The Burra Charter is a document published by the Australian ICOMOS which defines the basic principles and procedures to be followed in the conservation of Australian heritage places. The Charter was first endorsed in 1979 as an Australian adaptation of the Venice Charter , but with the introduction of a new analytical conservation model of heritage assessment that recognised forms of cultural heritage beyond tangible and physical forms. The Charter was the first national heritage document to replace the Venice Charter as the basis of national heritage practice. The Charter has been revised on four occasions since 1979, and has been internationally influential in providing standard guidelines for heritage conservation practice.
51-589: In 1979, the Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance was adopted at a meeting of Australia ICOMOS ( International Council on Monuments and Sites ) at the historic mining town of Burra, South Australia . It was given the short title of The Burra Charter . The Charter accepted the philosophy and concepts of the ICOMOS Venice Charter , but wrote them in
102-682: A form which would be practical and useful in Australia. The Charter is periodically revised and updated, and the 2004 publication The Illustrated Burra Charter elaborates and explains the principles of the 1999 version in an easy to understand form. In 2013 the Charter was again revised and updated. The Burra Charter has been adopted by the Australian Heritage Council (December 2004), the Heritage Council of New South Wales (December 2004),
153-623: A group of people who have worked together and contributed with distinction to the aims and objectives of ICOMOS. The beneficiary must be a member of ICOMOS and is chosen by the Selection Committee itself elected by the ICOMOS Board. The Prize is a commemorative medal and diploma. Nara, Japan Nara Prefecture ( 奈良県 , Nara-ken ) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kansai region of Honshu . As of 2020, Nara Prefecture has
204-432: A population of 1,321,805 and has a geographic area of 3,691 square kilometres (1,425 sq mi ). Nara Prefecture borders Kyoto Prefecture to the north, Osaka Prefecture to the northwest, Wakayama Prefecture to the southwest, and Mie Prefecture to the east. Nara is the capital and largest city of Nara Prefecture, with other major cities including Kashihara , Ikoma , and Yamatokōriyama . Nara Prefecture
255-525: A year, is a thematic journal ; The regular publications of the French Section of ICOMOS are: Le Bulletin d’information d’Icomos France ; Les Cahiers de la Section Française de l’ICOMOS ; Les Dossiers techniques ; Les Mémentos techniques ; les Bulletins (dossiers des colloques); Les Enquêtes de la section française . In the tradition of the Athens and Venice Charters, ICOMOS has, in
306-656: Is a professional association that works for the conservation and protection of cultural heritage places around the world. Now headquartered in Charenton-le-Pont , France, ICOMOS was founded in 1965 in Warsaw as a result of the Venice Charter of 1964 and offers advice to UNESCO on World Heritage Sites . The idea behind ICOMOS dates to the Athens Conference on the restoration of historic buildings in 1931, organized by
357-611: Is among the heaviest in Japan. Spring and fall are temperate. The mountainous region of Yoshino has been popular both historically and presently for its cherry blossoms in the spring. In the fall, the southern mountains are equally striking with the changing of the oak trees. Since 2006, there are 39 municipalities in Nara Prefecture: twelve [by definition: district-independent] cities and seven remaining districts containing 15 towns and twelve villages : Kansai Science City
408-458: Is located in the center of the Kii Peninsula on Japan's Pacific Ocean coast, and is one of only eight landlocked prefectures. Nara Prefecture has the distinction of having more UNESCO World Heritage listings than any other prefecture in Japan. Nara Prefecture region is considered one of the oldest regions in Japan , having been in existence for thousands of years, and is widely viewed as
459-433: Is located in the northwest. According to the 2005 Census of Japan, Nara Prefecture has a population of 1,421,310, which is a decrease of 1.5%, since the year 2000. The decline continued in 2006, with another decrease of 4,987 people compared to 2005. This includes a natural decrease from previous year of 288 people (11,404 births minus 11,692 deaths) and a decrease due to net domestic migration of 4,627 people outbound from
510-901: Is located, and the Okunoya district in the south. The north/central dialect is close to Osaka's dialect, whilst Okunoya's dialect favours a Tokyo-style accent. The lengthening of vowel sounds in the Okunoya dialect is unseen in other dialects of the Kinki region , making it a special feature. Foods particular to Nara Prefecture include: The following are recognized by the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry as being traditional arts of Nara: The sports teams listed below are based in Nara. Association football Basketball Many jinja (Shinto shrines), Buddhist temples, and kofun exist in Nara Prefecture, making it
561-457: Is not a single year over the last decade (since 1990, up to 2007) with more than 10 days of snowfall recorded by Nara Local Meteorological Observatory. The climate in the rest of the prefecture are mountainous, and especially in the south, with below −5 °C (23 °F) being the extreme minimum in winter. Heavy rainfall is observed in summer. The annual accumulated rainfall ranges as much as 3,000 to 5,000 millimetres (120 to 200 in), which
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#1732851375906612-452: Is part of the Kansai , or Kinki, region of Japan, and is located in the middle of the Kii Peninsula on the western half of Honshu . Nara Prefecture is landlocked. It is bordered to the west by Wakayama Prefecture and Osaka Prefecture ; on the north by Kyoto Prefecture and on the east by Mie Prefecture . Nara Prefecture is 78.5 kilometres (48.8 mi) from east to west and 103.6 kilometres (64.4 mi) from north to south. Most of
663-603: Is the executive body of ICOMOS. The advisory committee is composed of the chairpersons of the national committees, the chairpersons of the international scientific committees and the president of ICOMOS as an ex officio member. The advisory committee was given the task to advise and make recommendations to the General Assembly and the Executive Committee on matters which concern policy and programme priorities. National committees are subsidiary organizations created in
714-895: The International Museums Office . The Athens Charter of 1931 introduced the concept of international heritage. In 1964, the Second Congress of Architects and Specialists of Historic Buildings, meeting in Venice , adopted 13 resolutions. The first created the International Charter on the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, better known as Venice Charter ; the second, put forward by UNESCO , created ICOMOS to carry out this charter. ICOMOS currently has over 10,100 individual members in 153 countries, 110 national committees, and 28 international scientific committees. With rare exceptions, each member must be qualified in
765-508: The Minamoto to its ruling seat and the opening of Kamakura shogunate , Nara enjoyed the support of Minamoto no Yoritomo toward restoration. Kōfuku-ji , being the "home temple" to the Fujiwara since its foundation, not only regained the power it had before but became a de facto regional chief of Yamato Province. With the reconstruction of Kōfuku-ji and Tōdai-ji , a town was growing again near
816-704: The Queensland Heritage Council (January 2005) and the Heritage Council of Victoria (July 2010). It is also recommended by the Heritage Council of Western Australia and the Tasmanian Heritage Council . The Burra Charter begins with a series of definitions, such as : The types of actions that might be taken in the Conservation of a heritage place are defined as : International Council on Monuments and Sites The International Council on Monuments and Sites ( ICOMOS ; French: Conseil international des monuments et des sites )
867-571: The Tsukigase-Kōnoyama , Yata , and Yoshinogawa-Tsuboro Prefectural Natural Parks. In the Nara Basin, the climate has inland characteristics, as represented in the bigger temperature variance within the same day, and the difference of summer and winter temperatures. Winter temperatures average about 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F), and 25 to 28 °C (77 to 82 °F) in the summer with highest reaching close to 35 °C (95 °F). There
918-806: The 17th ICOMOS General Assembly held in Paris in November 2011, the list of charters is as follows: In addition to the above there is a list of seventeen other doctrinal texts, resolutions and declarations, including the Nara Document on Authenticity. In November 1994, at the Nara Conference on Authenticity, ICOMOS published the Nara Document on Authenticity , which addresses the need for a broader understanding of cultural diversity and cultural heritage in conservation efforts involving cultural heritage sites. Many of
969-508: The 18th century, the economy of the province was incorporated into prosperous Osaka , the commercial capital of Japan at the time. A first prefecture (briefly -fu in 1868, but -ken for most of the time) named Nara was established in the Meiji Restoration in 1868 as successor to the shogunate administration of the shogunate city and shogunate lands in Yamato. After the 1871 Abolition of
1020-436: The General Assembly into the Executive Committee and five further members are co-opted into the executive board in order to represent regions of the world or areas of expertise that were not part of the executive committee following the elections. Ex officio members of the executive committee are the president of the advisory committee and the previous presidents of ICOMOS, who attend in advisory capacity. The executive committee
1071-467: The Japanese cradle of civilization . Like Kyoto , Nara was one of Imperial Japan 's earliest capital cities. The current form of Nara Prefecture was officially created in 1887 when it became independent of Osaka Prefecture . Historically, Nara Prefecture was also known as Yamato-no-kuni or Yamato Province. From the third century to the fourth century, a poorly documented political force existed at
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#17328513759061122-716: The MTL is the Outer Zone, comprising the Kii Mountains, which occupy about 60% of the land area of the prefecture. The Ōmine Range is in the center of the Kii Mountains, running north to south, with steep valleys on both sides. The tallest mountain in Nara Prefecture, and indeed in the Kansai region, is Mount Hakkyō . To the west, separating Nara Prefecture from Wakayama Prefecture, is the Obako Range, with peaks around 1,300 metres (4,300 ft). To
1173-586: The MTL is the so-called Inner Zone, where active faults running north to south are still shaping the landscape. The Ikoma Mountains in the northwest form the border with Osaka Prefecture. The Nara Basin, which lies to the east of these mountains, contains the highest concentration of population in Nara Prefecture. Further east are the Kasagi Mountains, which separate the Basin from the Yamato Highlands. South of
1224-707: The Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM). As the professional and scientific adviser to the committee on all aspects of the cultural heritage, ICOMOS is responsible for the evaluation of all nominations of cultural properties made to the World Heritage List with the criteria laid down by the World Heritage Committee . In addition to the basic criterion of “outstanding universal value,” ICOMOS evaluates nominations for aspects related to authenticity, management, and conservation as specified in
1275-613: The World Heritage Committee at its annual meetings. ICOMOS is also involved, through its International Secretariat and its national and scientific committees, in the preparation of reports on the state of conservation of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List. It advises the UNESCO World Heritage Centre on requests for technical assistance received from states that are party to (i.e. have ratified)
1326-480: The World Heritage Convention. The evaluation of nominations involves consultation between the wide-ranging expertise represented by the organization’s membership and its national and scientific committees. Members are also sent on expert missions to carry out on-site evaluations of nominated properties. This extensive consultation results in the preparation of detailed recommendations that are submitted to
1377-433: The World Heritage Convention. ICOMOS maintains a full archive of nominations and reports at the documentation centre at its Paris headquarters. The Gazzola Prize was established in 1979 in memory of Piero Gazzola, one of the greatest defenders of the conservation and restoration of historic monuments and sites, and a founder of ICOMOS. The prize is awarded every three years at the General Assembly of ICOMOS to an individual or
1428-524: The capital to Nagaoka-kyō in Yamashiro Province , followed by another move in 794 to Heian-kyō , marking the start of the Heian period . The temples in Nara remained powerful beyond the move of political capital, thus giving Nara a synonym of "Nanto" (meaning "South Capital") as opposed to Heian-kyō, situated in the north. Close to the end of Heian period, Taira no Shigehira , a son of Taira no Kiyomori ,
1479-540: The countries which are members of UNESCO. They bring together individual and institutional members and offer them a framework for discussion and an exchange of information. Each national committee adopts its own rules of procedure and elaborates its own program according to the goals and aims of ICOMOS. In 2021, ICOMOS has 107 national committees. ICOMOS website includes a list regularly updated. International scientific committees (ISCs) are entities focus on specialised areas of heritage conservation and are made up of members of
1530-630: The drafting of a charter, the implementation of concrete activities (working sessions, workshops). There are currently 6 working groups, the list of which can be found on the ICOMOS website, in which experts reflect on a wide variety of subjects related to heritage conservation: indigenous heritage, sustainable development, Syria/Iraq, climate change and emerging professionals. Located at ICOMOS headquarters in Paris, it collects, analyses and disseminates information on all methods of heritage conservation, notably through its bibliographic database (14,000 references on
1581-700: The east, bordering Mie Prefecture, is the Daikō Range, including Mount Ōdaigahara . This mountainous region is also home to a World Heritage Site , the Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range ". About 17% of the total land area of the prefecture is designated as National Park land, comprising the Yoshino-Kumano National Park , Kongō-Ikoma-Kisen , Kōya-Ryūjin , Murō-Akame-Aoyama , and Yamato-Aogaki Quasi-National Parks; and
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1632-557: The field of conservation and a practicing landscape architect, architect, archaeologist, anthropologist, town planner, engineer, administrator of heritage, historian, art historian, palaeontologist or archivist . ICOMOS is a partner and founding member of the Blue Shield , which works to protect the world's cultural heritage threatened by war and natural disasters. ICOMOS is composed of its national committees (NCs), to which individuals and institutions apply for membership. In addition to
1683-411: The foot of Mount Miwa , east of Nara Basin. It sought unification of most parts in Japan. Since the historical beginning of Japan, Yamato was its political center. Ancient capitals of Japan were built on the land of Nara, namely Asuka-kyō , Fujiwara-kyō (694–710) and Heijō-kyō (most of 710–784). The capital cities of Fujiwara and Heijō are believed to have been modeled after Chinese capitals at
1734-707: The gallery of the main hall of Tōdai temple. In the 1889 Great Meiji mergers which subdivided all (then 45) prefectures into modern municipalities , Nara prefecture's 16 districts were subdivided into 154 municipalities: 10 towns and 144 villages . The first city in Nara was only established in 1898 when Nara Town from Soekami District was made district-independent to become Nara City (see List of mergers in Nara Prefecture and List of mergers in Osaka Prefecture ). The economic dependency to Osaka even characterizes today's Nara Prefecture, for many inhabitants commute to Osaka to work or study there. Nara Prefecture
1785-450: The han system , Nara was merged with other prefectures (from former han, see List of Han#Yamato Province ) and cleared of ex-/enclaves to encompass all of Yamato province. In 1876, Nara was merged into Sakai which in turn became part of Osaka in 1881. In 1887, Nara became independent again, with Saisho Atsushi as the first governor. The first prefectural assembly of Nara was elected in the same year and opened its first session in 1888 in
1836-479: The internal power game of the temple itself opened a way for the local samurai clans to spring up and fight with each other, gradually acquiring their own territories, thus diminishing the influence of Kōfuku-ji overall. Later, the whole province of Yamato got drawn into the confusion of the Sengoku period . Tōdai-ji was once again set on fire in 1567, when Matsunaga Hisahide , who was later appointed by Oda Nobunaga to
1887-413: The land, while only 6% of people lives there, resulting in a density of 39 people km . Nara prefecture had the highest rate in Japan of people commuting outbound for work, at 30.9% in 2000. A similar tendency is seen in prefectures such as Saitama , Chiba , and Kanagawa , all three of them having over 20% of people commuting for other prefectures. The 2004 total gross prefecture product (GPP) for Nara
1938-477: The lord of Yamato Province, fought for supremacy against his former master Miyoshi family . Followed by short appointments of Tsutsui Junkei and Toyotomi Hidenaga by Toyotomi Hideyoshi to the lord, the Tokugawa shogunate ultimately ruled the city of Nara directly, and most parts of Yamato province with a few feudal lords allocated at Kōriyama , Takatori and other places. With industry and commerce developing in
1989-650: The national committees of ICOMOS have adopted their own charters which set standards for heritage conservation practice at national level. In 1972, ICOMOS was named by the UNESCO World Heritage Convention as one of the three formal advisory bodies to the World Heritage Committee, along with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the International Centre for the Study of
2040-422: The national committees, ICOMOS has a series of international scientific committees (ISCs), in which experts in a certain field of activity within the context of heritage conservation exchange views and debate. The organization is headed by a president, five vice-presidents, a secretary-general and a treasurer all directly elected by the general assembly of the organization. 12 additional members are also elected by
2091-662: The organisation drawn from those specialist areas. The scientific programmes of the organisation are coordinated by the "scientific council" made up of the presidents of the ISCs. Nowadays, ICOMOS has 28 ISCs. A list regularly updated is available on ICOMOS website. ICOMOS conducts a process of reflection on doctrine and good practice on current issues involving the conservation of cultural heritage. To this end, it sets up working groups made up of ICOMOS members who are heritage professionals: architects, archaeologists, professors and researchers, curators and scientists. The aim of these groups can be
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2142-409: The population. As of 2004, the average density of the prefecture is 387 people per km . By districts, the Yamato flat inland plain holds as much as about 90% of total population within the approximately 23% size of area in the north-west, including the Nara Basin, representing a density of 1,531 people per km . To the contrast, the combined district Gojō and Yoshino District occupies almost 64% of
2193-522: The prefecture is covered by mountains and forests, leaving an inhabitable area of only 851 square kilometres (329 sq mi). The ratio of inhabitable area to total area is 23%, ranked 43rd among the 47 prefectures in Japan. Nara Prefecture is bisected by the Japan Median Tectonic Line (MTL) running through its territory east to west, along the Yoshino River . On the northern side of
2244-547: The prefecture, and a decrease of 72 registered foreigners. Net domestic migration has turned into a continuous outbound trend since 1998. The largest destinations of migration in 2005 were the prefectures of Kyoto, Tokyo, and Hyōgo, with respectively a net of 1,130,982 and 451 people moving over. The largest inbound migration was from Niigata Prefecture , contributing to a net increase of 39 people. 13.7% of its population were reported as under 15, 65.9% between 15 and 64, and 20.4% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 52.5% of
2295-634: The time, incorporating grid layout patterns. The royal court also established relations with Sui and then Tang dynasty China and sent students to the Middle Kingdom to learn high civilization. By 7th century, Nara accepted the many immigrants including refugees of Baekje who had escaped from war disturbances of the southern part of the Korean Peninsula . The first high civilization with royal patronage of Buddhism flourished in today's Nara city (710–784 AD). In 784, Emperor Kanmu decided to relocate
2346-616: The two temples. The Nanboku-chō period , starting in 1336, brought more instability to Nara. As Emperor Go-Daigo chose Yoshino as his base, a power struggle arose in Kōfuku-ji with a group supporting the South and another siding the North court. Likewise, local clans were split into two. Kōfuku-ji recovered its control over the province for a short time at the surrender of the South Court in 1392, while
2397-553: The world's architectural heritage) and a large photo library containing more than 8,000 photographs. It is open for consultation to researchers, whether or not they are members of ICOMOS. The regular publications of ICOMOS International are: ICOMOS News, a newsletter for members, which provides an update on the activities of the association (quarterly in French, English and Spanish); the ICOMOS Scientific Journal, published twice
2448-434: The years since its formation, developed and adopted a number of other charters and doctrinal texts which provide guidance to heritage conservation professionals in their work. Most such documents are created by the international committees of the organisation and thereafter adopted by the triennial General Assembly. The texts each address a specific area of professional practice in the heritage conservation professions. Following
2499-424: Was a mere 1.0%, only above mining, which is quasi-inexistent in Nara. The culture of Nara is tied to the Kansai region in which it is located. However, like each of the other prefectures of Kansai, Nara has unique aspects to its culture, parts of which stem from its long history dating back to the Nara period. There are large differences in dialect between the north/central region of the prefecture, where Nara city
2550-449: Was ordered by his father to depress the power of various parties, mainly Kōfuku-ji and Tōdai-ji , who were backing up an opposition group headed by Prince Mochihito . The movement led to a collision between the Taira and the Nara temples in 1180. This clash eventually led to Kōfuku-ji and Tōdai-ji being set on fire, resulting in vast destruction of architectural heritage. At the rise of
2601-480: Was ¥3.8 trillion, an 0.1% growth over previous year. The per capita income was ¥2.6 million, which is a 1.3% decrease from previous year. The 2004 total gross prefecture product (GPP) for Nara was ¥3.8 trillion, an 0.1% growth over previous year. Manufacturing has the biggest share in the GPP of Nara with 20.2% of share, followed by services (19.1%) and real estates (16.3%). The share of agriculture including forestry and fishery
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