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143-523: The area of the present town has been inhabited since ancient times, due to its good soil and proximity to rivers. After the Hungarians conquered the area, Békés and its surroundings were the property of the Csolt clan. Békés (the name means 'peaceful') was originally the name of the castle which gave its name to the comitatus , and, like many castles, was possibly named after its first steward. Many documents from

286-504: A runic-like script to the Latin alphabet under Stephen, and Latin was the official language of the country between 1000 and 1844. Stephen followed the Frankish administrative model. The land was divided into counties ( megyék ), each under a royal official called an ispán (equivalent to the title count , Latin : comes ), later főispán ( Latin : supremus comes ). This official represented

429-571: A border zone. Under his reign, the placement of garrison and the main lines of commerce became permanent. The creation of Roman Dacia had a great effect on Pannonia. In Trajan's Dacian Wars , the Iazyges allied with the Romans, seeking to retain Oltenia where they were expelled by Decebalus. A brief confrontation in 107 was resolved Hadrian , then-governor of Pannonia Inferior and it may have been agreed that

572-522: A judgment affirmed in the 15th century by Pope Pius II : "Hungary is the shield of Christianity and the protector of Western civilization". King Saint Ladislaus completed the work of King Saint Stephen . He consolidated the Hungarian state power and strengthened the influence of Christianity . His charismatic personality, strategic leadership and military talents resulted the termination of internal power struggles and foreign military threats. The wife of

715-600: A major blow in the wake of the Mongol invasion of Europe . After Hungary was invaded by the Mongols in 1241, the Hungarian army was defeated disastrously at the Battle of Mohi . King Béla IV fled the battlefield and then the country. Before the Mongols retreated, a large part of the population (20-50%) died. In the plains, between 50 and 80% of the settlements were destroyed. Only castles, strongly fortified cities and abbeys could withstand

858-514: A month-long siege and occupied a large part of the Sava River valley. This was in accordance with Caesar's plan of creating a base for an invasion of Dacia, not realized due to his assassination . However, Octavian only used the hoax of the "Dacian threat" as a pretense to gain control over a large amount of land in the Second Triumvirate . In 15 BC, the future-emperor Tiberius defeated

1001-808: A new Celtic migration wave at the end of the 2nd century BC, the Boii left Northern Italy and established themselves as an important power at the Danube. According to the Posidonius 's record of the Cimbri migration (preserved by Strabo), they were first repulsed by the Boii, then by the Scordisci, and then by the Taurisci towards the Helvetii . This describes the balance of power in the region. In

1144-599: A new uprising. The unfolding Bellum Batonianum lasted for three years. The Breuci (under Bato the Breucian ) and Daesitiates (under Bato the Daesitiate and Pinnes ) took the leading role, while the tribes north of the Drava stayed out again. The insurgents attempted to invade Italy and Macedonia , but due to their lack of success they united to besiege Sirmium (now Sremska Mitrovica , Serbia). There, Caecina Severus defeated

1287-519: A nomadic tribe of pagan Kipchaks , were driven west of the Carpathian Mountains . The Cumans appealed to King Béla IV for protection. The Iranian Jassic people came to Hungary together with the Cumans after they were defeated by the Mongols. Cumans constituted perhaps up to 7–8% of the population of Hungary in the second half of the 13th century. Over the centuries they were fully assimilated into

1430-555: A praetorian legate with a single legion as the garrison; after Marcus Aurelius , it was under a consular legate, but still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia and Aelia Aquincum by Hadrian . Under Diocletian and his successors, a fourfold division of the country was made: Diocletian also moved parts of today's Slovenia out of Pannonia and incorporated them in Noricum . In 324 AD, Constantine I enlarged

1573-460: A result of which the military emphasis shifted to the Danube frontier. At the end of 85 or the beginning of 86, the reemerging Dacians under Decebalus raided Moesia , killing its governor and eradicating a legion. After a brief stay, Domitian left Cornelius Fuscus to deal with the situation. After clearing the province of raiders, Fuscus undertook a disastrous campaign and lost his life (86). Finally, in 88, Tettius Julianus defeated Decebalus and

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1716-401: A short time. Pannonia had sanctuaries for Jupiter , Juno and Minerva , official deities of empire, and also for old Celtic deities. In Aquincum there was one for the mother goddess. The imperial cult was also present. In addition, Judaism and eastern mystery cults also appeared, the latter centered around Mithra , Isis , Anubis and Serapis . Christianity began to spread inside

1859-572: A short time. The restoration of the authority of the central administration took decades. After Mary's death, Sigismund ruled as a sole ruler for life. In 1404, Sigismund introduced the Placetum Regnum . According to this decree, Papal bulls and messages could not be pronounced in Hungary without the consent of the king. Sigismund summoned the Council of Constance that met between 1414 and 1418 to abolish

2002-527: A third campaign over the Danube at about. This campaign was smaller, and its leader, Tigidius Perennis , achieved a victory. Another victorious expedition was conducted in 188. During the Year of the Five Emperors (193), no attack was made on Pannonia. According to Herodian , Septimius Severus ( r.  193–211 ) calmed the barbarian tribes via negotiations before marching off his troops to Italy and gaining

2145-546: A vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. The remaining central area (most of present-day Hungary), including the capital of Buda, became a province of the Ottoman Empire. Much of the land was devastated by recurrent warfare. Rural people living in the new Ottoman provinces could survive only in larger settlements known as Khaz towns, which were owned and protected directly by the sultan. Pannonia Pannonia ( / p ə ˈ n oʊ n i ə / , Latin: [panˈnɔnia] )

2288-593: Is evidenced by the discovery of the " Samu " fossil, dated to c. 300,000 years ago, with traces of habitation as old as 500,000 years ago. Presence of anatomically modern humans dates to c. 33,000 years ago ( Aurignacian ). Neolithization began with the Starčevo–Kőrös–Criș culture , c. 6000 BC. The Bronze Age began with the Vučedol culture (Makó culture), c. 3000 BC. The Iron Age commenced around 800 BC, associated with " Thraco-Cimmerian " artefacts, representing

2431-636: The Austrian–Hungarian War of 1477–1488. Matthias's library, the Bibliotheca Corviniana , was Europe's greatest collection of historical chronicles and works of philosophy and science in the 15th century, and second in size only to the Vatican Library . The library, which was destroyed in 1526 after Hungarian forces at Mohács were defeated by the Ottomans, is registered as a UNESCO Memory of

2574-593: The Avignon Papacy and end the Western Schism , which was resolved by the election of Pope Martin V . During his long reign, the royal castle of Buda became probably the largest Gothic palace of the late Middle Ages. After the death of Sigismund in 1437, his son-in-law, Albert II of Germany , assumed the title King of Hungary. In 1437, there was an anti-feudal and anti-clerical peasant revolt in Transylvania which

2717-572: The Battle of Eisenach , the victory of the Hungarian campaigns against the German duchies continued until 910, the battles of Augsburg and Rednitz , ended with disastrous German defeats, after which the German king Louis the Child concluded peace with the Principality of Hungary, accepting to pay tribute to the latter, and recognizing the Hungarian territorial gains during the war. The most significant result of

2860-717: The Bellum Batonianum , Tiberius finally defeated all peoples between the Danube and the Adriatic Sea. No Illyrian resistance is known after this, not due to the natives' compliance with the new status quo , but due to their extreme exhaustion. The eligible Pannonian youth were conscripted and commanded to other provinces. The communities taking part in the uprising were afterward relocated and organized into civitates under military supervision. The military occupation of Pannonia may have been carried out in gradual steps. The Romans felt it necessary to resettle certain tribes to

3003-466: The Byzantine Empire until 970, and links between the tribes weakened. Duke Géza (c. 940–997) of the Árpád dynasty , who ruled only part of the united territory, was the nominal overlord of all seven Magyar tribes. He aimed to integrate Hungary into Christian Western Europe. Duke Géza established a dynasty by naming his son Vajk (later King Stephen I of Hungary ) as his successor. This decision

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3146-665: The Dardani (in Dardania ) both became strong powers opposing each other. The Dardani consistently raided Macedon and developed close ties to Rome. Philip V , who was a vehement enemy of the Dardani, allied with the Scordisci and in 179 BC persuaded the Bastarnae (at the Danube Delta ) to break into Italy and subdue them on the way. Despite Philip's defeat at the hands of the Romans in 197 BC and

3289-607: The Diploma Andreanum , which unified and ensured the special privileges of the Transylvanian Saxons . Andrew II was forced to accept the Golden Bull of 1222 , which was the Hungarian equivalent of England's Magna Carta . The Golden Bull had a twofold purpose that limited royal power. On the one hand, it reaffirmed the rights of the smaller nobles of the old and new classes of royal servants ( servientes regis ) against both

3432-691: The Don river , often waging war against the Byzantines, Germans and Italians. The Pannonian Avars and the other freshly arrived steppe peoples in their confederation, such as the Kutrigurs , intermingled with Slavic and Germanic elements, and completely absorbed the Sarmatians. Archaeological evidence indicates that in the southern border, which was in state of constant fighting with the Byzantines, Avar settlements were built very densely. The Avars played an important role in

3575-461: The Flavian emperors continually moved them to the border. This way they were prevented from interfering in domestic policy , while the conquests were already pacified. Systematic circulation of money in the region situated north of the Drava shows that by this time Roman civilization had firmly taken root there. Domitian 's ( r.  81–96 ) emperorship saw expensive wars with the barbarians, as

3718-623: The Goths highly endangered Rome's clients, who wanted the Empire to give its lands to settlement and extend its protection over the tribes. Rome was unwilling to grant these requests. The Romans may not have been aware of the dangerous situation at the start of the Parthian war of Lucius Verus because they sent a whole legion and many vexillationes away from Pannonia. It is thanks to the diplomatic efforts made by regional governors that tensions were eased until

3861-898: The Great Hungarian Plain (the Pannonian Basin ) in Central Europe . During the Iron Age , it was located at the crossroads between the cultural spheres of Scythian tribes (such as Agathyrsi , Cimmerians ), the Celtic tribes (such as the Scordisci , Boii and Veneti ), Dalmatian tribes (such as the Dalmatae , Histri and Liburni ) and the Germanic tribes (such as the Lugii , Marcomanni ). In 44 BC,

4004-587: The Holy Roman Empire . King Matthias' standing professional mercenary army was called the Black Army of Hungary ( Hungarian : Fekete sereg ). Matthias recognized the importance and key role of early firearms in the infantry, which greatly contributed to his victories. Every fourth soldier in the Black Army had an arquebus , which was an unusual ratio at the time. In the great Viennese military parade in 1485,

4147-808: The Kingdom of Romania , the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , the First Austrian Republic , the Second Polish Republic and the Kingdom of Italy . A short-lived People's Republic was declared. It was followed by a restored Kingdom of Hungary but was governed by a regent , Miklós Horthy . He officially represented the Hungarian monarchy of Charles IV, Apostolic King of Hungary . Between 1938 and 1941, Hungary recovered part of her lost territories. During World War II Hungary came under German occupation in 1944, then under Soviet occupation until

4290-499: The Körös river meant a significant problem until the 1850s when the river was controlled . In 1872, Békés was re-classified as a village. It was not until a hundred years later that it got its town status back. Around the start of the 20th century, Békés was rapidly developing and several new buildings were built. During the World Wars, there were no significant battles in the area. Békés

4433-617: The Sarmatians , Iazyges moved into the Great Hungarian Plain . In 8 AD, the western part of the territory (the so-called Transdanubia ) of modern Hungary formed part of Pannonia , a province of the Roman Empire . Roman control collapsed with the Hunnic invasions of 370–410, the Huns created a significant empire based in present-day Hungary. In 453 they reached the height of their expansion under Attila

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4576-531: The Scordisci , who were resisted from the east by the Dacians . The Dacians were dominated by the Celts until the 1st century BC, when the tribes were united by Burebista . Dacia subdued the Scordisci, Taurisci and Boii , however Burebista died shortly after and the centralized power collapsed. Prior to the invasions, the Romans maintained friendly relations and traded with the locals. The Roman Empire conquered

4719-447: The Siege of Belgrade in 1456. The last strong Hungarian king was Matthias Corvinus (r. 1458–90), the son of John Hunyadi. His accession represented the first time in the history of the medieval Hungarian kingdom that a member of the nobility without dynastic ancestry mounted the royal throne. Although very prominent in the governing of the kingdom of Hungary, Matthias's father John Hunyadi

4862-787: The Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe . After a failed attempt to capture Constantinople in 626, the submitted peoples rose up against their domination, with many like the Onogurs in the east and the Slavs of Samo in the west breaking away. The creation of the First Bulgarian Empire distanced the Byzantine Empire from the Avar Khaganate, so the expanding Frankish Empire became its new main rival. After Charlemagne of Francia sat on

5005-576: The failure of the Bastarnae, in this time the Dardani's power crumbled under the pressure from the Macedonians and Scordisci. Finally, Perseus annihilated them, giving way to hundred years of Scordisci hegemony in the Balkans . During this time, the tribe started raiding the new province of Macedonia , and — Strabo says— expanded as far as Paeonia , Illyria and Thrace . Aquileia 's foundation in 181 BC

5148-497: The 13th century prove that Békés was the county seat. After 1403, when the area became the estate of the Maróthi family, Békés slowly lost its importance and the role of the centre of the comitatus was gradually taken over by Gyula . In 1566, the castle of Gyula was occupied by the Ottoman army, and Békés fell under Ottoman rule too. The Ottomans built a motte castle in the town, but it

5291-430: The 6th century. The native settlements consisted of pagi (cantons) containing a number of vici (villages), the majority of the large towns being of Roman origin. The cities and towns in Pannonia were: Now in Austria: Now in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Now in Croatia: Now in Hungary: Now in Serbia: Now in Slovakia: Now in Slovenia: The country was fairly productive, especially after

5434-446: The 7th century. In 790s, it was invaded by the Franks , who used the name "Pannonia" to designate the newly formed frontier province, the March of Pannonia . The term Pannonia was also used for Slavic polity like Lower Pannonia that was vassal to the Frankish Empire . Though through roman influence, a dialect of Latin now called Pannonian Latin developed in the region, the several major political shifts would see it extinct around

5577-430: The 7th–6th century BC. Their dominance was broken by the Celtic settlement which began in the 4th century BC. By 370 BC the Celts occupied most of Transdanubia from the Pannonians, and around 300 BC they waged successful war against the Scythians. Archaeological evidence shows the advanced state of agriculture and pottery of the La Tène culture . Southern Transdanubia was controlled by the most powerful Celtic tribe,

5720-460: The Avar Khaganate. The Avars were defeated by the Franks and Bulgars , and their steppe-empire ended around 822. The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin between 862 and 895, and the Principality of Hungary was established in the late 9th century by Álmos and his son Árpád through the conquest of the Carpathian Basin , the Hungarians secured the territory by the Battle of Pressburg in 907. The Christian Kingdom of Hungary

5863-468: The Avars continued to inhabit the Carpathian Basin. The most significant stock became the rapidly increasing Slavs who entered the territory mainly from the south. Under the expansionist policy of the Kingdom of the East Franks , (since the division of the Frankish Empire in 843 ) the rudimentary Slavic polities couldn't develop, except one, the Principality of Moravia , which was able to expand into modern-day Western Slovakia . The Bulgarians lacked

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6006-423: The Barbaricum and the line of the limes was stabilized. The Year of the Four Emperors (69 AD) passed with peace in Pannonia. Flavianus declared for Vespasian and led his legions to Italy against Vitellius . Vespasian ( r.  69 – 79 AD ) invested greatly in the construction of the limes . Discarding the Augustan strategy where the legions' role was with maintaining order in their provinces,

6149-412: The Battle of Pressburg is that the Hungarians secured the lands they gained during the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, and prevented a future German invasion, the Germans did not launch an imperial scale campaign against Hungary for 123 years until 1030. A defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 signaled an end to raids on western territories, although they continued into lands controlled by

6292-436: The Bavarian throne in 788, the two countries started to share a wide border. Border conflicts were usual. In 791, they engaged in full war. After the Franks won a quick and important victory in the Vienna Woods , the Avars adopted the strategy of "scorched-earth" , avoiding new engagements and destroying enemy food supplies. Four years later, a civil war broke out in the khaganate, with many high-ranking persons, including

6435-401: The Black Army consisted of 20,000 horsemen and 8,000 infantry. The Black Army was larger than the army of King Louis XI of France , the only other existing permanent professional European army in the era. The Hungarian army destroyed the three times bigger attacking Ottoman and Wallachian troops at the Battle of Breadfield in Transylvania in 1479. The battle was the most significant victory for

6578-422: The Boii and the Taurisci too. Thanks to the ebb of these entities, several local tribes regained their independence and influence. In context of Mithridates VI Eupator 's unfulfilled plan to invade Italy from the north (64 BC), the territory he was to cross is noted to have belonged to the Pannonians. Immediately after Burebista's death ( c.  44 BC ), Dacia 's kingdom dissolved too, leaving no entity in

6721-523: The Breucian delivered Pinnes to the Romans, becoming a vassal king of his tribe. However, the revolt flared up once again as the Daesitiates captured and executed Bato the Breucian, and persuaded his people to continue the resistance. Silvanus reconquered them and ousted Bato the Daesitiate into the Dinaric Alps , where he laid down arms in 9 AD. Illyricum was divided into Dalmatia (initially called Illyricum Superius) and Pannonia (initially Illyricum Inferius) in 8 or 9 AD. According to Suetonius , with

6864-435: The Byzantine Empire and diminish its influence in the Balkan region. The early 13th century in Hungary was distinguished by the reign of King Andrew II (r. 1205–1235). In 1211, he granted the Burzenland (in Transylvania) to the Teutonic Knights but in 1225 expelled them. Andrew set up the largest royal army in the history of the Crusades when he led the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217. In 1224, he issued

7007-516: The Carpathian Basin, is annihilated by the Hungarian army at the Battle of Pressburg . Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria, Dietmar I, Archbishop of Salzburg, Prince Sieghard, 19 counts, 2 bishops, and 3 abbots are killed in the battle, together with the majority of the soldiers. The Hungarian army immediately attacked Bavaria, and the Bavarian army led by King Louis the Child was defeated at Ennsburg. The victorious Hungarians defeated other Bavarian armies at Regensburg, Lengenfeld. The Hungarian victory forced

7150-408: The Carpathian Basin. Their wars left the region in ruins when King Theodoric abandoned it for the Italian Peninsula , leaving a power vacuum in Pannonia. From the beginning of the 6th century, the Lombards gradually took possessions in the region, eventually reaching Sirmium , the contemporary capital of the Gepid Kingdom. After a series of wars involving the Byzantines, the latter finally fell to

7293-440: The Celts in Transdanubia disrupted the flow of amber from the Baltic Sea region , through the Amber Road , to the Illyrians. They founded many villages. Those that held prominent economic significance developed into oppida . Independent tribes minted their own coins with the faces of their leaders. These were at first modelled on Macedonian and, later, Roman currency . Upon the Scordisci's withdrawal and settlement, they and

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7436-445: The Croatian king Demetrius Zvonimir was Ladislaus's sister. At Helen's request, Ladislaus intervened in the conflict and invaded Croatia in 1091. The Kingdom of Croatia entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1102 with the coronation of King Coloman as "King of Croatia and Dalmatia" in 1102 in Biograd . The Árpád dynasty produced monarchs throughout the 12th and 13th centuries. King Béla III (r. 1172–1196)

7579-400: The Danube in order to secure it as the imperial border and defend the threatened new land. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 's (consul 16 BC) operation in 1 AD extended as far as the Elbe. In 10 AD, Cornelius Lentulus Augur was able to debar not just the Dacians, but also the Sarmatians "from access to the Danube", says Florus . Locally more important was the offensive of Marcus Vinicius against

7722-457: The Danubian Germans again under Nerva ( r.  96–98 ). Between 103 and 107, Trajan ( r.  98–117 ) executed the division of the province into Pannonia Inferior and Pannonia Superior . This allowed the Empire to better combat the radically different Germanic and Sarmatian tribes. While Superior had most urbanized areas and a shorter frontier with three legions, Inferior contained one municipium and one legion, virtually being

7865-446: The Drava and almost certainly brought the whole Transdanubia under Roman control even though there's no direct evidence to that. Through Tiberius Nero, then my stepson and legate, I brought under Roman authority Pannonian peoples which no Roman army had approached before I became princeps and advanced the boundaries of lIIyricum to the bank of the Danube. Pannonia was invaded by the Dacians in 10 BC. The Romans launched campaigns through

8008-447: The German lands. Louis the Great (r. 1342–1382) extended his rule as far as the Adriatic Sea and occupied the Kingdom of Naples several times. In 1351, the Golden Bull of 1222 was completed with a law of entail . This stipulated that the nobles' hereditary lands could not be taken away and must remain in the possession of their families. Louis became king of Poland from 1370 to 1382. The epic hero of Hungarian literature and warfare,

8151-426: The Hun . After the death of Attila, the empire collapsed in 455, and Pannonia became part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom . The western part of the Carpathian Basin was occupied by the Longobards and the eastern part by the Gepids . In 567, the Avars occupied the territory ruled by the Gepids. In 568, the Longobards moved to Italy from Transdanubia, and the Avars also occupied that territory, Khagan Bayan I established

8294-438: The Hungarian Grand Principality united the Carpathian Basin under its rule. The local Avar population did not resist, and even became part of the Hungarians, the Moravians fled or assimilated, the modest Bulgarian sovereignty in South Transylvania did not become a political factor, only the East Frankish Empire had such military power that it could intervent in the formation of the new order. His leadership also wanted to eliminate

8437-475: The Hungarian population, but they preserved their identity and their regional autonomy until 1876. As a consequence of the Mongol invasions, King Béla ordered the construction of hundreds of stone castles and fortifications to defend against a possible second invasion. The Mongols did indeed return in 1286 , but the newly built stone-castle systems and new military tactics involving a higher proportion of heavily armed knights stopped them. The invading Mongol force

8580-442: The Hungarian ruling dynasty and the Hungarian state. The Árpád dynasty claimed to be a direct descendant of the great Hun leader Attila. The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862 and 895. From 894, when armed conflicts opened with the Bulgarians and Moravians after the requests for help from Arnulf, Frankish king and Leo VI, Byzantine emperor . During

8723-405: The Hungarians against the raiding Ottomans, and as a result, the Ottomans did not attack southern Hungary or Transylvania for many years thereafter. The Black Army recaptured Otranto in Italy from the Ottoman Empire in 1481 and it secured a series of victories in the Bohemian–Hungarian War of 1468–78 by conquering parts of Bohemia , as well as parts of Austria , including Vienna in 1485 in

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8866-446: The Iazyges to make peace. In the same year, the land of the Danubian Germans was occupied by a force Cassius Dio claims to be 40,000 men—the number of soldiers stationed in Pannonia Inferior and Pannonia Superior combined. Control over tribes was taken over by prefects. Valerius Maximianus , born in Pannonia, was an important general here. Any possible plans with the creation of two new provinces—Marcomannia and Sarmatia—were aborted after

9009-433: The Ottoman Turks confronted them ever more often. In 1366 and 1377, Louis led successful campaigns against the Ottomans (such as the Battle of Nicapoli in 1366). From the time of the death of Casimir the Great in 1370, he was also king of Poland. He established a university in Pécs in 1367. King Louis died without a male heir, and after years of civil war, the future Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund (r. 1387–1437) succeeded to

9152-402: The Romans began after two hard decades in 401, this also caused a recession in secular and ecclesiastical life. The Hun control gradually expanded over Pannonia from 410, finally the Roman Empire ratified the cession of Pannonia by treaty in 433. The flight and emigration of the Romans from Pannonia continued without interruption until the invasion of the Avars . The largest Roman emigration

9295-401: The Scordisci, forcing them to become allies. This was in response to Pannonian and Scordisci incursions the previous year. The following events were part of the Roman Empire 's efforts to reach the Danube and are sometimes known thematically as Bellum Pannonicum . In 14 BC, the Pannonians rose up. Vipsanius Agrippa was sent to the region after another rebellion in 13 BC. After his death

9438-400: The Turks, and in 1526 the Hungarian army was crushed at the Battle of Mohács . The young King Louis II died in the battle. The early appearance of Protestantism further worsened internal unity in the anarchical country. After the Ottomans achieved their first decisive victory, their forces conquered large parts of the kingdom of Hungary and continued their expansion until 1556. This period

9581-419: The World site. Matthias died in 1490 without a legal successor, engendering a serious political crisis in the Hungarian kingdom. Events of 1490–1526 created conditions that would lead to a loss of independence. Besides internal conflicts, the Hungarian state was gravely threatened by the expanding Ottoman Empire. By the early 16th century, the Ottoman Empire had become the second most populous political state in

9724-412: The ancients, it is probable that it contained iron and silver mines. Slavery held a less important role in Pannonia's economy than in earlier established provinces. Rich civilians had domestic slaves do the housework while soldiers who had been awarded with land had their slaves cultivate it. Slaves worked in workshops primarily in western cities for rich industrialist. In Aquincum, they were freed in

9867-433: The arrival of the Iazyges and another uprising forced the Romans to consolidate their gains at the river border. Soon the province of Pannonia formed. Its first city became Emona , modern-day Ljubljana . Other important Latin settlements were Sirmium ( Sremska Mitrovica ), Savaria ( Szombathely ), Siscia ( Sisak ) and Poetovio ( Ptuj ). Road building started in a high pace: the Danubian road network made sailing in

10010-428: The assault, as the Mongols had no time for long sieges. The siege engines and the Chinese and Persian engineers that operated them for the Mongols had been left in the conquered lands of Kyivan Rus' . The devastation caused by the Mongol invasions later led to the invitation of settlers from other parts of Europe, especially from Germany. During the Mongols' campaign against Kievan Rus, some 40,000 Cumans , members of

10153-411: The borders of Roman Pannonia to the east, annexing the plains of what is now eastern Hungary, northern Serbia and western Romania up to the limes that he created: the Devil's Dykes . In the 4th-5th century, one of the dioceses of the Roman Empire was known as the Diocese of Pannonia . It had its capital in Sirmium and included all four provinces that were formed from historical Pannonia, as well as

10296-558: The brunt of the Ottoman wars in Europe during the 15th century. After a long period of Ottoman wars , Hungary's forces were defeated at the Battle of Mohács and its capital was captured in 1541, opening roughly a 150 years long period when the country was divided into three parts: Royal Hungary loyal to the Habsburgs , Ottoman Hungary and the largely independent Principality of Transylvania . The reunited Hungary came under Habsburg rule at

10439-444: The central power experienced severe financial difficulties, largely because of the enlargement of feudal lands at his expense. The magnates also dismantled the administrative systems that had worked so successfully for Matthias. The country's defenses declined as border guards and castle garrisons went unpaid, fortresses fell into disrepair, and initiatives to increase taxes to reinforce defenses were stifled. Hungary's international role

10582-469: The crown and the magnates. On the other hand, it defended the rights of the whole nation against the crown by restricting the powers of the latter in certain fields and making refusal to obey its unlawful/unconstitutional commands (the ius resistendi ) legal. The lesser nobles also began to present Andrew with grievances, a practice that evolved into the institution of the Parliament , or Diet . Hungary became

10725-531: The dangerous Dacians. At first, the primary goal of the Roman administration was the conclusion of the barbarian conflicts outside the province. In Nero 's time ( r.  54 – 68 AD ) as many as 100,000 barbarians were moved from Pannonia to Moesia by Plautius Silvanus Aelianus , and 50,000 may have been settled in Pannonia by Tampius Flavianus . During his important governorship, money began to circulate in

10868-417: The death of Marcus in 180. Commodus returned to the old border and client system, to which new residents were seemingly willing to join. As the barbarians pillaged during the war, taking cattle and captives away en masse, the destruction and loss of life in Pannonia was huge. Commodus vigorously started to strengthen the limes with new fortifications. Minor raids on the province continued to occur, prompting

11011-516: The death of governor of Moesia Superior and Dacia Claudius Fronto and praetorian prefect Macrinius Vindex . Claudius Pompeianus and future-emperor Pertinax returned part of the spoils taken by the enemy and led the offensive starting from 172. Against severe losses, the Romans forced first the Quadi, then the Marcomanni to surrender (172-173), while the military emphasis shifted to the Iazyges. Despite

11154-837: The designation Οὔγγροι for the Magyars, first recorded in Byzantine sources of the 9th century (in the 10th century as Latin Ungarii ). During the Middle Ages, Byzantine sources also referred to the Magyar state as Tourkia (Turkey) ( Greek : Τουρκία ). The name Tourkia is also inscribed on the Corona graeca of the Holy Crown of Hungary . Hungary was recognized as an Apostolic Kingdom under Saint Stephen I. According to later Hungarian tradition, Stephen

11297-406: The disloyal Danubian Germans. When the Romans started supporting the Lugii against them, they made a pact with the Iazyges. This produced another war, almost completely unknown except for another catastrophe and destruction of a legion at the hands of the nomads. In 92 or 93, he finished the war, but held only an ovation , indicating he probably had further plans in Pannonia. We hear of war with

11440-496: The dispatched forces could get back. When the threat became fully clear, Marcus even raised new legions. The first attack came in the winter of 166-167, from the Lombards and Ubii , between Brigetio and Arrabona . It was quickly repulsed by two auxiliary units. Cassius Dio tells of a legation of 11 tribes led by the Marcomanni subsequently petitioning the governor of Pannonia Superior, Iallius Bassus to concede. This may have been

11583-565: The early 1st century BC, the Dacians emerged as a new dominant power. While their hold on the area between the Danube and the Tisza river was loose, they had considerable influence in the territories beyond. In 88 BC, Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 BC) defeated the Scordisci so badly that they retreated to the eastern part of Syrmia. Taking advantage of this situation, the Dacian king Burebista vanquished them sometime between 65 and 50 BC, and subsequently

11726-603: The end of the war. After World War II, the Second Hungarian Republic was established within Hungary's current-day borders as a socialist People's Republic , lasting from 1949 to the end of communism in Hungary in 1989 . The Third Republic of Hungary was established under an amended version of the constitution of 1949 , with a new constitution adopted in 2011. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 . Middle Paleolithic presence of Homo heidelbergensis

11869-449: The ending of a new campaign but the reestablishment of foederatus relationship by the investiture of a new Quadi king. Discharges and detachments of troops happened. Findings of hoards of coins likely buried during the rule of Marcus Aurelius ( r.  161–180 ) evidence turmoil due to barbarian attacks. Large-scale population movements in Northern and Eastern Europe related to

12012-576: The first Angevin king of Hungary, Charles I ("Charles the Great") successfully restored royal power and defeated oligarchic rivals known as the "little kings". A descendant of the Árpád dynasty in the female line, he reigned between 1308 and 1342. His new fiscal, customs and monetary policies proved successful. One of the primary sources of the new king's power was the wealth derived from the gold mines of eastern and northern Hungary. Production eventually reached 3,000 lb. (1350 kg) annually—one-third of

12155-610: The first country in which a parliament had supremacy over the kingship . The most important legal ideology was the Doctrine of the Holy Crown , which held that sovereignty belonged to the noble nation (as represented by the Holy Crown). The members of the Holy Crown were the citizens of the Crown's lands, and no citizen could attain absolute power over the others. In 1241–1242, the kingdom suffered

12298-727: The following year, the campaign was taken over by Tiberius, who celebrated his triumph in 11 BC. The province of Illyricum was established between the Sava and the Adriatic Sea . In 10 BC, Tiberius returned to quell a new uprising of the Pannonians and Dalmatae. After winning in 9 BC, he sold the youth of the Breuci and Amantini as slaves in Italy and held an ovation . His operations between 12 and 9 BC included constant expeditions into territories north of

12441-409: The great forests had been cleared by Probus and Galerius . Before that time, timber had been one of its most important exports. Its chief agricultural products were oats and barley , from which the inhabitants brewed a kind of beer named sabaea. Vines and olive trees were little cultivated. Pannonia was also famous for its breed of hunting dogs. Although no mention is made of its mineral wealth by

12584-528: The insurgents, who retreated into the Fruška gora Mountains . He annihilated them the following year when they tried to intercept him on his way to join Tiberius at Siscia. Tiberius competently initiated a scorched-earth policy which was unsatisfactory for Augustus, who sent more generals, including Germanicus and Plautius Silvanus (consul 2 BC) to the war theatre . A capitulation was forced out in 8 AD, and Bato

12727-501: The invasion of the nomadic Pannonian Avars led by Khagan Bayan I . Due to their fear of the powerful Avars, the Lombards also departed in 568, thereafter the whole basin came under the rule of the Avar Khaganate. The rule of the Germanic peoples was followed by almost two and a half centuries of nomadic rule. The Avar khagan controlled a vast amount of territory spanning from Vienna to

12870-610: The khagan himself falling. Transdanubia was vasallized by Charlemagne, and after an uprising against his superiority, brutally annexed as the Avar March (later the March of Pannonia ) with much its population slaughtered. Beyond the Danube, the Bulgars , led by their energetic khan Krum routed the army of the new khagan in 804, who fled to court of the now Emperor of the Romans. The Avar Khaganate virtually ceased to exist. Although diminished,

13013-458: The king's authority, administered his subjects, and collected the taxes that formed the national revenue. Each ispán maintained an armed force of freemen at his fortified headquarters ("castrum" or "vár"). After the Great Schism between Western Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christianity was formalized in 1054, Hungary viewed itself as the easternmost bastion of Western civilisation ,

13156-678: The king's champion Miklós Toldi lived during his reign. Louis had become popular in Poland because of his campaign against the Tatars and pagan Lithuanians. In two successful wars against Venice (1357–1358 and 1378–1381), he was able to annex Dalmatia, Ragusa and other territories on the Adriatic Sea. Louis retained his strong influence in the political life of the Italian Peninsula for the rest of his life. Some Balkan states (such as Wallachia , Moldova , Serbia , and Bosnia ) became his vassals while

13299-541: The last attempt at making peace, as next, a barbarian coalition formed to fight Rome. In 168, Marcus and Verus returned to Aquileia and set up their base there. The Marcomanni and Quadi broke through the border and the Alps' crosses, besieging the city and burning the small town of Opitergium . The peak of the Antonine Plague in the peninsula was at this time, causing Verus's death. The next years' heavy fighting resulted in

13442-494: The last years of Hadrian's reign, which his adopted son and joint governor of the Pannonian provinces, Aelius Caesar successfully handled until he died in 138. Command of Pannonia Superior was taken over by Haterius Nepos , who ended the war with a Roman victory, becoming the last person to be awarded with ornamenta triumphalia . Under Antoninus Pius 's ( r.  138–161 ) quiet reign, some coins were issued propagating not

13585-519: The local limes . Systematic integration into the Empire accompanied by the establishment of settled Roman life progressed subsequently. In 50 AD, Vannius was overthrown by Vangio and Sido , who enjoyed the emperor's support. By this date, the nomadic Sarmatian population of the Iazyges had taken possession of the Danube–Tisza Interfluve , helping the Romans by being a buffer state against

13728-508: The new Bavarian prince, Luitpold's son, Arnulf to conclude a peace treaty, the prince recognized the loss of Pannonia and Ostmark, pushing Hungary's borders deep in the Bavarian territory, the river Enns became borderline, paid tribute, and agreed to let the Hungarian armies, which went to war against Germany or other countries in Western Europe, to pass through the duchies lands. In 908, after

13871-591: The new steppe state because the East Frankish Empire lost Pannonia and its Christian Avar taxpayers, and his territory was hit by increasing attacks by the Hungarians, especially Bavaria, which was then the eastern province of the Eastern Frankish Kingdom. In 907, three East Francian armies led by Luitpold , Margrave of Bavaria, which entered the Hungarian territory in order to expel the Hungarians from

14014-539: The nomads would instead take possession of the region between the Tisza and the Apuseni Mountains , not incorporated into the new province. However, taking advantage of Trajan's death and the preoccupation of the Empire with the Parthian war , they joined forces with the relative Roxolani and attacked again in 117, to which Dacia's governor, Julius Quadratus Bassus fell victim. Hadrian ( r.  117–138 ) traveled to

14157-543: The occupation, the Hungarians found sparse population and met no well-established states. They were able to take over the basin quickly, defeating the First Bulgarian Tsardom , disintegrating the Principality of Moravia , and firmly establishing their state there by 900. Attacks were led by gyula Árpád and kende Kurszán , the two highest-ranking leaders, who left no mass graves behind them showing that

14300-529: The overlap of the pre- Scythian ( Novocherkassk culture ) and pre- Celtic ( Hallstatt culture ) cultural spheres. Hallstatt occupation of western Transdanubia is evident from about 750 BC. Early Greek ethnography locates the Scythian Agathyrsi and the Sigynnae in the region. The Pannonians were also important residents. The classic Scythian culture spread across the Great Hungarian Plain between

14443-455: The power to establish effective control over Transylvania . Foundation of the Hungarian state is connected to the Hungarian conquerors , who arrived from the Pontic steppes as a confederation of seven tribes . The Hungarians arrived in the frame of a strong centralized steppe-empire under the leadership of Grand Prince Álmos and his son Árpád , they became founders of the Árpád dynasty ,

14586-547: The province as foederati . The Eastern Roman Empire controlled southern parts of Pannonia in the 6th century, during the reign of Justinian I . The Byzantine province of Pannonia with its capital at Sirmium was temporarily restored, but it included only a small southeastern part of historical Pannonia. Afterwards, it was again invaded by the Avars in the 560s, and the Slavs , who first may settled c. 480s but became independent only from

14729-409: The province benefited from many constructions. The road network was fully repaired, civilian and military buildings were inaugurated, military camps were improved and cities were protected with walls thus increasing their rank. Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control. Pannonia Inferior was at first under

14872-677: The province in 271. After a long period of secure Roman rule, from the 320s Pannonia was in frequent war with the East Germanic and Sarmatian peoples to the north and east. Both the Vandals and the Goths marched through the province, causing huge destruction. After the division of the Roman Empire, Pannonia remained under the rule of the Western Roman Empire , although the district of Sirmium

15015-504: The province of Dacia in 106. Decebalus committed suicide. Latin, Greek and Asiatic colonists settled on the decimated indigenous people, establishing Ulpia Traiana , Napoca ( Cluj-Napoca ), Apulum ( Alba Iulia ), Porolissum ( Mirșid ) and Potaissa ( Turda ) among others. They heavily exploited the gold and silver mines of Transylvania . Finally, the southward movement of the Germanic Goths forced Emperor Aurelian to evacuate

15158-504: The provinces of Dalmatia , Noricum Mediterraneum and Noricum Ripense. In the 4th century, the Romans (especially under Valentinian I ) fortified the villas and relocated barbarians to the border regions. In 358 they won a great victory over the Sarmatians , but raids didn't stop. In 401 the Visigoths fled to the province from the Huns , and the border guarding peoples fled to Italia from them, but were beaten by Uldin in exchange for

15301-486: The realm of King Ferdinand. Although initially independent, it would later become a part of the Habsburg monarchy under the informal name Royal Hungary. The Habsburg emperors would from then on be crowned also as kings of Hungary. The Turks were unable to conquer the northern and western parts of Hungary. The eastern part of the kingdom ( Partium and Transylvania) at first became an independent principality but gradually became

15444-561: The region that Rome would make allowances for. The Pannonians were driven into conflict due to their support of the Dalmatae in their strife against Rome, but weren't long-term and known enemies. The tribes north of the Drava River didn't participate in nor this, nor the subsequent fights. In 35 BC, Octavian led a campaign against the Iapydes and the Pannonians, in which he captured Siscia in

15587-558: The river possible. During the Marcomannic Wars , Pannonia suffered devastation by a powerful alliance of barbaric peoples led by the Marcomanni , but after they were defeated, an age of prosperity started. The Dacians to the east reunited under Decebalus , harassing the limes , the Roman frontier defense system. Trajan , who achieved the greatest territorial extent of the empire, defeated them in two wars (98–117) and established

15730-618: The serfs of the area, and gradually the population grew. By the end of the 18th century, the town already had its present five districts and the Protestant , Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches and the Jewish synagogue . The buildings of the Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox churches and the Jewish Synagogue are all located within close proximity of each other. The annual floods of

15873-474: The sides agreed to make peace. Vangio and Sido were most likely dead by now, the Marcomanni and Quadi denied vassal duties. When the emperor's punitive expedition (partially sent through Dacian territory) was repelled in 89, he—despite the damages suffered—settled for mild terms with Decebalus, instead committing his forces elsewhere. In the same year, he held his triumphs over the Dacians and Chatti , but not over

16016-416: The south and northwest, while implementing internal reforms. The serfs considered Matthias a just ruler, because he protected them from abuses by the magnates. Like his father, Matthias desired to strengthen the kingdom of Hungary to the point where it could become the foremost regional power, indeed strong enough to push back the Ottoman Empire; towards that end he deemed it necessary to conquer large parts of

16159-587: The spot and invested Marcius Turbo as governor of both Dacia and Pannonia Inferior to defeat the barbarians. The Roxolani were pacified first. Turbo's authorization was over in 119 as Iazyx peace envoys appeared in Rome. The postal connection between the two provinces through the Danube–Tisza Interfluve—which aggravated relations with the Sarmatians—was completed. War with the Quadi broke out again in

16302-566: The territory of modern-day Hungary in multiple waves. Between 35 and 8 BC, Augustus and his son Tiberius fought the Pannonians for the Drava - Sava region, crushing the Scordisci and some rebellious tribes further south—adding the acquired territories to Illyricum province. Following these successes the tribes in Transdanubia surrendered without opposition. Temporarily the Danube was also exceeded, but

16445-493: The territory of the peoples north of the Drava, which, for them, had no economic, but strategic significance. Augustus formed a kind of alliance where the Romans would act as supervisors, and it was not until his death (14 AD) that legions would be moved over from South Pannonia. The second emperor Tiberius ( r.  17 – 37 AD ) founded multiple coloniae in the province and developed its road network. However, due to these land's unsuitability for cultivation, it

16588-404: The throne by marrying the daughter of Louis the Great, Mary of Hungary (who was herself crowned a "king" in 1382), becoming an official co-ruler and consolidating his power. Sigismund had to pay for the support of the lords by transferring a sizeable part of the royal properties. For some years, the baron's council governed the country in the name of the Holy Crown; the king was even imprisoned for

16731-451: The throne. In the coming years, the arrival of foreign groups led to new conflicts, but these were centered on Dacia and Pannonia only experienced collateral effects. The Severans' rule was supported by the Pannonian military and other provinces of the collective "Illyricum" region, which became politically important. In 202, a thorough visit to Pannonia by the imperial house was organized. Partly during this tour and throughout Severus' reign,

16874-509: The total production of the world as then known and five times as much as that of any other European state. Charles also sealed an alliance with Polish King Casimir the Great . After Italy, Hungary was the first European country in which the Renaissance appeared. One sign of its progressiveness was the establishment of a printing press in Buda in 1472 by András Hess , one of the earliest outside of

17017-567: The transferring of Eastern Pannonia. In 433 Rome completely handed over the territory to Attila for the subjugation of the Burgundians attacking Gaul . During the Migration Period in the 5th century, some parts of Pannonia were ceded to the Huns in 433 by Flavius Aetius , the magister militum of the Western Roman Empire . After the collapse of the Hunnic empire in 454, large numbers of Ostrogoths were settled by Emperor Marcian in

17160-456: The transition back to an Avar -like system was peaceful for the locals. Archaeological findings indicate that they settled in the lands near the Sava and Nyitra . The military power of the nation allowed the Hungarians to conduct successful fierce campaigns as far as the territories of modern Spain . Just a few decades after the collapse of the Avar Khaganate in 822, once again a steppe empire,

17303-643: The tribes east of the Danube Bend , showing an intent of "monopolizing" the Northern Transdanubian region politically. The last decade of the century saw the Marcomanni under their king Maroboduus —settling north of Pannonia. Augustus planned a two-sided attack on them, with one army approaching their territory from the Rhine and another one under Tiberius crossing the Danube at Carnuntum . Before witnessing any result, Tiberius had to rush back in 6 AD and face

17446-528: The turn of the 18th century, fighting a war of independence in 1703–1711, and a war of independence in 1848–1849 until a compromise allowed the formation of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1867, a major power into the early 20th century. The Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 settled the political status of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen which

17589-459: The western part too into Attila 's hand for suppressing the Burgundians . The Pannonian provinces suffered from the Migration Period from 379 onwards, the settlement of the Goth-Alan-Hun ally caused repeated serious crises and devastations, the contemporaries described it as a state of siege, Pannonia became an invasion corridor both in the north and in the south. The flight and emigration of

17732-500: The winter incursion of the Iazyges was crushed (173-174), the Quadi overthrew their Roman-installed king and started to support the nomads. While the two nations tried to negotiate, Marcus eventually defeated both of them in separate campaigns. The second phase of the war started in 177. The attacking barbarians were kept in check, with Marcus and his son, the newly acclaimed Commodus ( r.  177–192 ) coming to Pannonia. A decisive campaign by Tarrutenius Paternus in 179 convinced

17875-514: The world, which facilitated the raising of the largest armies of the era. However, Hungarian policy makers at the time were not as conscious of this threat as they should have been. Instead of preparing for the defence of the country against foreign powers, Hungarian magnates were much more focused on the threat to their privileges from a strong royal power. The magnates arranged for the accession of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia precisely because of his notorious weakness. During his reign (1490–1516),

18018-474: Was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube , on the west by Noricum and upper Italy , and on the southward by Dalmatia and upper Moesia . It included the modern regions western Hungary , western Slovakia , eastern Austria , northern Croatia , north-western Serbia , northern Slovenia , and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina . In the Early Iron Age , Transdanubia

18161-474: Was a hard task to persuade veterans to comply with settling there, and he had to silence a mutiny right when assuming power. He sent his son Drusus Julius Caesar to create tranquility and depose Maroboduus, who needed Roman support for his war against Arminius . This ultimately caused the rise of Vannius (20 AD), who ruled over an extended realm. It was Claudius ( r.  41 – 54 AD ) who finished Pannonia's occupation and began to construct of

18304-484: Was actually more in the sphere of influence of the East . As the Latin population of the province fled from the continuous barbarian incursions, Hunnic groups began to appear on the verge of the Danube. Under King Rugila , the nomads settled the Great Hungarian Plain , pushing the border guarding peoples westward, but stopping them from reaching Italy in exchange for the transfer of Eastern Pannonia. In 433, Aëtius played

18447-631: Was characterized by political chaos. A divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, Szapolyai and the Austrian Ferdinand of Habsburg . Armed conflicts between the rival monarchs further weakened the country. With the Turkish conquest of Buda in 1541, Hungary was riven into three parts. The northwestern part of the old kingdom of Hungary (present-day Slovakia, western Transdanubia and Burgenland , plus western Croatia and parts of present-day northeastern Hungary) remained under Habsburg rule as

18590-449: Was contrary to the dominant tradition of the time to have the eldest surviving member of the ruling family succeed the incumbent. After Géza's death in 997, Koppány took up arms, and many subjects in Transdanubia joined him. The rebels claimed to represent the old political order, ancient human rights, tribal independence and pagan belief. Stephen won a decisive victory over Koppány and had him executed. The name Hungary derives from

18733-470: Was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary on the first day of the second millennium in the capital city of Esztergom . Pope Sylvester II conferred on him full administrative authority over bishoprics and churches. By 1006, Stephen had solidified his power by eliminating all rivals. Stephen established a network of ten episcopal and two archiepiscopal sees , and ordered the buildup of monasteries, churches and cathedrals. The Hungarian language switched from

18876-467: Was defeated near Pest by the royal army of King Ladislaus IV . Later invasions were also repelled. The castles built by Béla IV proved to be very useful against the Ottoman Empire . However, the cost of building them indebted the Hungarian king to the major feudal landlords, so that royal power was once again dispersed among the lesser nobility. After a destructive period of interregnum (1301–1308),

19019-460: Was destroyed in 1595 when the Ottomans had to defend Gyula against the Hungarians who tried to reclaim it. The area became deserted. It was only exactly 100 years later, in 1695, that Békés was freed from Ottoman rule. During the freedom fight led by Prince Francis II Rákóczi in the early 18th century the area of Békés was deserted again, for the last time. In 1720 John George Harruckern was granted Békés county via Royal Deed. He gave privileges to

19162-428: Was established in 1000 under King Saint Stephen , ruled by the Árpád dynasty for the following three centuries. In the high medieval period , the kingdom expanded to the Adriatic coast and entered a personal union with Croatia in 1102. In 1241, Hungary was invaded by the Mongols under Batu Khan . The medieval Kingdom of Hungary was a European power, reaching its height in the 14th-15th century . Hungary bore

19305-560: Was freed from the Nazis on October 6, 1944. After the war, industrialization quickened. On April 15, 1973, Békés was granted town status. Today, Békés is made of several ethnic groups, including Hungarians, Roma, and with its near proximity to the Romanian border, Romanians who constitute approximately 5% of the population. Békés is twinned with: 46°46′N 21°08′E  /  46.767°N 21.133°E  / 46.767; 21.133 Conquest of Hungary Hungary in its modern (post-1946) borders roughly corresponds to

19448-436: Was inhabited by the Pannonians or Pannonii, a collection of Illyrian tribes. The Celts invaded in the Late Iron Age and Gallo-Roman historian Pompeius Trogus writes that the Celts met with heavy resistance from the locals and were not able to overrun the southern part of Transdanubia. Some tribes advanced as far as Delphi , with the Scordisci settling in Syrmia (279 BC) upon being forced to withdraw. The arrival of

19591-434: Was neutralized, its political stability shaken, and social progress was deadlocked. In 1514, the weakened and aging Vladislaus faced a major peasant rebellion led by György Dózsa . It was ruthlessly crushed by the Hungarian nobles led by János Szapolyai . The resulting degradation of order paved the way for Ottoman ambitions. In 1521, the strongest Hungarian fortress in the south, Nándorfehérvár (modern Belgrade ), fell to

19734-414: Was never crowned king. Matthias was a true Renaissance prince: a successful military leader and administrator, a linguist, an astrologer, and a patron of the arts and learning. Although he regularly convened the Diet and expanded the lesser nobles' powers in the counties, he exercised absolute rule over Hungary by means of a huge secular bureaucracy. Matthias set out to build a realm that would expand to

19877-441: Was strongly influenced by Hussite ideas. The first Hungarian Bible translation was completed in 1439 just before Albert's death in 1439. John Hunyadi grew to become one of the country's most powerful lords, thanks to his capabilities as a mercenary commander. In 1446, the parliament elected him governor (1446–1453), then regent (1453–1456). He was a successful crusader against the Ottoman Turks, with one of his greatest victories

20020-427: Was the earliest and the 5th and 6th centuries were a phase of gradual emigration. In 453, King Attila died suddenly, resulting in the quick disintegration of his empire. The Huns withdrew to Eastern Europe following the defeat of Attila's son, Ellac , by a coalition of Germanic tribes from the Carpathian Basin. Consequently, the Ostrogoths and Gepids established their kingdoms in the western and eastern part of

20163-502: Was the first step towards the Roman takeover of Pannonia. The town functioned as the starting station of the Amber Road and the starting point of attacks in that direction. The Scordisci, in alliance with the Dalmatae were in armed conflict with the Romans as early as 156 BC and 119 BC. In both wars, the Romans failed to take Siscia (now Sisak , Croatia), which laid in a key position. After these setbacks, Rome instead turned towards Noricum which had both iron and silver mines. As part of

20306-406: Was the official name for the Hungarian territories of the Dual Monarchy. Austria-Hungary collapsed after World War I , and the subsequent Treaty of Trianon in 1920 established Hungary's current borders, resulting in the loss of 72% of its historical territory, 58% of its population, and 32% of its ethnic Hungarians . Two-thirds of territory of the Kingdom of Hungary was ceded to Czechoslovakia ,

20449-416: Was the wealthiest and most powerful member of the dynasty, with an annual equivalent of 23,000 kg of pure silver in his income register . This exceeded the resources of the French king and was double the amount available to the English Crown . In 1195, Béla expanded the Hungarian kingdom southward and westward to Bosnia and Dalmatia and extended suzerainty over Serbia, a process that helped to break up

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