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47-624: In Milan, a September 1944 meeting decided a northern National Liberation Committee, within the Italian Social Republic that was established in 1943, was important. National Liberation Committee (CLN) leaders of Rome led by Bonomi recognized in January 1944 the need for coordination of the partisan struggle in the north and then the delegates were the Committee of Milan all political and military powers for Upper Italy, despite some disagreement with

94-627: A red handkerchief around the neck with red stars on their hats. On 20 September 1943 in Milano , the military committee of PCI was formed and in October it became in the general command of the Brigate d'assalto Garibaldi (Garibaldi Assault Brigades) under the leadership of Longo and Secchia. This early management structure, initially equipped with poor means, began immediately its activity in order to overcome every "wait and see" attitudes and constantly potentiate of

141-457: A resolute fight against Germans and militants of the fascist RSI. In November 1943, Pietro Secchia wrote an article on PCI journal La nostra lotta defining the political-military project adopted by BGs: he claimed the importance of the immediate military action in order to "shorten the war" and reduce the period of the German occupation, saving people and villages; in order to demonstrate to Allies

188-492: A roundup. The Garibaldini distinguished by their political symbols of their uniforms: red handkerchiefs around the neck, red stars on hats, emblems with hammer and sickle . Despite the directives of CVL command aimed to unite all the combatant formations and to promote the use of national badges and the military salute, militants of the brigades continued to be indifferent towards those directives, remaining faithful to their traditions, and most of them continued to salute with

235-530: A separation occurred between the "political work" of local leaders and the "military work" given to commanders of BGs on the field and to regional delegates with full powers. Despite the direct link with PCI, the Garibaldi Brigades had notable leaders who were not communist militants, like the Catholic and apolitical Aldo Gastaldi (with the battle name "Bisagno", after the homonymous torrent stream ), one of

282-847: The French Resistance and Yugoslav Resistance . National Liberation Committee Central Europe Germany Italy Spain ( Spanish Civil War ) Albania Austria Baltic states Belgium Bulgaria Burma Czechia Denmark France Germany Greece Italy Japan Jewish Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Slovakia Spain Soviet Union Yugoslavia Germany Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States The National Liberation Committee ( Italian : Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale , CLN )

329-449: The Gruppi di azione patriottica (GAP, "Groups of Patriotic Action"), specialised in sabotages and attempts against nazi-fascist occupants. GAPs and BGs represented almost 50% of the forces of the partisan Resistance. At the final insurrection of April 1945, the active garibaldini combatants were about 51,000 divided in 23 "divisions" on a total of about 100,000 partisans. On 15 April 1945,

376-560: The armed resistance against both German and Italian fascist forces during World War II . The Brigades were mostly made up of communists , but also included members of other parties of the National Liberation Committee (CLN), in particular the Italian Socialist Party . Led by Luigi Longo and Pietro Secchia , they were the largest of the partisan groups and suffered the highest number of losses. Members wore

423-569: The raised fist . Generally, Garibaldi Brigades received orders from the PCI representative among the Corpo Volontari della Libertà , who was Luigi Longo (battle name "Italo"), and from the National Liberation Committee . However, all the BGs depended directly on the general command, formed by general commander Longo, Pietro Secchia (battle name "Botte" or "Vineis"), who was also the political commissar of

470-646: The "Garemi", "Nannetti" and "Ortigara" Divisions stopped the German retreat and freed Padova , Valdagno and Belluno . Severe problems of collaboration between the Italian partisans and the Slovenian formations of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia arose on the eastern border, where the strong Slavic chauvinism, difficulties of Italian communist leaders and the contradictory aspects of their policy fostered divisions and anti-Slavic resentments within non-communist forces of

517-559: The CLN were primarily divided between three main groups, Communist Garibaldi Brigades , the Action Party's Giustizia e Libertà Brigades, and Socialist Matteotti Brigades. Smaller groups included Catholic and monarchist partisans. There were partisan units not represented in the CLN, including the Maiella Brigades and anarchist , republican , and Trotskyist formations. The CLN led

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564-573: The Committee of Turin. Directed by independent Alfredo Pizzoni ("Longhi"), the committee became CLNAI Milan (National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy) and the rest of the Resistance led effectively to the partisan struggle in the heart of the Republic of the military and against the Germans. The initial members of Milan's CLN, which would later become CLNAI were: The composition changed over time. At

611-459: The Garibaldi Brigades was the contrast attempt to transform the partisan formations into an avant-garde and constitutive element of the process of involving the populations in the active anti-fascism, with a continuous effort of integration between the armed fight and the civil mobilisation through their representatives. With a further organizational effort, communist leaders of Milan created in June 1944

658-481: The Garibaldi partisans, there were distrust and fear of the return of reactionary forces, and only about 60% of the weapons were actually given, while communist partisans kept a conspicuous number of light weapons, caps, jackets, red handkerchiefs, backpacks and cartridge boxes. The hiding of weapons was partially allowed by some Garibaldi leaders of the north in sight of a possible reprise of the liberation war; during all

705-564: The Italian resistance and was subdivided into the Central Committee for National Liberation (CCLN), which was based in Rome, and the later National Liberation Committee for Northern Italy (CLNAI), which was based in Milan. The CNL was a multi-party entity, whose members were united by their anti-fascism . The CLN was formed on 8 September 1943, following Italy's armistice and Germany's invasion of

752-647: The PCI in order to join the PSI, while Luigi Pierobon , one of the leaders of the Italian Catholic Federation of University Students of Veneto , had an important part in the creation of the Divisione Garibaldi "Ateo Garemi" . Some monarchical officers also joined the BGs and obtained the command of detachments, battalions or even entire brigades, for their military preparation, like captain Ugo Ricci (among

799-618: The Resistance. On 20 September 1944, the general command of Slovenian PLA abolished unilaterally the agreements with the NLC done in April of the same year, which provided an Italian-Slovenian "equal command" on the formations. Consequently, most of the Italian units fell under the control of the Slovenian PLA and ceased to be formations of the Corpo Volontari della Libertà d'Italia . The commander and

846-513: The action of partisans. Detailed plans were designed in order to enter into the cities, protect factories and plants and to prevent the run of nazi-fascist forces. The insurrection began then on 24 and 25 April in the main cities of the north, after that the regional commands spread the codified message "Aldo dice 26x1" ("Aldo says 26x1"). During this final phase, the Garibaldini formations, organized in "Divisions" and "Groups of Divisions" (like

893-715: The biggest division was engaged in Ljubljana and entered into the city on 20 May, because an order of the Slovenian Communist Party hindered the participation of Italian partisan formations to the liberation of Trieste. After the end of the military operations during the first days of May in 1945, Allies and NLC ordered the consignment of weapons and the dismantle of partisan units. Garibaldi Brigades, as other partisan formations, were formally disbanded and gave to Allies 215,000 rifles, 12,000 submachine guns, 5,000 machine guns, 5 000 handguns and 760 bazookas. However, among

940-456: The brigades, Giancarlo Pajetta ("Luca", deputy commander); Giorgio Amendola ("Palmieri"), Antonio Carini ("Orsi", killed in March 1944), Francesco Leone, Umberto Massola, Antonio Roasio, Francesco Scotti and Eugenio Curiel (killed on 24 February 1945). Those leaders developed the Garibaldi resistance movements and spread the communist influence in northern Italy. Along with Longo, Secchia and

987-529: The combatants to prepare themselves for the general insurrection in all the northern Italy in order to precede the Allied troops and cooperate for the defeat of nazi-fascist forces. The general command of the brigades and the Communist Party emphasized to the maximum the importance of the insurrection which had to be done at any costs, without accepting any agreements, proposals, truces with the enemy that could limit

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1034-962: The country. The member parties were the Italian Communist Party , the Italian Socialist Party , the Action Party , the Christian Democracy , the Labour Democratic Party , and the Italian Liberal Party . With the backing of the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies of World War II , the CLN gained official recognition as the representative of the Italian resistance movement, and had several leaders operating underground in German-occupied Italy. The partisan formations controlled by

1081-464: The first promoters of the resistance in the province of Como , killed in action during the battle of Lenno ) and lieutenant count Luchino Dal Verme , who commanded as "Maino" the 88ª Brigata "Casotti" and later the entire " Antonio Gramsci " division in the Oltrepò Pavese . Those situations led sometimes to diatribes and contrasts that did not reduced the common will of antifascist struggle and

1128-693: The general command of Garibaldi Brigades was formed by nine divisions in Piedmont (15,000 members), three in Lombardy (4,000 members), four in Veneto (10,000), three in Emilia (12,000) and four divisions (10,000) in Liguria. As a military force, the BGs were the most numerous group which was organized with 575 formations; they took part to most of fights and suffered the most number of losses, with over 42,000 killed in action or after

1175-534: The general command, had relations with the Yugoslav partisans supporting the need to postpone the territorial revendications until the end of the war, in order to fight together against the common enemy. Frausin and Gigante were captured by the German Sicherheitsdienst on 28 August and 15 November 1944 respectively, interned and killed in the camp of Risiera di San Sabba . A typical characteristic of

1222-413: The governments of Italy from the liberation of Rome in June 1944 until the 1946 Italian general election , which was the first post-war general election. After being deprived of all its functions ahead of the 1946 elections, they were disbanded in 1947. Garibaldi Brigades The Brigate Garibaldi or Garibaldi Brigades were partisan units aligned with the Italian Communist Party active in

1269-457: The grouping of Valsesia, Verbano and Ossola led by Moscatelli and Gastone), had a central role in fights among the various cities of northern Italy. Mountain partisan brigades went to the plains and marched on the main centres, while the insurrection strike was proclaimed in the urban nuclei and GAP and SAP divisions began to fight. In Liguria , the Divisions of "Chichero" played an important role in

1316-400: The guide by a command member with wide decisional powers. After the war declaration to Germany by Badoglio I Cabinet on 13 October 1943, the general command of BG issued a document ( Direttive d'attacco , "Attack Directives") in line with the political directives of PCI in favour of the organization and intensification of the partisan war, characterized by a claim for legality and a call to

1363-513: The liberation of Genoa and impede the destruction of the harbour, accepting the surrender of German forces led by general Günther Meinhold . In Piedmont, Garibaldi Divisions of Pompeo Colajanni "Barbato", Vincenzo Modica and Giovanni Latilla "Nanni" entered in Turin together with the autonomous of "Mauri", while the Divisions "Pajetta" and "Fratelli Varalli" of Gastone and Moscatelli, after liberating Novara , entered in Milan on 28 April, already reached in

1410-548: The military activities against the occupying power (the Nazi Germany ) and the fascist structures of the Italian Social Republic . The general command of the brigades ordered the formation of a relay system from the communist cells already active in the cities, in order to link militant units among the various zones, the strengthen of connections and the actual carrying out of the partisan struggle. For this purpose, it

1457-600: The most important partisan commanders in Genoa , the apolitical Mario Musolesi (battle name "Lupo"), leader of the Brigata Partigiana Stella Rossa killed by Germans during the roundup of Marzabotto , the anarchic Emilio Canzi , the sole commander of the 13th operative zone of Tuscan Emilian Apennines. Moreover, Aldo Aniasi remained at the command of the 2ª Divisione Garibaldi "Redi" in Ossola despite he had left

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1504-524: The occupied territories. Organized as a "government of the great North", the CLNAI managed to maintain cohesion among the different political positions, and maintained the relationship, sometimes difficult, with the Allies. It dealt with the problem of financing guerrilla warfare (especially tasks undertaken by Pizzoni and Falck) through a network connection with Switzerland. It also concluded cooperation agreements with

1551-411: The openness and availability in recruiting volunteers, including youth, former soldiers or members of organization dismantled by the regime. In autumn 1943, the general command defined the command structure of brigades with the political commissar and the officers for the military command and chief of staff. While the 50% of PCI militants was directly involved in the military activity with the brigades,

1598-861: The organization; since the beginning, structures of the party had decided that at least the 10% of the cadres and the 15% of the subscribers had to be sent to the mountains in order to create the fundamental nucleus of aggregation and cohesion around which the units had to be developed. Moreover, Brigate Garibaldi had their representatives in the regional commands of CVL, who were Giordano Pratolongo and then Francesco Scotti (Piedmont); Pietro Vergani (Lombardy), Liguria Luigi Pieragostini and Carlo Farini (Liguria) after his arrest on 27 December 1944, Ilio Barontini (Emilia-Romagna), Pratolongo and then Aldo Lampredi (Veneto), Luigi Gaiami and then Francesco Leone and Antonio Roasio (Tuscany), Alessandro Vaia (Marche) and Celso Ghini (Umbria). In Trieste there were Luigi Frausin and Vincenzo Gigante who, in connection with

1645-488: The other half was dedicated to conspiracy in the cities, organizing and developing the struggle of workers among factories, to the agitation of peasants in some zones and the infiltration among schools and universities, supporting also the recruitment and the flow of volunteers to combatant formations on mountains. During the Resistance, the separation between the two sides had never been irreversible and militants switched from an activity to another one, also if in some provinces

1692-410: The other members of the general command, other important figures were active in the regional coordination like Antonio Roasio ("Paolo"), who controlled the brigades in Veneto and Emilia, Francesco Scotti ("Fausto" or "Grossi"), who led the formations in Piedmont and Liguria, and Pietro Vergani ("Fabio"), responsible in Lombardy. The Italian Communist Party had a decisive role in the strengthening and

1739-460: The political commissar adhered to the political and national solution of Yugoslavia and the political office of PCI supported that choice which involved only the communist militants. A the moment of the final insurrection, the "Trieste" formation, aggregated to the Divisione Garibaldi "Natisone" since 27 February 1945, participated to the fights and one group of it entered in Trieste on 7 May, while

1786-568: The previous day by the Garibaldini of Oltrepò pavese led by Italo Pietra and Luchino Dal Verme . In Lombardy, the 2ª Divisione Garibaldi "Redi" (commanded by Aldo Aniasi "Comandante Iso") and the Divisioni "Lombardia" , coordinated by Pietro Vergani ("Fabio", deputy commander of CVL) blocked the Alpine passes and occupied the Valtellina , preventing the run of fascist hierarchs . Benito Mussolini

1833-720: The related application in fight. The most famous groups of Garibaldi Brigades were those of Vincenzo Moscatelli "Cino" and Eraldo Gastone "Ciro" in the Partisan Republic of Valsesia , Pompeo Colajanni "Barbato", Vincenzo Modica "Petralia" and Giovanni Latilla "Nanni" in Valle Po and Langhe , Francesco Moranino "Gemisto" in Biella , Mario Ricci "Armando" in Modena and Arrigo Boldrini "Bulow" in Romagna . Together with BGs, there were

1880-406: The so-called "insurrection triumvirates" ( triumvirati insurrezionali ) at regional level, in order to coordinate the political struggle of the party among the occupied cities and in the workplaces through the concrete action of partisan mountain groups in view of a general insurrection. On 10 April 1945, the general command of Brigate Garibaldi issued the "directive no. 16" which warned all

1927-425: The time of the general insurrection of 25 April 1945, the members were: The role of CLNAI grew in importance during the war, after the delegation of powers to the north of Rome CLN obtained by 31 January 1944, last on 26 December 1944 as the government of national unity Bonomi gave the powers of direction in northern Italy to CLNAI, thus effectively assumed the role of "third-party government" or "shadow government" in

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1974-432: The will of the Italian people to fight for their own freedom and democracy; to contrast the nazi-fascist policy of terror, to make the occupation unstable and to stimulate, through the actual action, the development of the partisan organization and struggle. The organization was structured by PCI direction. The use of the name "brigade" indicated the overcoming of the "band" and the traditional military-like organization. It

2021-596: Was a political umbrella organization and the main representative of the Italian resistance movement fighting against the occupying forces of Nazi Germany and the fascist collaborationist forces of the Italian Social Republic during the German occupation of Italy in the aftermath of the armistice of Cassibile , while simultaneously fighting against Italian fascists during the Italian Civil War . It coordinated and directed

2068-584: Was also a reference to the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War . The partisan organization was named after general Giuseppe Garibaldi , one of the main contributors to the Italian unification . Size of brigades was different for each operative context. The structure set by PCI provided, beside a military commander, a political commissar with equal military powers but involved also in propaganda and formation of partisans; this structure

2115-499: Was captured by the 52ª Brigata Garibaldi "Luigi Clerici" of commander "Pedro" ( Pier Luigi Bellini delle Stelle ), subordinate to the 1ª Divisione Garibaldi Lombardia , and shot by envoys of the Garibaldi command of Milan, Walter Audisio and Aldo Lampredi ; other hierarchs were instead captured and killed in Dongo by partisans of the 3ª Divisione Garibaldi Lombardia , under the orders of Alfredo Mordini "Riccardo". In Veneto,

2162-409: Was established that the 50% of militants had to be assigned to the military activity. A body of inspectors was assigned to the various regions with the task to control the partisan activity of brigades and to develop their political-military activity. Members of the general command were later decentralised, the main leadership was located in Milan and detached delegations were formed in each region under

2209-459: Was replicated also within squads, battalions and other subgroups. The word assalto ("assault") was a political choice which aimed to remove uncertainties regarding the possibility of fight and to overcome doubts in the struggle against fascists. Therefore, it was also a reference to the "assault units" of World War I . The establishment of brigades was based on the harshness conspiracy, discipline and motivation of communist cadres but mostly on

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