over foreign trade and

8742-450: Was unprepared for the German surprise attack (see: Battle of Drøbak Sound , Norwegian Campaign , and Invasion of Norway ), military and naval resistance lasted for two months. Norwegian armed forces in the north launched an offensive against the German forces in the Battles of Narvik , but were forced to surrender on 10 June after losing British support which had been diverted to France during

8836-564: Was wielded by the leader of the German occupation authority, Josef Terboven . Quisling, as minister president , later formed a collaborationist government under German control . Up to 15,000 Norwegians volunteered to fight in German units, including the Waffen-SS . Many Norwegians and persons of Norwegian descent joined the Allied forces as well as the Free Norwegian Forces . In June 1940,

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