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38-495: Classical scholars have at times identified various towns in Thrace as corresponding to Caenophrurium. Recent scholarship locates Caenophrurium near the modern Turkish village of Sinekli, in Silivri district, Istanbul Province . The Barrington Atlas includes Caenophrurium as one of 24 komes (towns) and choria (villages) in the province of Europa. These were smaller settlements than

76-704: A lie on a minor issue. In fear of what the Emperor might do, he forged a document listing the names of high officials marked by the emperor for execution, and showed it to collaborators. When Aurelian reached Caenophrurium in September 275 the notarius Mucapor and other high-ranking officers of the Praetorian Guard , fearing punishment from the Emperor, murdered him. 41°14′N 28°13′E  /  41.233°N 28.217°E  / 41.233; 28.217 Silivri Silivri , formerly Selymbria ( Greek : Σηλυμβρία),

114-537: A misidentification. In 275, the Emperor Aurelian marched towards Asia Minor, preparing a campaign against the Sassanid Empire . However, Aurelian never reached Persia, as he was murdered while waiting in Thrace to cross into Asia Minor. As an administrator, Aurelian had been very strict and handed out severe punishments to corrupt officials or soldiers. A secretary of Aurelian (called Eros by Zosimus ) had told

152-689: A smaller northern route from Byzantium to Bizye . Other writers have identified Caenophrurium with Tzirallum (modern Çorlu ), but this seems unlikely as several sources list Tzirallum and Caenophrurium as separate places. For example, the Antonine Itinerary lists Caenophrurium as two stages and 36 miles closer to Byzantium than Tzirallum, and the Tabula Peutingeriana shows the locations separately. Lewis and Short's A Latin Dictionary of 1879 identified Caenophrurium as "a town in Thrace, on

190-450: A stone bridge with 33 arches just west of Silivri. The historical bridge, called "Uzunköprü" (The "Long Bridge"), is still in use today, however one arch is not visible due to sedimentation. Prior to World War I, some Silivrian Jews immigrated to the town of Camagüey , Cuba . Russians occupied Silivri on February 5, 1878 for 1 month until 3 March 1878. Bulgarians occupied it on November 16, 1912 for 9 months until May 30, 1913. During

228-426: Is twinned with: Marmara Ere%C4%9Fli Marmara Ereğlisi ( Turkish: [ˈmaɾmaɾa æɾeːlisi] ; Greek : Ηράκλεια ), also spelled Marmaraereğlisi , is a municipality and district of Tekirdağ Province , Turkey . Its area is 175 km , and its population is 29,549 (2022). Ereğli is 30 km east of the town of Tekirdağ , and 90 km west of Istanbul near a small pointed headland on

266-413: Is 67 km (42 mi) far from the city center of Istanbul, and is a popular summer resort for many Istanbul residents with its 45-kilometre-long (28 mi) coast. It is on the highway D.100 and the motorway E80, which connect Turkey to Europe via Edirne . It takes about an hour and a half to get here from the city so is feasible for use in the summer months as a weekend and holiday retreat, although

304-412: Is a mixture of large modern blocks and old country houses, both types mostly having been built without proper planning or architectural design. There is a small harbour. The people of Ereğli are a mixture of established families who have been in Thrace for generations and recently arrived migrant workers. A large fault follows this coast, and the holiday housing of Ereğli is all vulnerable to damage from

342-507: Is a municipality and district of Istanbul Province , Turkey . Its population is 217,163 (2022). It lies along the Sea of Marmara , outside the urban core of Istanbul , containing many holiday and weekend homes for residents of the city. The largest settlement in the district is also named Silivri. Silivri is located bordering Büyükçekmece to the east, Çatalca to the north, Çorlu and Marmara Ereğli (both districts of Tekirdağ Province ) to

380-609: Is in football. Their amateur football team play in the Istanbul Super Amateuar League , and the women's team in the Turkish Women's Third League . Sport venues in Silivri are the 2,700-seating capacity Müjdat Gürsu Stadium, named after Müjdat Gürsu (1971–1994) a local footballer, and Alibey Sport Hall. There are a number of hospitals and special health institutions in Silivri, state owned and private run: Silivri

418-443: Is lined with hotels and compounds of holiday properties serving people from Istanbul, who come to relax in the summer sunshine. Ereğli is only an hour's drive from Istanbul and on a summer Sunday evening the road is a solid queue of returning weekenders. The holiday compounds are complicated mazes of little roads tightly packed with villas or buildings of holiday flats, leading down to the sea. Some of them have cafes and restaurants on

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456-561: The Antonine Itinerary list Caenophrurium as a stage on the Via Egnatia, 18 miles east of Heraclea Perinthus and 27 or 28 miles east of Melantias (probably modern Yarımburgaz ). Logically, this might place Caenophrurium on the Marmara coast near Silivri . Instead, it appears that Caenophrurium was actually sited inland, 20 kilometres (12 miles) to the north of the main Via Egnatia, on

494-528: The Armistice of Mudanya . Finally, Turkish forces entered Silivri on November 1, 1922. It was part of Çatalca province between 1923–1926 and was bounded to Istanbul Province in 1926. It was enlarged with joining of Gümüşyaka (formerly Eski Ereğli) village from Çorlu district. There are 35 neighbourhoods in Silivri District: During the summer months, the population increases 4–5 times. Silivri

532-451: The 14 cities of the province listed by Hierocles in his Synecdemus (c. 527–528): the provincial capital ( Heraclea Perinthus ) and 13 others. Some confusion as to the exact location of Caenophrurium appears to derive from the fact that references to the settlement are all made in passing, either as a waystation between other towns, or as the location for the murder of the Emperor Aurelian . These original sources are: Several routes in

570-474: The 1950s and 1960s the pasture was so rich that the yogurt of Silivri was renowned. Now the reputation of the yogurt has declined due to poor quality control and mismanagement of the brand. The Silivri Yoğurt Festivali used to be a major event but nowadays there is less interest and in some years it is not even held. Wheat (246 km ), sunflower (105 km ) and barley (50 km ) are cultivated here. Vineyards were once important but have declined since

608-465: The 1970s. Livestock is still important. Silivri has two sports clubsi Silivrispor and Alibeyspor. Established in 1957, Silivrispor has two active branches, football and basketball. Silivrispor's professional football team play in the Apor Toto 3rd Şeague . The basketball section eas founded in 2014. Alibeyspor, named after a neighborhood of Silivri, was established in 1989. The club's main activity

646-802: The Byzantines in 1403. It was sometimes attacked by the Ottomans in later years, but was not captured. During the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, Selymbria, along with Epibatos , stood up against the Ottoman armies, and surrendered only after the city had fallen. The town remained a summer resort during the Ottoman time, as it was during the Byzantine era. On the order of Suleiman the Magnificent , architect Mimar Sinan built 1562

684-632: The Latins and finally was recaptured by the Byzantine successor state of the Empire of Nicaea in 1247, who were finally able to recapture Constantinople and restore the empire in 1261. In 1346, the Ottomans became an ally of the pretender for the Emperor John VI Cantacuzenus (1292–1383), and helped him against his rival John V Palaeologus (1332–1391). The same year, Sultan Orhan I married Theodora,

722-402: The ancient Greek Selymbria or Selybria ( Greek : Σηλυ(μ)βρία ), owed its historical importance to the natural harbor and its position on the major commercial roads. It was a colony of Megara founded on a steep 56 m high hill east of the bay, but excavations show that it was a Thracian settlement before it was a Greek colony. According to Strabo , the city's name is a combination of

760-567: The ancient city of Heraclea. Eski Ereğli corresponds instead to the ancient town and bishopric of Daunium . This appears as a bishopric for the first time in the early 10th century in the above-mentioned list of Leo VI the Wise. Its bishop Thomas took part in the Second Council of Nicaea in 787 and Clemens in the Photian Council of Constantinople (879) . Like Heraclea, it had a Latin bishop in

798-488: The area is crowded with day trippers. With all this development it is hard to find a stretch of open coastline. The winter months are cold here, as bitter weather blows across Thrace from the Balkans , and holiday homes in Silivri are not much used from mid-September until May or even June. The district has great agricultural potential thanks to its almost flat landscape, mild Thracian climate and yield-effective soil, and in

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836-416: The area, Edward Daniel Clarke stated that, in spite of its name, which means 'Old Ereğli or Heraclea', the village of Eski Ereğli (today Gümüşyaka in Silivri district), where he hoped to find antiquities, had scarcely any ancient remains, and he was informed that it was the coastal village known locally as Büyük Ereğli (Big Ereğli or Big Heraclea), about two hours (six miles) distant, that corresponded to

874-494: The beach. The Marmara Sea suffered from pollution in the 1980s and 1990s but now efforts have been made to clean it up. All the facilities are located in the holiday housing area, the town centre of Silivri has little to offer in the way of cinema, theatre or any other cultural amenities. Now the coast has also been blessed with resort hotels and country clubs with sports facilities including golf courses, horse riding centres and tennis courts, health and conference centers. At weekend

912-535: The city fell under their control during the next centuries. The settlement shrank into a village under the governance of the Roman Empire. In the early 5th century, the town was officially renamed Eudoxiopolis ( Greek : Εὐδοξιόπολις), during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Arcadius (377–408), after his wife Aelia Eudoxia , though this name did not survive. In 805 AD, the Bulgarian Khan Kroum pillaged

950-509: The daughter of John VI in Selymbria. In 1399, Selymbria fell to the Ottomans, marking their complete encirclement of Constantinople by land in Europe. Many contemporary observers believed from then on it was a mere matter of time before the Ottomans took the Byzantine capital. However, after their disastrous defeat at the hands of Timur the Ottomans returned Selymbria and several other possessions to

988-584: The festivals held there. At an early date, according to tradition in the Apostolic Age , Heraclea became a Christian bishopric . As capital of the Roman province of Europa , it was the metropolitan see for all the bishoprics of the province, including Byzantium , which in 330 became Constantinople . Later on, Byzantine Emperor Justinian I would restore its aqueducts and palace. The see of Constantinople soon obtained superiority over Heraclea. However, Heraclea

1026-555: The name of the mythological founder of the city, Selus, and the Thracian word that Strabo thought was used for polis , "bria". This, however, did not mean polis, and had another meaning. Selymbria is the birthplace of the physician Herodicus , and was an ally of the Athenians in 351 BC. Until the second half of the 2nd century BC, the city could preserve its autonomy, but after its neighbours Byzantium and Perinthos became more powerful,

1064-818: The north shore of the Marmara Sea . It is called Marmara Ereğlisi (or Marmara Ereğli in colloquial usage) to distinguish it from the two other large towns in Turkey with the name Ereğli (deriving from the Greek name Heraclea ), one in Konya Province ( Konya Ereğlisi ), the other on the Black Sea coast ( Karadeniz Ereğli ). The town, originally a Samian colony, was founded as Perinthos ( Greek : Πέρινθος ), in English usually known by its Latinized form as Perinthus . In about 300 AD, it

1102-636: The road from Apollonia to Selymbria , now Bivados". As well as the Historia Augusta 's Life of Aurelian and Lactantius 's De Mortibus Persecutorum, they cite Flavius Eutropius 9, 15 as a source. Apollonia corresponds to modern Sozopol, in Bulgaria, and Selymbria is Silivri, on the Marmara coast. However, Bivados appears to be Epibatos , now the modern Turkish village of Selimpaşa , about 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) east of Silivri. As with Çorlu, this appears to be

1140-452: The road out here is heaving with traffic in summer. Being accessible from Istanbul, the Marmara coast has long been used for holidaying by Istanbul's people. As the city has grown, these facilities have moved further and further away. Once Florya and Yeşilköy were resorts, today it is Tekirdağ and even further. Silivri had its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s as families would come by the busload to complexes of holiday flats that were built on

1178-447: The seafront, sometimes open to people from outside the compound. In places there are public beaches, although very crowded on summer weekends, and paths for children to play on bicycles. These holiday homes are family places and not all the compounds have nightlife. The town of Ereğli and its nearby villages are used by these weekenders and summer residents for fast food, grocery shopping, internet cafes and other amenities. The town itself

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1216-652: The time of the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261). No longer a residential bishopric, Daonium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see . There are 10 neighbourhoods in Marmara Ereğlisi District: Ereğli is a small town, quiet in winter. There is a long coastline and the sea is clean enough for swimming, (not true of much of the Marmara) and the coast on either side of Ereğli

1254-525: The town. In the late 9th century, Emperor Michael III constructed a fortress on the top of the hill, the ruins of which still remain, during an era in which the Byzantine Empire suffered attacks by Saracen corsairs and Rus raiders. With the Fourth Crusade , and the fall of Constantinople to the Latin Empire in 1204, the fortress fell in quick succession to the Latin Empire , Bulgarian, back to

1292-587: The war, many more Sephardim in the city left as conditions worsened due to the war. Many of these Turkish Jews emigrated to the United States settling primarily in New York and Seattle. Others went to Palestine, France and South America. According to the Treaty of Sèvres , Silivri became a part of Greece on July 20, 1920. However, Italians took it over from the withdrawing Greek troops on October 22, 1922, according to

1330-478: The west, Çerkezköy to the north-west (one of Tekirdağ Province ) and with the Sea of Marmara to the south. It is, with an area of 858 km (331 sq mi), the second largest district of Istanbul Province after Çatalca . The seat of the district is the city of Silivri. Established in 2008, Turkey's most modern (and Europe's largest) prison complex is located 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Silivri. Silivri,

1368-409: Was given the name of Heraclea (Ἡράκλεια). It was built amphitheatre-like on the hillside of a cape extending into the Sea of Marmara , close to where the modern town stands. Its port and its position at the junction of several sea-routes, made it a town of commercial importance. It became famous because of its resistance to Philip II of Macedon in 340 BC. Many of its coins have survived, and identify

1406-513: Was recognized in the Notitia Episcopatuum of Pseudo-Epiphanius as having five suffragan sees : Panium , Callipolis , Chersonesus in Europa , Coela , and Rhaedestus . An early 10th-century Notitia Episcopatuum attributed to Leo VI the Wise lists the suffragans as 15 and another, dating from 1022–1025, puts them at 17. With the advance of the Ottoman conquests, the number of suffragans

1444-474: Was severely reduced. In the early 20th century, it still had two suffragans. Today it is only a titular "Elder Metropolis and Exarchate of Thrace" of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople . In the 13th century, there were Latin diocesan bishops of Heraclea. Today, the Catholic Church lists it as a titular see under the name "Heraclea in Europa". In his 1815 account of his visit to

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