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52-551: An artificial standard not corresponding directly to any dialect , Bühnendeutsch is mostly based on Standard German as spoken in Northern Germany . For example, the suffix -ig is pronounced [ɪç] . Until 1957, only two pronunciations were allowed: an alveolar trill [ r ] and an alveolar flap [ ɾ ] . After 1957, a uvular trill [ ʀ ] was also allowed. A voiced uvular fricative [ ʁ ] , used extensively in contemporary Standard German,

104-479: A different manner than simple consonants, indicating that West Germanic gemination predated it; the gemination is usually dated to the 5th century CE. Additionally, Latin loanwords adopted into the language prior to the 6th century display the shift, whereas those adopted from the 8th century onward do not. The relative chronology of the different changes remains poorly understood. It is usually argued to have begun with /t/, then moved to /p/, then to /k/. Although

156-524: A doublet of German Pferch , both from Latin parricus ), Modern Standard German has retained unshifted /p t k/ only after a fricative (e.g. Stein , English stone ) or in the combination /tr/ (e.g. treu , English true ). Another change, the shift of /þ/ ( /θ/ ) to /d/, is sometimes seen as related to the High German consonant shift. However, it also comes to encompass the other continental West Germanic languages. The relation of this change to

208-555: A fortis, occurs in Bühnendeutsch: see below), but Bad 'bath' is pronounced [baːt] . The corresponding standard southern (Southern German, Austrian, Swiss) pronunciations contain lenis consonants in that position: [ˈab̥z̥ɪçt ~ ˈab̥sɪçt] and [b̥aːd̥] , respectively. The voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ are aspirated [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] in the same environments as in Standard German but more strongly, especially to environments in which

260-510: A new framework of dialect classification altogether. Nevertheless, in common parlance it is common for speakers of German dialects to use the traditional/older nomenclature when referring to their particular dialect, stating, for example, that they speak Saxon, Bavarian, Allemanic (Swabian), Thuringian or Franconian. In linguistics of German, German dialects are distinguished from varieties of Standard German . The variation among German dialects ranges. In regions with dialects are being in

312-616: A result of their speakers assimilating into areas where other dialects, as well as Standard German, were already spoken. Low German varieties (in Germany usually referred to as "Platt" or "Plattdeutsch") are considered dialects of the German language by some but a separate language by others (then often termed "Low Saxon"). Linguistically Low German (that is, Ingvaeonic ("North Sea Germanic") and Low Franconian (that is, some Istvaeonic ) dialects are grouped together because both did not participate in

364-505: A sequence [ər ~ əɾ ~ əʀ] so besser 'better' is pronounced [ˈbɛsər ~ ˈbɛsəɾ ~ ˈbɛsəʀ] rather than [ˈbɛsɐ] . In contemporary Standard German, both of these features are found almost exclusively in Switzerland. Contrary to Standard German, /ə/ cannot be elided before a sonorant consonant (making it syllabic) so Faden 'yarn' is pronounced [ˈfaːdən] rather than the standard [ˈfaːdn̩] . In loanwords from Latin and Ancient Greek ,

416-666: A zealous push for the Americanization of hyphenated Americans to reclaim the White Anglo-Saxon Protestant hegemonic influence once again, as the surges of immigration had forever changed the dynamic nation. All things and individuals with ties to Germany were thus subjected to public harassment, distrust, or even death, such as in the lynching of Robert Prager , a German seeking to become naturalized in St. Louis. High German consonant shift In historical linguistics ,

468-619: Is a dialect spoken in Colonia Tovar , Venezuela , that belongs to the Low Alemannic branch of German. The dialect, like other Alemannic dialects , is not mutually intelligible with Standard German . It is spoken by descendants of Germans from the Black Forest region of southern Baden , who emigrated to Venezuela in 1843. The dialect has also acquired some Spanish loanwords . Currently 1.1 million American citizens speak German, with

520-498: Is a variety of High German spoken in Chile. Most speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch live around Lake Llanquihue . Lagunen-Deutsch has integrated elements of Spanish. This includes the integration of false cognates with the Spanish language, transferring the Spanish meanings into Lagunen-Deutsch. The geographical origin of most or all speakers of Lagunen-Deutsch is Chile, to where the ancestors of

572-527: Is based mostly on East Central German dialects and thus features many but not all of the shifted forms. In particular, of the Medienverschiebung consonants, only the shift of /d/ to /t/ is found in almost all instances in the modern standard. The shift results in characteristic differences between modern standard German and other Germanic languages, such as: Excluding loanwords from Low German and foreign borrowings (e.g. Park from French parc ,

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624-543: Is considered to be an important step towards the evolution of the Early New High German . It aimed to be understandable to an ample audience and was based mainly on High German varieties. Early New High German gained more prestige than Low Saxon and became the language of science and literature. Other factors included the Hanseatic League losing its importance around the same time (as new trade routes to Asia and

676-565: Is derived from Hessian , another West Central German dialect. Amana German is called Kolonie-Deutsch in Standard German. In Brazil, the largest concentrations of German speakers, German Brazilians , are in Rio Grande do Sul , where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch , and Brazilian Pomeranian were developed, especially in the areas of Santa Catarina , Paraná, Rondônia, and Espírito Santo , as well as in Petrópolis ( Rio de Janeiro ). Lagunen-Deutsch

728-427: Is divided into Central German , High Franconian and Upper German . Central German dialects include Ripuarian , Moselle Franconian , Rhine Franconian (incl. Hessian ), Lorraine Franconian , Thuringian , Silesian , High Prussian , Lusatian dialects and Upper Saxon . They are spoken in the southeastern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of northeastern France and in Germany approximately between

780-515: Is known as the Rhenish fan , a gradual reduction of which consonants are shifted, as one moves north. In most accounts, the High German consonant shift consists of two related changes: All High German dialects have experienced at least part of the shift of voiceless stops to fricatives/affricates. The shift of voiceless stops to fricatives/affricates has traditionally been used to distinguish different German dialects: Upper German dialects experienced

832-514: Is not allowed. Therefore, rot ('red') can be pronounced [roːt] , [ɾoːt] and [ʀoːt] but not [ʁoːt] . The vocalized [ ɐ̯ ] realization of /r/ found in German or Austrian Standard German corresponds to [ r ~ ɾ ~ ʀ ] in Bühnendeutsch so für 'for' is pronounced [fyːr ~ fyːɾ ~ fyːʀ] rather than [fyːɐ̯] . Whenever the sequence /ər/ is vocalized to [ ɐ ] in German or Austrian Standard German, Bühnendeutsch requires

884-456: Is pronounced [ˈʔapd̬aŋkən] . That is in contrast with the Northern pronunciation, which requires the lenis sounds to be devoiced in that position: [ˈʔapd̥aŋkn̩] . Southern accents (Southern German, Austrian, Swiss) generally realize the lenis sounds as voiceless in most or all positions and do not feature syllable-final fortition: [ˈab̥d̥aŋkŋ̩] . German dialects German dialects are

936-785: The Brothers Grimm were especially influential. These tribal duchies came into existence at the end of the Early Middle Ages within the Holy Roman Empire and were thought to have been continuations of earlier tribal lands which were subjugated by the Franks and incorporated into their realm at the close of the Migration Period . For example, the Germanic tribe of the Bavarii (subjugated by

988-458: The High German subgroup. Standard German is a standardized form of High German, developed in the early modern period based on a combination of Central German and Upper German varieties. Traditionally, all of the major dialect groupings of German dialects are typically named after so-called " stem duchies " or "tribal duchies" (German: Stammesherzogtümer ) by early German linguists, among whom

1040-470: The High German consonant shift or second Germanic consonant shift is a phonological development ( sound change ) that took place in the southern parts of the West Germanic dialect continuum . The shift is used to distinguish High German from other continental West Germanic languages, namely Low Franconian (including standard Dutch ) and Low German , which experienced no shift. The shift resulted in

1092-712: The High German consonant shift . Low German is further divided into Dutch Low Saxon , West Low German and East Low German . Middle Low German was the lingua franca of the Hanseatic League . It was the predominant language in Northern Germany, and several translations of the Bible were printed in Low German. That predominance changed in the 16th century. In 1534, the Luther Bible was printed by Martin Luther , and that translation

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1144-624: The South Low Franconian dialect area, with the Uerdingen line as its northern border. The shift of /p/ to /f/ after consonants (e.g. helpan > helfen 'help') sets off Moselle Franconian dialects from Ripuarian dialects with the latter having retained unshifted /p/. The shift of /t/ to /s/ in wat , dat > was , das etc. characterizes Rhine Franconian. The shift of root-initial and historically geminated /p/ to /pf/ ( Pund > Pfund 'pound', Appel > Apfel 'apple') marks

1196-459: The affrication or spirantization of the West Germanic voiceless stop consonants /t/, /p/, and /k/, depending on position in a word. A related change, the devoicing of the voiced stopped consonants /d/, /b/ and /g/, was less widespread, with only the devoicing of /d/ being found in most dialects. There is no consensus on when the High German consonant shift occurred; it probably began between

1248-412: The dialect continuum of High German and Low German. In the past (roughly until the end of World War II ), there was a dialect continuum of all Continental West Germanic languages , as nearly any pair of contiguous dialects were perfectly mutually intelligible. The German dialect continuum is typically divided into High German and Low German . The terms derive from the geographic characteristics of

1300-459: The 19th-century classification nomenclature was based primarily on historical territories rather than linguistic clusters, the traditional system can imply greater similarities between dialects than is linguistically warranted. The best-known example of this phenomenon is found within the Franconian cluster , which is divided into Low Franconian , Middle Franconian and Upper Franconian even though

1352-683: The 3rd and 5th centuries and was complete before the first written examples in Old High German , the earliest recorded stage of High German, were produced in the 8th century. There is also no consensus on where or how the shift proceeded. The degree of shift varies within High German. Dialects that experienced the most shift are referred to as Upper German , whereas those that only experienced some are referred to as Central German . Different dialects within Upper and Central German also received different levels of shift, with West Central German exhibiting what

1404-799: The Americas were established) and the most powerful German states then being located in Middle and Southern Germany. The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education, with the language of the schools being Standard German. Today, Low Saxon dialects are still widespread, especially among the elderly in the Northern parts of Germany. Some local media take care not to let the Low Saxon language die out, so there are several newspapers that have recurring articles in Low Saxon. The North German Broadcasting ( Norddeutscher Rundfunk ) also offers television programs, such as "Talk op Platt" and radio programs in Low Saxon. On

1456-718: The Franks during the 6th century) gave their name to the later stem duchy of Bavaria (817–1180), which itself would lend its name to the traditional Bavarian dialect grouping described in the early 19th century. As their understanding of the Second Germanic consonant shift progressed, linguists (when applicable) further divided these dialects into groupings based on their degree of participation of this consonant shift, with "Low" (German: nieder- ) signifying little to no participation, "Middle" (or "Central"; German: mittel- ) meaning medium to high participation and "Upper" (German: ober- ) conveying high to full participation. Because

1508-502: The German standard language. As a result, the second half of the 20th century saw a shift in academic customs, with many linguists instead describing dialect clusters based on the geographical area in which they are spoken (i.e. Meuse-Rhenish or Westphalian ) and their degree of participation with the Second Germanic consonant shift, or, such as in the case of the influential linguists Friedrich Maurer and Theodor Frings , creating

1560-678: The German-speaking parts of Switzerland and Italy. Standard High German is based on Central and Upper German. The Moselle Franconian varieties spoken in Luxembourg have been officially standardized and institutionalized and so are usually considered a separate language, known as Luxembourgish . Halcnovian , Wymysorys , Sathmarisch and Transylvanian Saxon are High German dialects of Poland and Romania . The High German varieties spoken by Ashkenazi Jews (mostly in Tsarist Russia, then

1612-535: The Low Franconian (incl. Dutch) dialects are not most closely related to Middle and Upper Franconian dialects within the larger continuum. In fact, of all German dialects, the Low Rhenish dialect (the only Low Franconian dialect spoken in Germany itself) is the most divergent when compared to Standard German, whereas the Middle and Upper Franconian dialects are fairly similar in their overall structure and phonology to

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1664-487: The Middle High German period, Bavarian only consistently writes /p/ for single /b/ in word-initial position - the state preserved in modern southern Bavarian dialects. There is no agreement about the time period in which the High German consonantal shift took place. Its completion is usually dated to just before the earliest attestations of Old High German (8th century CE). The change affects geminate consonants in

1716-607: The River Main and the southern edge of the Lowlands. High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects in between the two greater High German groups. High Franconian dialects include East Franconian and South Franconian . Upper German dialects include Alemannic in the broad sense (incl. Alsatian , Swabian ) and Bavarian ( Southern Bavarian , Central Bavarian and Northern Bavarian ) and are spoken in parts of northeastern France, southern Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, and in

1768-510: The Standard German plosives are aspirated moderately and weakly: in unstressed intervocalic and word-final positions. That can be transcribed in the IPA as [pʰʰ, tʰʰ, kʰʰ] . The voiceless affricates /p͡f, t͡s, t͡ʃ/ are unaspirated [p͡f˭, t͡s˭, t͡ʃ˭] , as in Standard German. The lenis obstruents /b, d, ɡ, d͡ʒ, v, ð, ʝ, z, ʒ/ are fully voiced [ b̬ , d̬ , ɡ̬ , d̬͡ʒ̬ , v̬ , ð̬ , ʝ̬ , z̬ , ʒ̬ ] after voiceless obstruents so abdanken 'to resign'

1820-490: The boundaries of the dialects have shifted since the Old High German period, the degree to which dialects underwent the High German consonant shift continues to form the basis for differentiating the different modern German dialects , and, in particular, for the division between Central German dialects, which have fewer shifted consonants, and Upper German dialects, which have more. The gradually increasing application of

1872-592: The dialects of the regions of the founders. For example, Pennsylvania German and Volga German resemble dialects of the Baden-Württemberg , Hutterite German resembles dialects of Carinthia and Venezuelan Alemán Coloniero is a Low Alemannic variant. Amana German is a dialect of West Central German . It is spoken in the Amana Colonies in Iowa , which were founded by Inspirationalists of German origin. Amana

1924-634: The former Soviet Union and Poland) have several unique features and are usually considered as a separate language. Known as Yiddish , it is the only Germanic language that does not (only) use the Latin script as its standard script . Since it developed in the Danube area, there are some similarities with the Central and Upper German dialects of that region. The dialects of German that are or were spoken primarily in colonies or communities founded by German-speakers resemble

1976-487: The greatest degree of shift, whereas Central German dialects only experienced a partial shift (other West Germanic languages experienced no shift). Only southern dialects experience the shift of voiced to voiceless stops, with the shift of /d/ to /t/ found in Upper German and in some Central German dialects, while the shift of /b/ to /p/ and /g/ to /k/ is only found consistently in (Old) Bavarian. Modern standard German

2028-579: The most being in the Dakotas . German was at one time the lingua franca in many American regions, with high density in the Midwest, but St. Louis , Milwaukee , New Orleans , New York City and a great many others cities had a very high German-speaking population. By 1900, over 554 Standard German-language newspapers were in circulation. The rise in American ethnic nativist pride, especially during World War I , led to

2080-624: The other hand, Northern Germany is considered to be the region that speaks the purest Standard German, and in everyday life, little influence of dialect is heard. Still, there are notable differences in pronunciation, even among North German speakers such as the lengthening of vowels and differences in accentuation. There are also some North German expressions that are in use even in Standard High German but are seldom heard in Southern Germany, such as "plietsch" for "intelligent". High German

2132-632: The same dialectal region, pronunciation, syntax and words particular to specific towns even only a few miles apart can create even more variation. In the Black Forest region alone, there was a newspaper request for people to report what word they used for the term "Dragonfly." Sixty words were collected as reported from responders for the term. When spoken in their purest form, Low German, most Upper German, High Franconian dialects and even some Central German dialects are unintelligible to those versed only in Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to

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2184-404: The second consonant shift, as well as that of another change, that of initial /x/ to /h/, is disputed. Braune and Reiffenstein discount a connection entirely. The result of the shift of the voiceless stops /p t k/ depends on their position in the word. The degree to which the stops are shifted also shows considerable variation between Upper German and Central German dialects. In particular,

2236-464: The shift from north to south is most extensive in the west. Here, the isoglosses defined by the occurrence of individual shifts are spread out in a fan-like manner, forming the Rheinischer Fächer (' Rhenish fan '). The northern border for the occurrence of the shift of /t/ to /(t)s/ in all positions (except in absolute final position in pronouns like dat , wat and the neuter ending -t ) and

2288-510: The shift of /d/ to /t/; this is the change with the widest spread and the only one that was not partially reversed in the Old High German period. On the other hand, while early Bavarian and Alemannic both show a shift of /g b/ to /k p/, by the 9th century in Alemannic reverts to writing /g/ and /b/ except for the geminated stops (/kk/ and /pp/ rather than /gg/ and /bb/), and in the 10th century, Bavarian also begins to write /g/ and /b/ more often. By

2340-497: The shift of /p/ and /k/ in initial position is subject to dialectal variation. /p t k/ remained unshifted in all dialects when following the fricative consonants /s/, /f/, and /x/ (examples: OHG spinnan Engl. 'spin', OHG stein Engl. 'stone, OHG naht Engl. 'night'). /t/ likewise remained unshifted in the combination /tr/ (examples: OHG tretan Engl. 'tread', OHG bittar Engl. 'bitter' [from West Germanic *bitra ]). In

2392-449: The shift of /p/ and /k/ to /f/ and /x/ in intervocalic and root-final position is the Benrath line that separates the High German dialects to the south from the Low Saxon and Low Franconian dialects to the north. Further north, the consonant shift is only found with the adverb auch 'also' and a handful of pronouns that have final /k/ shifted to /x/ ( ich 'I', dich 'thee', mich 'me') in

2444-435: The so-called Medienverschiebung , the voiced consonsants /d b g/ devoice to /t p k/. Like the shift to the voiceless stops, the shift to the voiced stops varies by dialect and to some degree by position in the word. In those Upper German dialects that shifted all three stops, there was likely no longer any distinction between voiced and voiceless consonants. The effects of the Medienverschiebung are most visible in

2496-453: The speakers immigrated from German-speaking areas of Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. The impact of nineteenth century German immigration to southern Chile was such that Valdivia was for a while a Spanish-German bilingual city with "German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish". The prestige the German language had made it acquire qualities of a superstratum in southern Chile. The Colonia Tovar dialect, or Alemán Coloniero,

2548-601: The terrain in which each is found rather than depicting social status. As the result of the flight and expulsion of Germans following World War II, particularly from post-war Poland , the Czech Republic , Hungary and Yugoslavia ( Danube Swabians ), the territorial extent of German was considerably reduced. Significant dialects such as the East Pomeranian dialect , most varieties of Silesian German , Prussian dialects and Bohemian German dialects gradually disappeared as

2600-571: The transition from the West Central German to the Upper German dialects. East Central German is separated from West Central German through having shifted initial p (the "Pund-Fund" line); only far southern East Central German dialects retain initial /pf-/, whereas other East Central German dialects have simplified it to initial /f-/. The shift of root-initial and historically geminated /k/ to /kx/ (and further to /x/, as in Kind > Chind ) occurs in

2652-544: The various traditional local varieties of the German language . Though varied by region, those of the southern half of Germany beneath the Benrath line are dominated by the geographical spread of the High German consonant shift , and the dialect continuum that connects German to the neighboring varieties of Low Franconian ( Dutch ) and Frisian . The varieties of German are conventionally grouped into Upper German , Central German and Low German ; Upper and Central German form

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2704-452: The word-final /ə/ is realized as a short, tense [ e ] so Psyche ' psyche ' is pronounced [ˈpsyːçe] rather than the standard [ˈpsyːçə] . As in Standard German, syllable-final obstruents written with the letters used also for syllable-initial lenis sounds ( ⟨b, d, g⟩ etc.) are realized as fortis so Absicht 'intention' is pronounced [ˈʔapz̬ɪçt] (note the full voicing of /z/ , which, in position immediately after

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