87-578: City Developments Limited ( CDL ), sometimes also known as CityDev , is a Singaporean multinational real estate operating organisation. Founded in 1963, CDL first developed projects in Johor Bahru, Malaysia, as well as in Singapore. Due to geo-political changes, CDL was making a loss before being controlled by Hong Leong Bank via shares acquisition in 1969. Since then, CDL has developed many types of properties from shopping malls to integrated developments. CDL
174-654: A 24% share acquisition of Sincere Property Group with a RMB 2.75 billion loan and a further RMB 2.75 billion tranche . In April 2020, CDL renegotiated with Sincere to increase its shareholding in Sincere to 51.01% of its shares for a further RMB 4.39 billion due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic . This brought the total investments by CDL up to SGD 1.8 billion. However, new pending regulatory changes in China introduced in August 2020, to limit
261-676: A CDL Future Value 2030 Sustainability Blueprint was produced to further these goals. In addition, CDL was recognised for gender equality efforts along with DBS Bank in the Bloomberg's inaugural Gender-Equality Index (GEI) published in 2018. City Developments was among the first five companies based in Singapore to adopt the recommendations of the Task Force on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD) and commit to including nature-related disclosures in their annual reports. There are 134 companies in
348-836: A S$ 400 million purchase in the same year. CDL's portfolio spans integrated developments, shopping malls, hotels, offices and homes. Its integrated developments include King's Centre, Sunshine Plaza, Quayside Isle @ Sentosa Cove , South Beach Tower , and Sengkang Grand Mall. Current projects in progress include the redevelopment of Liang Court, which will be completed in stages from 2024, and Piccadilly Grand. Under its portfolio of shopping malls, it owns Katong Shopping Centre , Palais Renaissance , Tanglin Shopping Centre , Delfi Orchard, and City Square Mall . It also used to manage Lot One and Chinatown Point before being sold to CapitaLand and Perennial (Singapore) Retail Management respectively. The majority of CDL's hotels are operated under
435-514: A consortium for the Sengkang Central tender, which they eventually won with a top bid of S$ 777.8 million. Details of the development were released the following year with completion by 2022, being a 3.7-hectare mixed-use development next to Buangkok MRT station with a three-storey mall, a hawker centre and childcare centre, a community club which will be Singapore's largest and a 680-unit condominium. The condominium and mall have since been named
522-507: A controlling stake in CDL, transforming CDL into the core publicly traded entity of Hong Leong Group. Kwek Leng Beng later became the managing director of CDL in 1974, and the executive chairman in 1995 after the death of his father, Kwek Hong Png . Kwek Leng Joo , the younger brother of Kwek Leng Beng, became the managing director. Capitalising on the strong economic growth which transformed Singapore into an industrialised nation, CDL grew rapidly with
609-415: A free port, the population increased to 5,000, with the first census of 1824 showing that 6,505 out of the 10,683 total were Malays and Bugis settlers. Within the first few months of becoming a British settlement, a large number of Chinese migrants also started to settle on the island. In 1825, the population of the island had passed the ten thousand mark and by the census of 1826, there were more Chinese with
696-539: A huge variety of foods. From 1971 to 1986, the government moved thousands of hawkers off the streets into cleaner and better hawker centre facilities. In 2020, the hawker culture in Singapore was listed by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage . Due to the affordability and wide variety that a hawker centre provides, Singaporeans prefer to dine out rather than cook after work. Some well-known Singaporean dishes includes kaya toast , chilli crab , fish head curry , laksa and roti prata . The Hainanese chicken rice
783-510: A local currency that is pegged to the U.S. dollar or the New Zealand dollar . The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (in Cyprus ) use the euro. Since decimalisation on Decimal Day in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence (denoted on coinage, until 1981, as "new pence"). The symbol for the penny is "p"; hence an amount such as 50p (£0.50) properly pronounced "fifty pence"
870-544: A market capitalisation of S$ 6 million in 1995. Its flagship building, Republic Plaza , was officially opened on 18 January 1998 by then Prime Minister of Singapore Goh Chok Tong . With Hong Leong Group's investments into CDL, CDL's industrial properties was offloaded into Hong Leong Holdings, a subsidiary of Hong Leong Group. It then diversified into hospitality industry through the establishment of CDL Hotels International (CDLHI) in 1989. CDLHI acquired hotel properties across Asia, Europe, and United States. Leveraging on
957-515: A number of eco-friendly facilities. In 2012, CDL sought to retrofit Republic Plaza , and upgraded its BCA Green Mark category from Gold to Platinum in the process. Its retrofits included an upgraded chiller plant, energy efficient lights, and motion sensors to reduce energy wastage. In 2017, CDL issued a green bond to repay a loan for the retrofitting efforts, the first such bond in Singapore. In 2008, CDL adopted Global Reporting Initiative 's reporting framework for its sustainability report, becoming
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#17328511419781044-399: A penny", "two and a penny", etc. 5 shillings, for example, was written as "5 s ." or, more commonly, "5/–" (five shillings, no pence). Various coin denominations had, and in some cases continue to have, special names, such as florin (2/–), crown (5/–), half crown (2/6 d ), farthing ( 1 ⁄ 4 d ), sovereign (£1) and guinea (21s, 21/–, £1–1–0 or £1.05 in decimal notation). By
1131-463: A population of 6,088, as compared to 4,790 Malays excluding the Bugis and Javanese. By 1871, due to the influx of migrants from Malaya , China, India and other parts of Asia, Singapore's population had reached nearly 100,000, with over half of them being Chinese. Many of these early migrants were predominantly male and they would usually return to their home countries after they had earned enough money. By
1218-503: A residential property project, the Florida Executive Condominium. It also installed twin-chute pneumatic refuse collection system in selected condominiums, where refuse and recyclables, disposed separately at residents' doorsteps, being transported to a central collection area. In 2009, CDL developed the 11 Tampines Concourse, Asia's first CarbonNeutral development, and City Square Mall , Singapore's first "eco-mall" with
1305-485: A rich linguistic diversity in the city. Singaporean literature consists of literary works that is written in either of the 4 official languages. Although these works may be considered as literature works to their specific languages, they are also viewed as a distinct body of literature portraying various aspects of Singapore society and forms a significant part of the culture of Singapore. Singaporean literature in English
1392-625: A single majority culture. According to a 2017 survey by the Institute of Policy Studies , 49% of Singaporeans identify with both the Singaporean identity and their ethnic identity equally, while 35% would identify as "Singaporeans" first and 14.2% would identify with their ethnic identity. As of 2019, the population of Singaporeans stands at 4,026,200 and the population of Overseas Singaporeans stands at 340,751, with 217,200 individuals retaining their citizenship. The earliest records of settlement on
1479-483: Is a multilingual and multicultural society. It is home to people of many different ethnic, racial, religious, denominational, and national origins -- the majority of which are of Chinese , Malay , Indian , Arab , Eurasian , and European descent. The Singaporean identity was fostered as a way for these different groups to integrate and identify as one with the nation, while preserving the culture and traditions of each group without assimilating minority cultures into
1566-622: Is also common such as the incorporation of Taoism and Hindu traditions into Buddhism and vice versa. Sterling Pound King Charles III [REDACTED] William, Prince of Wales [REDACTED] Charles III ( King-in-Council ) [REDACTED] Starmer ministry ( L ) Keir Starmer ( L ) Angela Rayner ( L ) ( King-in-Parliament ) [REDACTED] Charles III [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Lord Reed The Lord Hodge Andrew Bailey Monetary Policy Committee Sterling ( ISO code : GBP )
1653-404: Is also widely considered to be one of Singapore's national dish. Singapore's historical roots as a trading settlement gave rise to an influx of foreign traders, and their languages were slowly embedded in Singapore's modern day linguistic repertoire. With the influx of traders into Singapore, Bazaar Malay ( Melayu Pasar ), a creole of Malay and Chinese, emerged as the lingua franca of
1740-443: Is closely linked to Islamic culture . Singaporean cuisine has been largely influenced by different cultures because of its position as an international shipping port since its founding as a British port in 1819. The main influences on Singaporean cuisine came from Chinese, Malay and Indian cuisines, similar to the ethnic makeup of Singaporeans. It is believed that certain dishes that are part of Singaporean cuisine today predates
1827-682: Is currently headquartered in Republic Plaza, Singapore . Kwek Leng Beng is its current chairman and Sherman Kwek , Kwek Leng Beng's son, is its current chief executive officer. City Developments Limited was founded on 7 September 1963 as a property company, initially starting with eight employees in Amber Mansions on Orchard Road . The company subsequently listed on the Malayan Stock Exchange (present-day Singapore Exchange ) in November of
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#17328511419781914-484: Is granted by birth, by descent, or by registration. Although provided for in the Constitution, citizenship by naturalisation is no longer granted. The government instead uses the constitutional provision for citizenship by registration to grant citizenship to resident aliens. Singaporeans with Chinese ancestry make up 75.9%, Malays make up 15.4%, Indians make up 7.4%, and residents of other descent make up 1.6% of
2001-417: Is often pronounced "fifty pee" /fɪfti piː/. The old sign d was not reused for the new penny in order to avoid confusion between the two units. A decimal halfpenny ( 1 / 2 p, worth 1.2 old pennies) was issued until 1984 but was withdrawn due to inflation . Before decimalisation in 1971 , the pound was divided into 20 shillings , and each shilling into 12 pence , making 240 pence to
2088-428: Is reflected in the architectural styles of buildings in several distinct ethnic neighbourhoods, such as Little India , Chinatown and Kampong Glam . Singlish is a local creole language that is primarily and understandably English with a local accent and smattering of words from Malay , Hokkien , Teochew , Cantonese and Tamil used by Singaporeans in an informal setting. Due to Singapore's diverse ethnic makeup,
2175-599: Is the central bank for sterling, issuing its own banknotes and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England; their governments guarantee convertibility at par . Historically, sterling was also used to varying degrees by the colonies and territories of the British Empire . There are various theories regarding
2262-561: Is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories. The pound ( sign: £ ) is the main unit of sterling, and the word pound is also used to refer to the British currency generally, often qualified in international contexts as the British pound or the pound sterling . Sterling is the world's oldest currency in continuous use since its inception. In 2022, it
2349-657: The Arabs , Armenians , Eurasians and Sri Lankans are classified into broader ethnic groups under the CMIO model. The Javanese are classified under the Malay ethnic group and the Peranakans are classified under the Chinese ethnic group are two examples of the classification of race and ethnicity in Singapore. Other foreign communities in the country or Singaporeans of other ethnic origins includes
2436-569: The Asia-Pacific region — representing 42 per cent of the total of 320 companies that have accepted the recommendations at an early stage. CDL is set to start publishing from fiscal 2024, with the other four companies starting in 2025. In the financial year of 2019, CDL reported having 248 subsidiaries, 53 associated companies, 12 trusts and 6 limited partnerships. Established in 1971, CBM Pte Ltd provided in-house engineering, cleaning and security services for CDL's properties. In 2007, capitalising on
2523-556: The Australians , Americans , Burmese , Canadians , Chinese , Filipinos , Japanese , Koreans , Malaysians , Nepalis , Pakistanis , Afghans , Africans , English , Italians , Irish , Greeks , and Pacific Islanders . Singaporean culture is a mix of East , South and South East Asian , Middle Eastern , African , and European cultures, with influences from the Malay , Indian , Chinese , Eurasian , and European cultures. This
2610-519: The Chola Empire in the 11th century. According to the 19th century Chinese record Investigation of Southern Pacific (南洋蠡測) (Nanyang Li Ce), it described the presence of Chinese tombs in Singapore. Words and inscriptions recording the period of Later Liang and Emperor Gong of Song were found on these tombs and this may suggest that from 907 to 1274, some Chinese had settled, lived, died and were buried in Singapore. A small Malay kingdom, known as
2697-514: The Kingdom of Singapura , was founded in 1299 by a fleeing Srivijayan prince, Sang Nila Utama , who was crowned as the Raja of the new state. After the fall of the kingdom in 1398, the island fell under the suzerainty of various regional empires and Malayan sultanates until its destruction by Portuguese raiders in 1613. Prior to the arrival of Raffles, there were about a hundred indigenous Malays living on
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2784-634: The Singapore Constitution prohibits discrimination based on ethnicity, race, religion, denomination, descent, and place of birth. The state thus promotes the cultural diversity of multiculturalism and multiracialism, instead of a single cultural assimilation. About 70% of Singaporeans also identify with other ethnic cultures in Singapore, notably the Chinese, Malay and Indian cultures. Major festivals including Chinese New Year , Hari Raya Puasa , Deepavali , Vesak Day , Christmas , Good Friday , Easter , and New Year's Day which are celebrated by
2871-419: The arrival of Raffles in 1819, some of these dishes include laksa , biryani and betel quid . However, it is unknown when these dishes arrived in Singapore, as historical records on them are largely scattered and inaccurate. A large part of Singaporean cuisine centres around the hawker culture in the country. Hawker stalls first began around mid 1800s and were largely made up of street food stalls selling
2958-420: The citizens and nationals of the sovereign island city-state of Singapore . Singapore is home to a people of a variety of ethno-racial-religious origins, with the city-state itself being a multi-racial , multi-cultural , multi-religious, multi-denominational, multi-lingual, and multi-ethnic country. Singaporeans of Chinese , Malay , Indian and Eurasian descent have made up the overwhelming majority of
3045-590: The financial crisis of 2007–2008 of which Singapore was affected, its financial performance was affected by its exposure to the Sterling Pound , as the Singapore dollar had strengthened against it, via its United Kingdom -centric M&C. However, it managed to remain one of the largest real estate development firms in Singapore post recession. In 2014, CDL appointed Grant Kelley into the newly created chief executive officer (CEO) role, capitalising on Kelley's prior international experience. The managing director role
3132-657: The 1950s, coins of Kings George III , George IV and William IV had disappeared from circulation, but coins (at least the penny) bearing the head of every British monarch from Queen Victoria onwards could be found in circulation. Silver coins were replaced by those in cupro-nickel in 1947, and by the 1960s the silver coins were rarely seen. Silver/cupro-nickel sixpences, shillings (from any period after 1816) and florins (2 shillings) remained legal tender after decimalisation (as 2½p, 5p and 10p respectively) until 1980, 1990 and 1993 respectively, but are now officially demonetised. The pound sterling emerged after
3219-401: The 3,498,200 of the resident population (excluding persons holding Permanent Residency). To avoid physical racial segregation and formation of ethnic enclaves common in other multi-racial societies, the Singapore government implemented the "Ethnic Integration Policy" (EIP) in 1989 where each block of units are sold to families from ethnicities roughly comparable to the national average. Today,
3306-469: The Bank of England has exclusively used the single bar variant since 1975. Historically, a simple capital L (in the historic black-letter typeface, L {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {L}}} ) placed before the numerals, or an italic l. after them, was used in newspapers, books and letters. The Royal Mint was still using this style of notation as late as 1939. The glyphs Ł and Ⱡ may occasionally be encountered. Use of
3393-535: The Chinese-Malay-Indian-Others (CMIO) model is the dominant organising framework of race in Singapore. The country also celebrates Racial Harmony Day to commemorate the 1964 race riots in Singapore and to remember the consequences of racial disharmony the country experienced during the 1964 racial riots, which were a series of riots that resulted in a total of 36 deaths and 560 others suffered severe injuries. Singaporeans of other ethnicities notably
3480-453: The League's money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the "Easterlings", which was contracted to "'sterling". The OED dismisses this theory as unlikely, since the stressed first syllable would not have been elided. Encyclopædia Britannica states that the (pre-Norman) Anglo-Saxon kingdoms had silver coins called sterlings and that
3567-715: The Millennium & Copthorne Hotels brand, which spans many countries around the world. Other hotels owned by CDL include The St. Regis Singapore, W Singapore Sentosa Cove, JW Marriott hotel in South Beach and Millennium Hilton Bangkok in Thailand. CDL's office portfolio includes City House (which was its former headquarters before moving to Republic Plaza), The Arcade, Fuji Xerox Towers , Fortune Centre, and Republic Plaza . CDL's homes portfolio include The Sail @ Marina Bay , and One Shenton Way . Singaporean Singaporeans are
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3654-544: The Millennium and Copthorne brands, CDL listed Millennium & Copthorne Hotels (M&C) on London Stock Exchange (LSE) in 1996. More hotel properties and brands were acquired and consolidated under M&C. M&C also would come to manage hotels owned by other firms across the world. As part of a restructuring exercise in 1999, CDLHI renamed to City e-Solutions Limited in 2000 with a focus on CDL's efforts to develop hospitality related internet businesses and other e-commerce business initiatives in various industries. During
3741-498: The Roman libra , solidus , and denarius . Notable style guides recommend that the pound sign be used without any abbreviation or qualification to indicate sterling (e.g., £12,000). The ISO 4217 code "GBP" (e.g., GBP 12,000) may also be seen should disambiguation become necessary. The ISO 4217 currency code for sterling is "GBP", formed from the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for
3828-515: The Sengkang Grand Residences and Sengkang Grand Mall. In 2019, CDL became involved in a consortium with CapitaLand and Ascott Residence Trust to redevelop the strata titles that Liang Court shopping mall and its adjacent buildings, a hotel and a serviced apartment, are built on into an integrated development of a shopping mall, hotel, serviced apartments, and private residential towers. CDL and CapitaLand came to own Liang Court after
3915-475: The Sincere investments led to the further resignations of another two independent directors. A working group was established within CDL to directly oversee and improve on Sincere's liquidity and profitability. On 26 February 2021, CDL wrote down 93% of its investments, SGD 1.78 billion, for its 2020 fiscal year. In March 2021, Sincere missed a repayment on the principal of a bond, which it alleged that due to key matters requiring CDL's approval, causing Sincere to miss
4002-640: The United Kingdom ("GB") and the first letter of "pound". In historical sources and some specialist banking uses, the abbreviation stg (in various styles) has been used to indicate sterling. Many stocks on the London Stock Exchange are quoted in penny sterling, using the unofficial code "GBX". The exchange rate of sterling against the US dollar is referred to as "cable" in the wholesale foreign exchange markets . The origins of this term are attributed to
4089-581: The adoption of the Carolingian monetary system in England c. 800 . Here is a summary of changes to its value in terms of silver or gold until 1816. The pound was a unit of account in Anglo-Saxon England . By the ninth century it was equal to 240 silver pence . The accounting system of dividing one pound into twenty shillings , a shilling into twelve pence, and a penny into four farthings
4176-483: The amount of debt owed by real estate companies, lead to concerns on Sincere's liquidity position by CDL. At end of 2019, Sincere's liability made up of 68% of its assets, close to the 70% ceiling in the pending regulations. On 22 October 2020, its announced that Kwek Leng Peck, a cousin of Kwek Leng Beng and a longstanding director resigned in disagreement with CDL's board on the investments into Sincere, and its management of M&C. By 30 December 2020, disagreements over
4263-545: The capabilities in relation to facilities management gained over the years, CBM began taking on contracts from external clients across different sectors, such as Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Home Affairs . In 2011, CBM extended itself into developing carpark equipment for commercial and government owned carparks in Singapore, then carpark management services in Taiwan in 2014. CDL had diversified its property investments after being controlled by Hong Leong Group, beginning with
4350-455: The chief operating officer. In June 2019, M&C's board agreed to recommend a takeover offer, valuing the business at £2.23 billion, from CDL for the shares it did not already own. The transaction became unconditional in September 2019. M&C was delisted from LSE on 11 October, and effectively making M&C a full subsidiary of CDL. In May 2019, CDL made further investments into China with
4437-474: The common phrase "quids in"). Its origin is unknown: possible derivations include scudo , the name for a number of currency units used in Italy until the 19th century, introduced by Italian immigrants; or from Latin quid via the common phrase quid pro quo , literally, "what for what", or, figuratively, "An equal exchange or substitution". The term "nicker" (also both singular and plural) may also refer to
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#17328511419784524-464: The compound noun pound sterling was derived from a pound (weight) of these sterlings. The English word pound derives from the Latin expression lībra pondō , in which lībra is a noun meaning 'pound' and pondō is a noun, in the ablative case , meaning 'by weight'. The currency sign for the pound unit of sterling is £ , which (depending on typeface) may be drawn with one or two bars :
4611-407: The country's diverse ethnic and cultural mix. The Inter-Religious Organisation, Singapore (IRO) recognises 10 major religions being practiced in the city state. Dharmic religions have the highest number of adherents in Singapore, with 33% of the population practising Buddhism and 5% of the population practising Hinduism . Many Singaporeans are also adherents of Abrahamic religions , with 18.7% of
4698-838: The different major racial and religious groups are designated as public holidays. Former Prime Ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew and Goh Chok Tong, have stated that Singapore does not fit the traditional description of a nation, calling it a society-in-transition, pointing out the fact that Singaporeans do not all speak the same language, share the same religion, nor have the same customs. Each Singaporean's behaviours and attitudes are influenced by, among other things, his or her home language and his religion. Singaporeans who speak English as their native language tend to lean toward Western culture and Christian culture , while those who speak Chinese as their native language tend to lean toward Chinese culture and Confucianism . Malay-speaking Singaporeans tend to lean toward Malay culture , which itself
4785-528: The earlier known works of Singaporean literature in Malay was written by Abdullah Bin Abdul Kadir, a Malay scribe, with his work Cherita Kapal Asap . Some of the other earlier known Malay writers include Tuan Simi and Masuri S. N. Singaporean Malay literary works were similar to its Malaysian counterpart before the early 1970s. Many early pioneers of Singaporean literature in Malay relocated to Malaysia before Singapore became independent as they wanted to be part of
4872-707: The early to mid twentieth century, an increasingly significant number of migrant workers chose to stay permanently, with their descendants forming the bulk of Singapore's population today. In 1957, Singapore attained self-governance and Singaporean citizenship was granted to selected residents who were born in Singapore or the Federation of Malaya , British citizens who had been resident for two years, and others who had been resident for ten years. On September 16, 1963, all Singaporeans effectively became Malaysian citizens as Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak were merged to form Malaysia. However, about two years after
4959-685: The establishment of CDL Hotels International (CDLHI) in 1989. Through CDLHI, CDL purchased hotels first within the Asian region, then further acquisitions in United States and Europe . With its acquired hotels being renamed to include the Millennium brand, CDLHI established the Millennium Hotels And Resorts global brand in 1995. On 8 October 1995, Aer Lingus sold Copthorne Hotels to CDL for £ 219,000,000 (equivalent to about £531,763,797 in 2023). Millennium & Copthorne Hotels (M&C)
5046-430: The fact that from the mid-19th century, the sterling/dollar exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Historically almost every British coin had a widely recognised nickname, such as "tanner" for the sixpence and "bob" for the shilling . Since decimalisation these have mostly fallen out of use except as parts of proverbs. A common slang term for the pound unit is " quid " (singular and plural, except in
5133-497: The first in Singapore to do so, which eventually was given an A+ rating in 2012's edition. In the same year, CDL also had started disclosing its carbon emissions with the Carbon Disclosure Project publicly, making it the first Singaporean company to do so. CDL would eventually score itself A grades in 2019, making it one of the 170 companies listed on DCP's annual "A List". In 2019, according to Corporate Knights , CDL had
5220-421: The introduction of Singapore's bilingual language education policy Singapore English , however, remains the de facto lingua franca spoken by Singaporeans today. It is the main language of instruction in all school subjects except for Mother Tongue lessons and also the common language of administration, law and business. In 2009, more than 20 languages were identified as being spoken in Singapore, reflecting
5307-705: The island date back to the 2nd century, where the island was identified as a trading port which was part of a chain of similar trading centres that linked Southeast Asia with the Tamil Indians and the Mediterranean . The earliest settlers of the island were known as the Orang Laut , and the island was an outpost of the Srivijaya Empire until it was invaded by the Tamil Emperor Rajendra Chola I of
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#17328511419785394-535: The island under the Johor Sultanate . Most of the indigenous Malays came from the Malay Archipelago . There were an estimated 150 people living on the island, who were predominantly Orang Laut with small population of 120 Malays who were the followers of Temenggong Abdul Rahman, and about 20–30 Chinese. The majority of Singaporeans today are descendants of immigrants who settled on the island when Singapore
5481-417: The island, which was the language of trade in the Malay Archipelago . However, under the British colonial government, English gained prestige as the language of administration, law and business in Singapore, and eventually displaced Bazar Malay as the bridging language among the population. As government administration increased, infrastructure and commerce developed, and access to education further catalysed
5568-530: The larger Malay community in Malaysia due to the common language in writing. By the 1970s, due to the difference in governance between Singapore and Malaysia, literary works in Malay between the 2 countries became more distinguishable, with Singapore literature in Malay revolving around the themes of freedom, authenticity, and criticality. Singapore is the world's most religiously diverse nation, with Singaporeans following various religious beliefs and practices due to
5655-487: The letter ⟨L⟩ for pound derives from medieval Latin documents: "L" was the abbreviation for libra , the Roman pound (weight), which in time became an English unit of weight defined as the tower pound . A "pound sterling" was literally a tower pound (weight) of sterling silver . In the British pre-decimal ( duodecimal ) currency system, the term £sd (or Lsd) for pounds, shillings and pence referred to
5742-460: The local governing authority, Building and Construction Authority (BCA) in the same year. It subsequently acquired certifications in ISO 50001 – Energy Management System in 2014, and ISO 14064-1 – on quantification and reporting greenhouse gas inventory in 2016, ahead of its competitors in the property development industry. In 1998, CDL became the first developer to install energy saving lifts, which allowed up to 50% savings of energy usage, in
5829-470: The merger, Singapore seceded from Malaysia on August 9, 1965, and Malaysian citizenship was withdrawn from Singaporean citizens. Singaporean nationality law was incorporated into the new Constitution of Singapore . The constitution repealed the 1957 Ordinance, and all persons who were citizens as of 16 September 1963 by virtue of the Ordinance continued to be Singaporean citizens. Today, Singaporean citizenship
5916-576: The origin of the word "sterling". The Oxford English Dictionary states that the "most plausible" etymology is a derivation from the Old English steorra for "star" with the added diminutive suffix -ling , to yield "little star". The reference is to the silver penny used in Norman England in the twelfth century, which bore a small star. Another theory holds that the Hanseatic League
6003-454: The population identifying as Christian , and 14% identifying as Muslim . Other prominent faiths practised by Singaporeans include Taoism (10%), Chinese folk religion , and other Dharmic religions like Sikhism and Jainism . A small percentage of Singapore's population practices Zoroastrianism and Judaism . 18.5% not identifying with any religion and 0.9% of Singaporeans identify as atheist . In addition, practice of hybrid religions
6090-407: The population since the 19th century. The Singaporean diaspora is also far-reaching worldwide. In 1819, the port of Singapore was established by Sir Stamford Raffles , who opened it to free trade and free immigration on the island's south coast. Many immigrants from the region settled in Singapore. By 1827, the population of the island was composed of people from various ethnic groups². Singapore
6177-536: The pound. The currency of all the Crown Dependencies ( Guernsey , Jersey , Isle of Man ) and a third of British Overseas Territories ( British Antarctic Territory ; Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ; Gibraltar ; and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ) is either sterling or pegged to sterling at par. The other British Overseas Territories have
6264-594: The pound. The symbol for the shilling was " s ." – not from the first letter of "shilling", but from the Latin solidus . The symbol for the penny was " d .", from the French denier , from the Latin denarius (the solidus and denarius were Roman coins). A mixed sum of shillings and pence, such as 3 shillings and 6 pence, was written as "3/6" or "3 s . 6 d ." and spoken as "three and six" or "three and sixpence" except for "1/1", "2/1" etc., which were spoken as "one and
6351-502: The property. It built its second project in Johor Bahru called Marine Vista, a project that has expansive views of the Straits of Johor . CDL built its first Singapore project called City Towers in Bukit Timah , which was completed in 1966. This was said to be Singapore's first high-rise project. It also built Singapore's first condominium concept project, Clementi Park, in the same year. CDL
6438-513: The reign of King Offa of Mercia (757–796), who introduced a "sterling" coin made by physically dividing a Tower pound (5,400 grains, 349.9 grams) of silver into 240 parts. In practice, the weights of the coins were not consistent, 240 of them seldom added up to a full pound; there were no shilling or pound coins and these units were used only as an accounting convenience . Halfpennies and farthings worth 1 ⁄ 2 and 1 ⁄ 4 penny respectively were also minted, but small change
6525-413: The repayment deadline. CDL refuted the claim, stating that the key decisions are jointly agreed upon and it does not have majority control of the board. In 2024, the company is acquiring Yardhouse in central London for $ 148.6 million for a 250-year lease and is CDL's first project in the private rented sector in this location. The site will include a 17-storey apartment block and a 7-storey block next to
6612-500: The same year. When the company first started, it built its first project in Johor Bahru , Malaysia ; a 200-unit bungalow development called Fresh Breezes, which was completed in 1965. With Fresh Breezes, CDL introduced the concept of a " show house " as a sales technique, which was "believed to be unique in Asia". It allows prospective buyers to preview how a property looks like before buying
6699-555: The second highest score in terms of sustainability in Asia Pacific. In 2020, the company was ranked third. The reason for this was an increase in energy usage. In 2015, CDL became the first Singaporean company to embrace the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 2021, CDL aligned their internal environmental, social and corporate governance (ESG) with the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In 2022,
6786-525: The site for Women's Pioneer Housing (WPH), a not-for-profit organization providing single women with access to safe, secure and affordable housing and services. CDL's Chief Sustainability Officer is Esther An , who joined the company in 1995. CDL formalised its sustainability efforts in 1995 with the adoption of its ethos Conversing as we Construct . In 2003, CDL established its corporate environment, health and safety policy. It then acquired ISO 14001 certification (Environmental Management System) from
6873-546: The spread of English among Singaporeans. Today, Singapore has four official languages, English , Malay , Mandarin , and Tamil . Malay is the ceremonial national language of the country and is the home language to 13% of the population. Although most of the younger generation of non-Malay people are non-proficient in the Malay language, Malay is used in the national anthem of Singapore and also in citations for Singapore orders and decorations and military parade drill commands. Almost all Singaporeans are bilingual since
6960-522: Was abolished as well, and Kwek Leng Beng became a deputy chairman. Under Kelley's leadership, CDL diversified its operations away from the Singapore market, focusing on the Australian, Chinese, Japanese and British markets. At the same time in 2015, Sherman Kwek , the elder son of Kwek Leng Beng was appointed as a deputy CEO as part of the Kwek family's succession plan in CDL management. In 2018, Sherman Kwek became
7047-463: Was adopted from the livre carolingienne system introduced by Charlemagne to the Frankish Empire . The penny was abbreviated to "d", from denarius , the Roman equivalent of the penny; the shilling to "s" from solidus (written with a long s , ſ , later evolving into a simple slash , / ); and the pound to "L" (subsequently £ ) from Libra or Livre . The origins of sterling lie in
7134-731: Was first started by the Peranakan community in colonial Singapore during the 1830s. Singaporean English literature first gained notability in 1937, with a poetry known as F.M.S.R. A Poem , written by Teo Poh Leng and was followed by Wang Gungwu 's work, Pulse, in the 1950. By 1965 when Singapore became an independent nation, authors such as Edwin Thumboo , Arthur Yap , Robert Yeo , Goh Poh Seng , Lee Tzu Pheng , Chandran Nair and Kirpal Singh were mostly focusing on poetry, which makes up most published works of Singapore writing in English. Singaporean literature in Malay can be traced back to 1841. One of
7221-537: Was founded as a British trading port by Raffles in 1819, except for the Malays who are indigenous to the region of Malaya. At that time, Raffles decided Singapore would be a free port and as news of the free port spread across the archipelago, Bugis , Javanese , Peranakan Chinese , South Asian and Hadhrami Arab traders flocked to the island, due to the Dutch trading restrictions. After six months of Singapore's founding as
7308-445: Was subsequently listed on London Stock Exchange (LSE) in 1996 and more hotel properties and brands were acquired and consolidated under M&C. Concurrently, CDLHI became City e-Solutions Limited to focus on hospitality related internet businesses. M&C also would come to manage hotels owned by other firms across the world. In 2019, CDL privatised and made M&C a wholly owned subsidiary. In 2018, CDL and CapitaLand teamed up as
7395-466: Was the fourth-most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market , after the United States dollar , the euro , and the Japanese yen . Together with those three currencies and the renminbi , it forms the basket of currencies that calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights . As of late 2022, sterling is also the fourth most-held reserve currency in global reserves . The Bank of England
7482-563: Was the origin of its definition, manufacture, and name: the German name for the Baltic is Ostsee ( ' East Sea ' ) and from this the Baltic merchants were called Osterlings ( ' Easterlings ' ). In 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection and land for their kontor , the Steelyard of London , which by the 1340s was also called Esterlingeshalle ( ' Easterlings Hall ' ). Because
7569-589: Was unprofitable for its first seven years' of operations, with the race riots in 1969 and withdrawal of British troops from Singapore affecting the property markets in Malaysia and Singapore. Thus, CDL was forced to sell its properties in Johor Bahru and consolidated itself into the Singapore market. Hong Leong Group began to invest in CDL in 1969, buying a substantial stake which allowed them to place three directors on CDL's board. In 1972, Kwek Leng Beng , then an executive in Hong Leong Group, led an acquisition of
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