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92-451: Toonzai (formerly known as The CW4Kids from May 24, 2008 to August 7, 2010, or stylized as TOONZAi ) was an American Saturday morning cartoon children's television block that aired on The CW from May 24, 2008 to August 18, 2012. The block was created as a result of a four-year agreement between 4Kids Entertainment and The CW. The original name for the block from May 24, 2008 to August 7, 2010, The CW4Kids (stylized as THE CW4K!DS ),

184-648: A " farm station " which developed talent for the larger O&O stations and network (although, until after it ended following Multimedia 's purchase of controlling interest in the station in 1990, this strategy left WKYC as a longtime also-ran in the Cleveland market due to heavy staff turnover). Roker's predecessor as the Today show's weatherman, Willard Scott , was an on-air personality at WRC-TV , NBC's O&O in Washington, D. C., before going to New York in 1980. Another example

276-470: A "news network" although all of these organizations provide more than just news programming). The four largest of these – Nippon TV ( NNN / NNS ), Tokyo Broadcasting System ( JNN ), Fuji TV ( FNN / FNS ), and TV Asahi ( ANN ), two of four of them owned by major newspapers (Nippon TV by The Yomiuri Shimbun Holdings and TV Asahi by The Asahi Shimbun Company ) and Tokyo Broadcasting System being highly affiliated with The Mainichi Newspapers Co. despite

368-525: A 75% interest in The CW ( Paramount Global and Warner Bros. Discovery , who respectively succeeded CBS Corporation and WarnerMedia, each retain 12.5% ownership), all of the Nexstar-owned CW affiliates became O&Os. Some O&Os choose to refer to themselves as "network-owned stations" instead, reflecting the fact that while they may be owned by a national network, much of the operation is usually left to

460-593: A Channel 4 affiliate, with Channel 4's operations in the rest of the UK being similar to an O&O. Since the digital switchover, S4C has been a fully Welsh-language service, with Channel 4 available in Wales at all times on a separate digital channel. However, S4C has some ties to the BBC even as the latter does not own the former. The licence fee, which is primarily used to fund the BBC, also partly goes to S4C. S4C's main newscast, Newyddion,

552-516: A bid to acquire 4Kids' agreement with The CW for the block. On July 2, 2012, it was announced that Saban Brands , via Kidsco Media Ventures, began programming the block, which would be relaunched under the name Vortexx . Toonzai quietly ended its run on The CW on August 18, 2012, after a Yu-Gi-Oh! marathon, with Vortexx premiering the following week on August 25, 2012. Some of Toonzai's programming, including Yu-Gi-Oh! , Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal , Sonic X , and Dragon Ball Z Kai continued to air on

644-639: A broadcasting network) from owning stations in every market in the country. In other parts of the world, many television networks were given national broadcasting licenses at launch; as such, they have traditionally been mostly (or entirely) composed of owned-and-operated stations, rendering a separate notion for such a concept redundant. In the broadcasting industry, the term "owned-and-operated station" refers exclusively to stations that are owned by television and radio networks. The term "affiliate" applies only to stations that are not owned by networks but instead have contractual agreements to air programming from one of

736-594: A certain network (such as Sunbeam Television 's WHDH in Boston and WSVN in Miami using a variation of the circle 7 logo, and ABC affiliate KCRG-TV in Cedar Rapids, Iowa using CBS' "I Love Chicago" motif). Likewise, network affiliates may also license graphics packages for use on their newscasts and imaging from their networks to reduce the costs of licensing imaging from other parties; though it has been reduced in usage than in

828-405: A in-studio presenter stepping in to present the regional news, that segment is a montage of the top regional news reports. Currently, other television station groups (such as Hearst Television ) also implement common branding practices among its stations (even when affiliated with different networks). Some of the branding elements are now used by stations that are not O&Os or even affiliates of

920-491: A mainly digitally distributed service in 2014 (leaving Los Angeles flagship KDIS as the network's only remaining O&O until 2017, when it became affiliated with spin-off network Radio Disney Country ). Most religious radio networks, such as Salem Communications , Moody Radio , the Bible Broadcasting Network , and Air 1 / K-Love , own and operate all of their stations. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS )

1012-426: A more genericized channel branding). This kind of sharing may also present some savings to the parent network (i.e., the owner), as its O&Os can use the same graphics and music rather than to have each station commission their own individual branding package. Examples include the circle 7 logo (originally designed in 1962 for ABC's aforementioned O&Os, all of which at the time had broadcast on VHF channel 7) and

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1104-701: A portion of the network's existence, the now-defunct ACME Communications . While Tribune-owned stations such as WGN-TV in Chicago, WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles (along with most of the ACME stations) aired programming from The WB, they did not fit the standard definition of an owned-and-operated station. A similar exception existed when UPN was launched in January 1995 by co-owners Chris-Craft and Viacom . Each of

1196-512: A somewhat comparable situation existed for the fourth channel allocation , with Channel 4 broadcasting in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, and S4C , operated by a separate public authority , broadcasting in Wales. Until the digital switchover in Wales in 2010, S4C's analogue service broadcast primarily Welsh-language programming, along with English-language programming from Channel 4, often on delay . In this sense, S4C could be considered

1288-541: A television network) can only reach a maximum market coverage of 39% of the country. Given this restriction, television networks only have O&Os in a fraction of the 210 designated market areas around the country (the remainder of the markets are served by affiliates that are owned by other media companies). Periodically, networks may sell O&Os to comply with this FCC restriction. O&Os tend to be found in large urban centers such as New York City , Los Angeles , and Chicago , and other markets that are typically among

1380-562: A television network. Many O&Os have served as a stepping stone for television personalities at their parent networks. For example, former Today and NBC Nightly News presenter Tom Brokaw used to work for NBC's Los Angeles O&O, KNBC, before moving to the network while Matt Lauer and Al Roker worked for NBC's flagship O&O in New York City, WNBC-TV , before becoming hosts on Today . Additionally, Roker had begun his career with NBC at former O&O WKYC-TV in Cleveland , known as

1472-419: Is actually an umbrella organisation made up of the different regional public broadcasters. This effectively renders ARD a case of where the regional stations own the network. One of ARD's channels, Das Erste , has exactly the same output across the country but each of the regional broadcasters contributes content to it. Meanwhile, each ARD-member broadcaster uses channel 3 to show its own output and lineup in

1564-478: Is an independent station . Prior to September 2023, WPSG aired programming from The CW , which was owned by CBS at the time; therefore, WPSG was a CW O&O prior to October 2022. The stations carrying The WB Television Network were another exception. The controlling shares in the network were held by Time Warner through its Warner Bros. division, with minority interests from the Tribune Company and, for

1656-531: Is broadcast from BBC Wales' studios. Some other BBC personalities like Huw Edwards also appear regularly on S4C. S4C is also available on the BBC's iPlayer for everyone in the UK. While BBC One has regional output, the BBC produces all such regional programmes itself, and in this sense all BBC "stations" are owned-and-operated; however, as with the ITV network, there are regional variations in scheduling on this channel between

1748-571: Is clearly defined in the United States and Canada (and to some extent, several other countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Japan), where network-owned stations had historically been the exception rather than the rule. In such places, broadcasting licenses are generally issued on a local (rather than national) basis, and there is (or was) some sort of regulatory mechanism in place to prevent any company (including

1840-422: Is not allowed to own or operate any of its stations by way of its ownership model, as its individual member stations own the network instead in the manner of ARD. A network's O&Os often share similar branding elements among themselves, reinforcing their common identity as stations owned by the same network; for example, a common shared element among O&O stations involves identifying themselves by combining

1932-543: Is rarely preempted by O&Os except in cases of major breaking news of interest to the O&;O's viewing area, despite individual affiliates' rights to do so. The term "station" applies to the ownership of the station. For example, a station that is owned and operated by the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is referred to as an "ABC station" or an "ABC O&O." A station not owned by ABC but contracted to air

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2024-402: Is referred to as "Channel 2" or "Dos", which corresponds to the assigned channel number of its Manila O&O DWWX-TV (now All TV 's DZMV-TV ). This is applicable even if a viewer receives the network on a different channel number (either because the viewer resides in a different viewing area or receives the channel through cable or satellite ). ARD , one of Germany's public broadcasters,

2116-929: The ACT , its AMV station in regional Victoria , its PTV station in Mildura and various stations related to the former GWN7 network in Western Australia and Nine owns and operates its NTD station in Darwin . Nine also owns and operates its NBN station, based in Newcastle . The two national public broadcasters, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), own and operate all of their local stations. In Indonesia, although public networks (i.e. RRI and TVRI ) own and operate all of their local stations since their early years,

2208-578: The Central , Mountain and Alaska time zones , as The CW Plus operates two separate feeds running on Eastern and Pacific time zone schedules. The only exception was in Boise, Idaho , where they had two CW networks (both The CW and The CW Plus), The CW Plus affiliate (now a MeTV affiliate) KNIN-DT2 carried the block (also aired an hour earlier), but the main CW affiliate (now a Fox affiliate) KNIN-TV declined to carry

2300-450: The Kids' WB programming block, due to the effects of children's advertising limits and competition from cable television, and sell the programming time to 4Kids Entertainment . Kids' WB ended its run on The CW on May 17, 2008 (Kids' WB, like The WB Television Network that the block originated, then relaunched as an online-only video on demand service). 4Kids Entertainment took over programming

2392-626: The constituent countries of the UK . BBC Two used to have a version for Scotland but on February 17, 2019, this variation was discontinued to make way for a new television channel entitled BBC Scotland (Scotland viewers now get the same version of BBC Two seen in England). Channel 4 offers regional advertising (as did Channel 5 until 2015), but otherwise there are currently no regional programming variations on those channels or on any other UK-wide television channels. Local Television Limited owns and operates several stations across major metro areas in

2484-428: The "This is Chicago, Chicago My Town" musical signature for local newscasts (originally used by WBBM-TV, and later spread to other CBS O&Os). Fox also has a set of branding guidelines for both its O&Os and affiliates. Supposedly, NBC and ABC also have branding guidelines for its affiliates, but not as extreme as CBS or Fox; since the 2013–14 season, however, when ABC unveiled an updated version of its logo, all of

2576-563: The 10 largest in the U.S. (such as the San Francisco Bay Area , Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex , and Philadelphia ), although they have also been found in markets as small as Green Bay, Wisconsin (DMA No. 69, 2006–07) and Toledo, Ohio (DMA No. 76, 1995–2011) in the past. Some networks (such as Ion Television ) and non-commercial religious television networks (such as the Trinity Broadcasting Network and Daystar ) own

2668-458: The 1960s and 1970s as performed by alternative rock artists. The Netflix animated series Saturday Morning All Star Hits! parodies the mid-1980s to early 1990s era of Saturday-morning animation, such as Thundercats , Care Bears , ProStars , and Denver, the Last Dinosaur . The science fiction animated series Futurama also spoofed 1970s and 1980s Saturday-morning cartoons in

2760-640: The 1970s, these groups exercised enough influence, especially with the U.S. Congress and the Federal Communications Commission , that the television networks felt compelled to impose more stringent content rules for the animation houses. In 1978, the Federal Trade Commission was openly considering a ban on all advertising during television programming targeting preschoolers, and severe restrictions on other children's program advertising, both of which would have effectively killed off

2852-485: The 1980s, these radio networks began to be broken up. For all intents and purposes, NBC no longer exists as a radio network, beyond brand licensing and distribution agreements with Dial Global for NBC Sports Radio content. ABC was previously non-existent as well, until 2015 when it relaunched an in-house radio network after Cumulus Media Networks , the then-owners and distributors of the ABC News Radio brand, replaced

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2944-504: The 1990s. Such examples included Disney's Disney Afternoon in syndication, Fox 's Fox Kids , UPN 's UPN Kids , CBS 's CBS Saturday , The WB 's Kids' WB , and Amazin' Adventures (later Bohbot Kids Network) in syndication. From 1992 however, the "Big Three" traditional major networks and their affiliates began replacing their Saturday-morning animated programming with weekend editions of their morning magazines . and live-action teen-oriented series. Multiple factors contributed to

3036-403: The 2002 Act on Broadcasting, currently owned-and-operated radio stations tend to air mostly local programming, while owned-and-operated television stations are allowed to air mostly network's national programming. In Japan, commercial terrestrial television is focused on five organizations, known alternatively by either the name of their flagship Tokyo station or a network name (usually branded as

3128-482: The ABC News brand with Westwood One News (via CNN ). CBS's radio stations are now a separate company ( CBS Radio ) from its broadcast service. In the late 1990s, the original CBS Radio Network was reassigned to then-corporate sibling Westwood One via a series of complicated transactions, absorbing the former Mutual and the original NBC Radio (which General Electric spun off in 1987 after its merger with RCA ) in

3220-460: The ARD media library available on ARD's website and mobile app. The ITV network is jointly owned by the owners of the local "Channel 3" stations throughout the United Kingdom, which since 2016 have been consolidated into two companies: ITV plc (whose Channel 3 franchises are branded ITV1 ) and STV Group plc (which operates its franchises as STV ). Officially, the stations own the network, rather than

3312-667: The Mainichi's lack of ownership – each own and operate stations in the Tokyo, Keihanshin , Chukyo and Fukuoka metropolitan areas. These four television markets together account for more than half of the country's population. In addition, these four networks also own and operate some stations in other television markets. Most of the Japanese television stations outside the four flagship media markets have affiliates with one of those networks, therefore, they are not owned-and-operated stations. However, in

3404-734: The Masters of the Universe and continuing with such series as The Transformers and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . These were heavily criticized by ACT, but were nevertheless successful. As well, several more lighthearted series appeared, popularized by Hanna-Barbera’s The Smurfs and Jim Henson’s Muppet Babies . These included series based on popular video games , such as Saturday Supercade . Despite increased competition from cable television networks (such as Nickelodeon , Cartoon Network , and Disney Channel ), Saturday-morning and weekday cartoon blocks continued to remain popular in

3496-509: The Philippines, networks such as the former ABS-CBN (now all of these stations being converted into All TV stations), GMA Network , and TV5 own and operate almost all their local television stations, although a few affiliates also exist. As regional stations simulcast / relay almost the entire programming lineup of their parent network's flagship station (usually based in Metro Manila ),

3588-580: The Toonzai website redirected to the Vortexx website. Since October 4, 2014, the only 4Kids' shows that still air on broadcast television are Pokémon , Yu-Gi-Oh! , TMNT , and Sonic X . Vortexx ended its run on September 27, 2014, and was replaced by Litton Entertainment 's One Magnificent Morning . On October 2, 2007, The CW announced due to a joint decision between the network's parent companies Time Warner and CBS Corporation that it would discontinue

3680-446: The UK and is seen on Freeview channel 8. Compared to other established services, each of the owned and operated stations has more hours of content that caters to the viewing areas of such. Unlike in the US, O&Os intended for a certain viewing area are viewable anywhere in the UK. O&Os from other viewing areas are available on Sky and Freesat and the BBC's iPlayer allows users to select

3772-456: The UK, the similar O&O branding elements are prevalent in the continuity sequences, especially when a national BBC News bulletin on BBC One is introduced. In here the regional announcer tells viewers "This is BBC One [name of region]", as well who will present the national and regional news bulletin. The fonts and graphics styles used in the national news bulletins are mirrored in the regional news bulletins. The format and order of segments of

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3864-424: The United States, The CW continued to air non-E/I cartoons as late as 2014; among the "Big Three" traditional major networks, the final non-E/I cartoon to date ( Kim Possible ) was last aired in 2006. This era continues to be satirized and/or spoofed in popular culture. The tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits was released in 1995, featuring covers of Saturday-morning cartoon themes from

3956-535: The United States, the generally accepted times for these and other children's programs to air on Saturday mornings were from 8:00 a.m. to approximately 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time Zone . Until the late 1970s, American networks also had a schedule of children's programming on Sunday mornings, though most programs at this time were repeats of Saturday-morning shows that were already out of production. In some markets, some shows were pre-empted in favor of syndicated or other types of local programming . Beginning in

4048-445: The block on May 24, 2008, premiering under the name The CW4Kids . In addition to programming the block, 4Kids also handled responsibilities for its content and advertising revenue. At the time of the block's launch, 4Kids also programmed the competing 4Kids TV block for Fox , until that network nullified its time leasing agreement with 4KidsTV on December 27, 2008, due to a dispute between Fox and 4Kids involving 4Kids' failure to pay

4140-752: The block or the block's predecessor Kids' WB upon becoming a charter CW affiliate after the affiliation switch from UPN in September 2006; KNIN-TV instead carried syndicated E/I programming in the station's Saturday morning timeslot, making Boise one of the only television markets where Kids' WB and The CW4Kids was not available through over-the-air analog broadcasts before the KNIN-TV's analog signal shutdown on June 12, 2009. † - Program transitioned from Kids' WB! ‡ - Program transitioned to Toonzai † - Program transitioned from The CW4Kids ‡ - Program transitioned to Vortexx Saturday morning cartoon In

4232-746: The block until September 27, 2014, when Vortexx ended its run. It was the final children's block on The CW to be broadcast only in standard definition , because blocks like Litton's Weekend Adventure on ABC and NBC Kids were broadcast in high definition . In most markets, CW affiliates used the network's recommended Saturday morning scheduling for the block – though some such as CW owned-and-operated station WUPA in Atlanta aired it on Sunday, instead due to regular Saturday programming. Connecticut affiliate WCCT-TV aired three hours on Saturday, and two hours on Sunday. KMAX-TV in Sacramento, California aired

4324-457: The block, while Shreveport, Louisiana 's KPXJ-TV preempted the final hour of the block. Columbus, Georgia 's WLTZ-DT2 preempted the first half-hour of the block. While The CW recommended that its affiliates carry The CW4Kids/Toonzai block at 7:00 a.m. to Noon Saturday mornings (regardless of time zone), its secondary CW Plus national feed for smaller markets aired the Toonzai block an hour earlier on its broadcast and cable-only affiliates in

4416-453: The change, among them the introduction of people meters that children found difficult to operate in the mid-1980s, an increasingly competitive market fueled by the multi-channel transition , a boom in first-run syndicated content and the introduction of home video and video games , increasing restrictions on advertising and educational content mandates , and broader cultural changes stemming from an increase in no-fault divorces and

4508-448: The companies owned a number of stations that aired the network. However, the stations were also not considered O&Os under the initial standard definition. This ambiguity ended with Viacom's buyout of Chris-Craft's share of the network in 2000, which came not long after its merger with the previous CBS Corporation . The stations were referred to informally as "UPN O&Os" (Chris-Craft later sold its stations to Fox Television Stations ,

4600-672: The discretion of the local station. In Australia, Seven West Media , which owns the Seven Network , Nine Entertainment , which owns the Nine Network and Paramount Global , which owns Network 10 each own and operate stations in the five largest metropolitan areas ( Sydney , Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth and Adelaide ). These television markets together account for two-thirds of the country's population. In addition, Seven also owns and operates its STQ station in regional Queensland , its CBN station in regional New South Wales and in

4692-417: The early 2000s, however, and as of January 2017, no private CBC affiliates remain (the last such station disaffiliated in September 2016), and stations that have left the network since the mid-2000s have generally not been replaced. Indeed, the public broadcaster shut down most of its own TV rebroadcast transmitters in 2012, and now relies instead on cable and satellite carriage of its O&Os in regions outside

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4784-417: The end of the post-World War II baby boom . Attempting to pair the newscasts with the remaining cartoons was largely unsuccessful because the two program formats drew widely different audiences that did not lend themselves to leading in and out of each other , leading to viewership oddities (such as NBC's children's block having an average viewership age of over 40 years old); by the late 2010s, all of

4876-601: The entire lineup, but it had a four-hour tape delay, running from 11:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. WLFL in Raleigh, North Carolina and WNUV in Baltimore , aired the entire lineup, but it had two hours earlier, running from 5:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m. San Diego 's XETV-TV , aired three hours from 5:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. and two hours from 10:00 a.m. to Noon. San Antonio 's KMYS , which affiliated with The CW in 2010, aired it on Sunday and Monday before 5:00 a.m. Other stations preempted portions of

4968-441: The episode " Saturday Morning Fun Pit ". Owned-and-operated station In the broadcasting industry, an owned-and-operated station (frequently abbreviated as an O&O ) usually refers to a television or radio station owned by the network with which it is associated. This distinguishes such a station from an affiliate , which is independently owned and carries network programming by contract. The concept of an O&O

5060-528: The few affiliates are located in smaller regional markets like Lloydminster and Thunder Bay . CBC Television , with its role as the publicly funded broadcaster, has at least one O&O in every single province , as well as CBC North serving the three territories as well as northern Quebec. While the majority of Canadians are served by CBC owned-and-operated stations, the CBC previously had some privately owned affiliates. The number of these particularly decreased in

5152-469: The format; the commission ultimately dropped the proposal. The networks were encouraged to create educational spots that endeavored to use animation and/or live-action for enriching content, including the Schoolhouse Rock! series on ABC which became a fondly-remembered television classic. With the 1970s came a wave of animated versions of popular live-action prime time series as well, mainly with

5244-1020: The largest markets. The CBC's main French-language network, Ici Radio-Canada Télé , is the only French-language network in Canada that has O&Os located outside Quebec . The network maintains an O&O in each province except in Atlantic Canada , where CBAFT (based in Moncton , New Brunswick) previously served the entire region via relay transmitters (and remains available on cable/satellite). The territories likewise now receive programming through cable/satellite carriage of out-of-province O&Os, usually CBFT Montreal . The other two French-language networks – Noovo and TVA – only have O&Os (and, for that matter, affiliates) within Quebec (privately owned Radio-Canada affiliates were only found within Quebec as well,

5336-424: The last affiliated station shut down in 2021). Along with the major networks, some media conglomerates also run second-tier television systems (e.g., Rogers Media 's Omni Television and Bell Media 's CTV 2 ). These systems share the same parent companies as most of their local stations, and such stations can be considered O&Os as well. For example, all of CTV Two's local stations are owned by Bell Media. On

5428-645: The main stations based in Lima . In Canada, due to the population being concentrated to fewer urban centres (compared to the United States), as well as more lenient policies regarding media ownership (for example, an ownership cap on television stations does not exist, except for within one media market ), many television stations have become (or began operation as) O&Os. For instance, CTV and Global currently own and operate an overwhelming majority of their local stations (most of which are located in major urban centres);

5520-486: The major American networks had shifted to live-action documentary programming, ostensibly targeted at teenagers to meet the educational mandates but less likely to cause a clash with the newscasts. This documentary programming also benefited from having less restrictive rules for advertising compared to programming targeted to children. Saturday-morning and Sunday-morning cartoons were largely discontinued in Canada by 2002. In

5612-444: The major networks. While there may be an affiliation agreement between a network and an owned-and-operated station, this is not necessarily required and may simply be a legal technicality formalizing the relationship of separate entities under the same parent company. This does not prevent a network from dictating an owned-and-operated station's practices outside the scope of a normal affiliation agreement. For example, network programming

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5704-471: The mid-1960s, the Saturday-morning timeslot would feature a great deal of series appropriate for children, although most of these were reruns of animated series originally broadcast in prime time and adventure series made in the 1950s, as well as telecasts of older cartoons made for movie theaters . Later in the decade, the slot would be dominated by superhero and action cartoon series, influenced by

5796-470: The name of their parent network with the station's channel number (such as "CBS 2," which is uniformly used by CBS O&Os KCBS-TV in Los Angeles, WCBS-TV in New York City and WBBM-TV in Chicago), which started to become a normal mode of branding in the mid-1990s (beforehand, O&Os of certain networks – such as CBS and NBC – incorporated the network's logo into their own while verbally being referred under

5888-569: The network for its time lease, and the network's inability to maintain guaranteed clearances for the block, due to difficulties getting Fox affiliates and stations that would be used as default carriers of the block in markets where the Fox station did not carry 4Kids TV to air it. On April 27, 2010, 4Kids announced the rebranding of The CW4Kids under the new name Toonzai , a name change that took effect on August 14, 2010. On June 26, 2012, Kidsco Media Ventures, an affiliate of Saban Capital Group , finalized

5980-584: The network in 1989. Due to the lack of an ownership cap in Mexico, some Mexican television networks own and operate all of their stations; a few media companies, such as Grupo Televisa and Azteca own multiple stations in several markets that each carry programming from the various networks that it also owns (or in the case of Televisa, shoehorn programs cherrypicked from its various networks onto one station). However, there are privately owned local stations that still exist, which broadcast programming originating from

6072-574: The network owning stations as is the case in most of the other countries listed here. However, since the 2004 creation of ITV plc, which since 2016 has owned and operated all of the Channel 3 licences serving England, Wales, southern Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Channel Islands , as well as the UK-wide breakfast licence , most of the operations of the network have been absorbed into that entity. Moreover,

6164-538: The network's affiliates are now required to use the ABC circle logo as a part of the station's own logo, which must additionally be approved by the network for use. Networks in Canada took corporate branding to its logical conclusion; references to local call signs and channel numbers have almost completely been eliminated from the O&Os except during station sign-on and sign-off sequences (although some O&Os may occasionally refer to their channel numbers in passing). In

6256-627: The network's programming is correctly referred to as an "ABC affiliate". However, informally or for promotional purposes, affiliated stations are sometimes referred to as a network station , as in " WFAA is an ABC station" even though that ABC affiliate, in the Dallas–Fort Worth market, is owned by Tegna, Inc. A correct formal phrasing could be, "ABC affiliate WFAA is a Tegna station." Similarly, one may informally refer to "ABC affiliates" in regard to all stations (including O&Os) that air ABC programming, or to "the ABC affiliation" in regard to

6348-626: The new CW network). Certain UPN and WB affiliates in markets where Tribune and CBS both owned stations carrying those networks either picked up a MyNetworkTV affiliation or became independent stations. The standard definition of an O&O again does not apply to The CW, but the CBS-owned stations that carry the network were referred to as "CW O&Os" (Time Warner, later known as WarnerMedia, did not own any station except one during its existence). After Nexstar Media Group (who acquired Tribune in 2019) brought

6440-968: The number of stations a television network can own. As a result, the five major television networks ( TV Globo , Record , SBT , Rede Bandeirantes , TV Cultura and RedeTV! ) tend to have O&Os only in the country's three largest cities, Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo and Brasilia , and rely heavily on affiliates to distribute the networks' programming to other areas of the country. Some markets (such as Belo Horizonte , Recife and Manaus ) also have O&Os from one or more networks; for instance, Globo and RedeTV own and operate their stations in Recife, while SBT, Record, Rede Bandeirantes, and TV Cultura do not. Smaller television networks, including ( TV Gazeta ), typically only have one owned-and-operated station. The major Chilean television networks currently own and operate all of their stations. Canal 13 had an affiliate in northern Chile, Telenorte , until it disaffiliated from

6532-456: The other hand, Canwest 's E! added a few private affiliates not owned by Canwest in Western Canada prior to its demise in 2009; those affiliates have since joined Rogers' Citytv network. In the United States, unlike Canada's O&O-heavy geography, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) currently mandates that the total number of television stations owned by any company (including

6624-489: The past, many affiliate stations also license the network's imaging for their entertainment program and news promotions. Nonetheless, such practices and elements can still be traced back to the O&Os, which represented the earliest television station groups under common ownership, before the emergence and proliferation of national station ownership groups in the subsequent decades. Positions at network O&Os are frequently sought after by those who wish to eventually work for

6716-630: The process. Westwood One was spun off in 2007 and merged into Dial Global in 2011, with the new company taking on the Westwood One name. Today, CBS maintains separate distribution agreements between Westwood One (for CBS Radio News and its sports play-by-play packages, most notably the NFL and the NCAA) and Cumulus Media (for CBS Sports Radio ). However, new radio networks have cropped up with their own owned-and-operated networks. iHeartMedia owns many stations in

6808-618: The region/viewing area they are interested in and will thus give them the corresponding BBC One feed. BBC Scotland and BBC Alba are available across the UK through the iPlayer. UTV, the ITV O&;O for Northern Ireland is available across the UK but users need to add this channel manually to their Sky or Freesat lineup. Argentina's TVP owns and operates all of its stations. However, commercial broadcasters like ( Telefe , El Trece , América TV and Encuentro ) have private affiliates outside Buenos Aires . In Brazil, government regulations limit

6900-450: The regional bulletins are almost exactly the same as each other. This is also applicable to the weather segments. In Sweden where Sveriges Television ( SVT ) owns and operates all its stations, the regional news programme segments have identical graphics elements to each other and to the main national programmes they are either part of (e.g. Morgonstudion) or follow (e.g. Rapport and Aktuellt). For instance, during Morgonstudion, rather than

6992-523: The same company as their parent network, though they were established as different companies. The stations typically has on-air name format [network name] [city/province], reflecting their respective network and their broadcast coverage. There is only a single counterexample to this rule: RBTV (Yogyakarta)  [ id ] airing in the Special Region of Yogyakarta , is an affiliate of but only 25% shares are owned by Kompas TV . Due to regulations in

7084-559: The same with its own stations and broadcast service known as Cumulus Media Networks. The Walt Disney Company , which sold off ABC Radio in 2007 to Citadel Broadcasting (which was merged into Cumulus in 2011) still owns the ESPN Radio network. ESPN Radio has only a few owned-and-operated stations in mostly major markets. Until 2021, Disney also owned the Radio Disney network, and almost all of Radio Disney's outlets prior to its transition to

7176-597: The separately owned station serving northern and central Scotland (STV), and to a lesser extent the ITV plc-owned UTV in Northern Ireland, often deviate significantly from the schedule of the ITV1 channel as programmed by ITV plc. As a result of this restructuring and other changes in the relationship between ITV and STV, the Channel 3 franchises owned by ITV plc could now be considered ITV owned-and-operated stations, with STV being comparable to an affiliate. From 1982 to 2010,

7268-500: The stations located in Mexico City . In 1974, Telecentro was created as a division of ENRAD (Empresa Nacional de Radiodifusión), a state controlled company used to operate all of the country's radio and television stations. However, private broadcasters still owned the broadcast stations. When satellite transmission links were introduced in Peru in 1989, many affiliates had become repeaters of

7360-505: The stations of Jawa Pos Multimedia  [ id ] and Indonesia Network  [ id ] , consisting of distinct TV stations owned by same company, with few or none national programming). Also, the terms "network", "station", and "channel" are used interchangeably, and the flagship station (mostly in Jakarta) could be watched on pay TV. Most of the local private stations that are member of national networks are owned and operated by

7452-631: The strict North American definition of "owned by the network", nearly all of those network affiliates would have been classified as owned-and-operated stations, since the networks (or in the case of Nippon TV, Tokyo Broadcasting System and TV Asahi, the newspapers who own/affiliated with them) has controlling shares in those stations. The smaller TV Tokyo ( TXN ) clearly owns and operates all of its local stations. The public broadcaster NHK operates two terrestrial channels, NHK General TV and NHK Educational TV . Both of these channels have some regional stations, all of which are owned and operated by NHK. In

7544-621: The subsidiary of the then News Corporation that primarily operates Fox 's O&Os, in 2000 ). Following the shutdowns of UPN and The WB, CBS Corporation (former owner of UPN) and Time Warner became co-owners of The CW Television Network , which largely merged the programming from both networks onto the scheduling model used by The WB. The network launched in September 2006 on 11 UPN stations owned by CBS Corporation, and 15 WB affiliates owned by Tribune (which exchanged its ownership stake in The WB for affiliation agreements on most of its stations with

7636-487: The success of Space Ghost . These were heavily criticized by parents for their violence. By 1972, most action programming had been removed from the Saturday-morning slot, following pressure from parents' lobbying groups such as the Action for Children's Television (ACT). These groups voiced concerns about the presentation of commercialism , violence, anti-social attitudes and stereotypes in Saturday-morning cartoons. By

7728-424: The terms "network", "station" and "channel" can in practice be used interchangeably to refer to either one. Even when a network's local station features programmes that deviate from the flagship station, viewers there may be able to see the flagship station through pay-TV operators. In addition, networks are often informally referred to using their flagship stations' terrestrial channel numbers. For example, ABS-CBN

7820-496: The top 100 U.S. markets, and in turn feeds them with programming, either from corporate subsidiary Premiere Radio Networks or via internal distribution ; in particular, this is done with their talk radio station portfolio. Voicetracking purposes are handled either by internal methods or through their Premium Choice format menus, the latter of which is geared towards small and medium-market stations with air talent selected from stations in larger markets. Cumulus Media often does

7912-513: The transfer of rights to ABC programming from an affiliate to an O&O. Some stations that are owned by companies that operate a network but air another network's programming are referred to as an affiliate of the network that they carry. For example, WPSG in Philadelphia is owned by the CBS network's parent company Paramount Global , but has no network affiliation and airs syndicated programming; it

8004-420: The trend of private networks own and operating more than one station only arose in the 2000s, as the restriction on private radio station's broadcast area was lifted and new regulations concerning network broadcasting system was in effect. The situation is similar to that of the neighbouring Philippines (see below), since most of them are transmitter stations with few regional programming (the notable exceptions are

8096-405: The vast majority of their stations, with only a few privately owned outlets carrying their programming (in the case of TBN and Daystar, both networks own their stations directly and through subsidiary licensees, such as Community Educational Television for TBN and Word of God Fellowship for Daystar). Owned-and-operated stations used to be common in the days of network radio , however beginning in

8188-432: The viewing areas they serve (although a common time exists for regional news bulletins at 19.30 and a simulcast of the national newscast Tagesschau at 20.00 Central European time ). Within some regional broadcasters, further variations exist for the regional news bulletins. Viewers across Germany are able to view the different regional variations of channel 3 through free-to-air satellite, pay-TV subscription, or through

8280-402: The voices of the original casts, as well as imitations of the highly successful Scooby-Doo combining teen characters and talking animals with supernatural mystery stories. By 1982, under President Ronald Reagan , the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had loosened programming and advertising regulations, leading to the era of "half-hour toy commercials", starting with He-Man and

8372-455: Was BBC London News presenter Emily Maitlis, who joined BBC News 24 and BBC Two's Newsnight in 2006. Although working at an O&O does not guarantee a network job down the line, the on-air presenter or correspondent does potentially receive additional exposure to the network and often a larger audience given that O&Os are often found in the largest media markets. Behind-the-scenes personnel at an O&O station may also be promoted to

8464-438: Was retained as a sub-brand through the end of the block's run in order to fulfill branding obligations per 4Kids Entertainment's contract to lease The CW's Saturday morning time slots. The name is a portmanteau of "toon" and the Japanese term banzai , reflecting the majority of anime programming on the block. The block was replaced by Saban Brands ' program block Vortexx , which debuted on August 25, 2012. On April 11, 2013,

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