111-574: Burnley Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Burnley between 1901 and 1935. In 1900, the assets of the Burnley & District Tramways Company were purchased by Burnley Corporation for the sum of £53,000 (equivalent to £7,243,333 in 2023). This had operated standard gauge steam hauled trams since 1881. The corporation rebuilt the tramway to 4’ gauge, as this was in use by neighbouring systems, and there were plans to link to these systems. The tramway
222-565: A BBC radio transmitter, and a number of microwave communication towers. This site was the first place in the UK chosen for an unmanned weather radar, beginning operation in 1979; it is one of 18 that cover the British Isles. Also since 2007 the three turbines of the Hameldon Hill wind farm have stood on its northern flank. To the east of the town lie the 1,677 feet (511 m) Boulsworth Hill and
333-501: A P-38 Lightning from the 14th Fighter Group USAAF crashed near Cliviger , and Black Hameldon Hill claimed a Halifax from No. 51 Squadron RAF in January 1943, and also a B-24 Liberator from the 491st Bombardment Group USAAF in February 1945. Lucas Industries set up shadow factories , producing a wide range of electrical parts for the war effort. Notably they were involved with
444-786: A Roman presence, but no evidence of a settlement has been found in the town. Gorple Road (running east from Worsthorne ) appears to follow the route of a Roman road that may have crossed the present-day centre of town, on the way to the fort at Ribchester . It has been claimed that the nearby earthworks of Ring Stones Camp ( 53°47′35″N 2°10′26″W / 53.793°N 2.174°W / 53.793; -2.174 ), Twist Castle ( 53°48′00″N 2°10′16″W / 53.800°N 2.171°W / 53.800; -2.171 ) and Beadle Hill ( 53°48′11″N 2°10′08″W / 53.803°N 2.169°W / 53.803; -2.169 ) are of Roman origin, but little supporting archaeological information has been published. Following
555-501: A charter granted the church of Burnley to the monks of Pontefract Abbey . In its early days, Burnley was a small farming community, gaining a corn mill in 1290, a market in 1294, and a fulling mill in 1296. At this point, it was within the manor of Ightenhill , one of five that made up the Honor of Clitheroe , then a far more significant settlement, and consisted of no more than 50 families. Little survives of early Burnley apart from
666-898: A bird figurine, a lizard figurine, a crocodile figurine), and is situated within the Mali Empire . The word kurgan is of Turkic origin, and derives from Proto-Turkic *Kur- ("to erect (a building), to establish"). In Ukraine and Russia, there are royal kurgans of Varangian chieftains, such as the Black Grave in Ukrainian Chernihiv (excavated in the 19th century), Oleg 's Grave in Russian Staraya Ladoga , and vast, intricate Rurik's Hill near Russian Novgorod . Other important kurgans are found in Ukraine and South Russia and are associated with much more ancient steppe peoples, notably
777-586: A copper wire with hooks for interlocking, solid gold bangle with incurved ends, ageta and gold beads, along with a considerable assemblage of pottery. Another type of mound burial is Maidam in Assam , India. The Ahom kingdom in medieval Assam built octagonal -shaped tumuli called Maidams for their kings and high officials. The kings were buried in a hillock at Charaideo in Sibsagar district of Assam, whereas other Maidams are found scattered more widely. The damb
888-470: A deep and wide rock-cut chamber, surrounded on the ground by a massive circular mud-brick structure made in two tiers, and filled in and topped with random earth to form a domical shape. There is also evidence of plastering on the exterior of Tumulus-1 mound, bearing a 10- mm thick plaster of pinkish-white clay over brick masonry. The offering in Tumulus-1 consisted of one full necklace of steatite stringed in
999-445: A high-standing Aboriginal man's burial mound and associated carved trees; these carvings on the trees were made around the mound, facing the burial. "The form of the whole was semi-circular. Three rows of seats occupied one half, the grave and an outer row of seats the other; the seats formed segments of circles of fifty, forty-five, and forty feet each, and were formed by the soil being trenched up from between them. The centre part of
1110-515: A large mound the size of the house, as described by V. Fernandes. Levtzion also acknowledged the cultural similarities between the monarchic tumuli-building traditions and practices (e.g., monumental Senegambian megaliths ) of West Africa, such as Senegambia , Inland Niger Delta , and Mali , and the Nile Valley ; these monarchic tumuli-building practices span the Sudanian savanna as manifestations of
1221-555: A life expectancy of approximately 40 years. Babies were generally buried at and outside the ring-wall. The average number of children per family was 1.6 persons. A tumulus forms the center of the ancient megalithic structure of Rujm el-Hiri in the Golan Heights . Rujm in Arabic can mean tumulus, cairn or stone heap. Near the western city limits of modern Jerusalem , 19 tumuli have been documented (Amiran, 1958). Though first noticed in
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#17332028309631332-624: A mask of Ancient Greek design. Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern Sahara , tumuli with megalithic monuments developed as early as 4700 BC in the Saharan region of Niger . Fekri Hassan (2002) indicates that the megalithic monuments in the Saharan region of Niger and the Eastern Sahara may have served as antecedents for the mastabas and pyramids of ancient Egypt . The prehistoric tradition of monarchic tumuli -building
1443-479: A series of violent disturbances arising from racial tensions between some of its White and Asian residents. Burnley was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1861, a Parliamentary Borough returning one member in 1867 and became, under the Local Government Act 1888 , a county borough outside the administrative county of Lancashire. Under the Local Government Act 1972 Burnley's county borough status
1554-673: A trans-Sahelian common culture and heritage. From the 5th millennium BCE to the 14th century CE, earthen and stone tumuli were developed between Senegambia and Chad . Among 10,000 burial mounds in Senegambia, 3,000 megalithic burial mounds in Senegambia were constructed between 200 BCE and 100 CE, and 7,000 earthen burial mounds in Senegal were constructed in the 2nd millennium CE. Between 1st century CE and 15th century CE, megalithic monuments without tumuli were constructed. Megalithic and earthen Senegambian tumuli, which may have been constructed by
1665-419: A tumulus. Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape. In this respect, a long barrow is a long tumulus, usually constructed on top of several burials , such as passage graves . A round barrow is a round tumulus, also commonly constructed on top of burials. The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows have a broad range; the categorization only refers to
1776-673: A tumulus. More than half of these ancient Israeli structures have now been threatened or obliterated by modern construction projects, including Tumulus #4, which was excavated hastily in a salvage operation. The most noteworthy finds from this dig were two LMLK seal impressions and two other handles with associated concentric circle incisions, all of which suggests this tumulus belonged to either King Hezekiah or his son Manasseh . Round mound burials are associated with megalithic burials in India. Most megalithic mounds with chambers found today have been disturbed over centuries and their original form
1887-655: Is 85 meters on each side, half of the size of the Great Pyramids. Goguryeo Silla tombs are most noted for the fabulous offerings that have been excavated such as delicate golden crowns and glassware and beads that probably made their way to Korea via the Silk Road . Tumuli are one of the most prominent types of prehistoric monuments spread throughout northern and southern Albania . Some well-known local tumuli are: More than 50 burial mounds were found in Kupres. Man from Kupres –
1998-594: Is Daisen-ryo Kofun, or more commonly Nintoku-ryo Kofun, with a length of 840 metres. In addition to other shapes, kofun includes a keyhole shape, typically seen in Daisen Kofun. Foreign museums possess some grave goods. The first burial mounds in Korea were dolmens , which contained material from cultures of the 1st millennium AD, such as bronze-ware, pottery, and other symbols of the society elite. The most famous tumuli in Korea, dating around 300 AD, are those left behind by
2109-509: Is a town and the administrative centre of the wider Borough of Burnley in Lancashire , England, with a 2021 population of 78,266. It is 21 miles (34 km) north of Manchester and 20 miles (32 km) east of Preston , at the confluence of the River Calder and River Brun . The town is located near the countryside to the south and east, with the towns of Padiham and Brierfield to
2220-624: Is called "Bin Tepeler" (a thousand mounds in Turkish) and it is in the northwest of Salihli district of Manisa province . The site is very close to the southern shoreline of Lake Marmara (Lake Gyges or Gygaea). Bin Tepeler is a Lydian necropolis that dates back to 7th and 6th centuries BC. These mounds are called "the pyramids of Anatolia", as a giant specimen among them is 355 metres in diameter, 1115 metres in perimeter and 69 metres high. According to Herodotus , this giant tumulus belongs to
2331-599: Is considered to be a suburb of the town, it is actually part of the neighbouring borough of Pendle . To the north west of the town, and home of the Pendle Witches , is the imposing Pendle Hill , which rises to 1,827 feet (557 m), beyond which lie Clitheroe and the Ribble Valley . To the south west, Hameldon Hill rises to 1,342 feet (409 m), on top of which are the Met Office north west England weather radar ,
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#17332028309632442-415: Is described in book 23 of Homer 's Iliad . Patroclus is burned on a pyre , and his bones are collected into a golden urn in two layers of fat. The barrow is built on the location of the pyre. Achilles then sponsors funeral games, consisting of a chariot race , boxing, wrestling, running, a duel between two champions to the first blood, discus throwing, archery and spear throwing. Beowulf 's body in
2553-510: Is proposed to understand nature of burial mounds in this part of Australia. Salweyn in Northern Somalia contains a very large field of cairns , which stretches for a distance of around 8 km. An excavation of one of these tumuli by Georges Révoil in 1881 uncovered a tomb, beside which were artefacts pointing to an ancient, advanced civilization. The interred objects included pottery shards from Samos , some well-crafted enamels , and
2664-511: Is represented on the council in six divisions : Burnley Central East, Burnley Central West, Burnley North East, Burnley Rural, Burnley South West, and Padiham & Burnley West. The constituency of Burnley elects a single member of Parliament (MP). In the 2024 election Burnley elected Labour MP Oliver Ryan . Previously, in the general election in 2019 , the town elected Antony Higginbotham , its first Conservative Party MP in over 100 years. The constituency had been represented by MPs of
2775-532: Is shared by both the West African Sahel and the Middle Nile regions. Ancient Egyptian pyramids of the early dynastic period and Meroitic Kush pyramids are recognized by Faraji (2022) as part of and derived from an earlier architectural " Sudanic - Sahelian " tradition of monarchic tumuli, which are characterized as "earthen pyramids" or "proto-pyramids." Faraji (2022) characterized Nobadia as
2886-565: The Burnley Coalfield : the drift mines and shallow bell-pits of earlier centuries were replaced by deeper shafts, meeting industrial as well as domestic demand in Nelson, Colne and Padiham, and by 1800 there were over a dozen pits in the modern-day centre of the town alone. The arrival of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal in 1796 made possible transportation of goods in bulk, bringing a huge boost to
2997-468: The Commagene King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene who ruled between 69 and 40 BC. This tumulus is made of broken stone pieces, which renders excavation attempts almost impossible. The tumulus is surrounded by ceremonial terraces in the east, west, and north. The east and west terraces have tremendous statues (reaching 8 to 10 meters in height) and bas reliefs of gods and goddesses from
3108-493: The Inland Niger Delta , 11th century CE and 15th century CE tumuli at El Oualedji and Koï Gourrey contained various bones (e.g., human, horse), human items (e.g., beads, bracelets, rings), and animal items (e.g., bells, harnesses , plaques). Cultural similarities were also found with a Malinke king of Gambia , who along with his senior queen, human subjects within his kingdom, and his weapons, were buried in his home under
3219-646: The Labour Party since 1935 , apart from 2010 – 2015, when it was represented by Gordon Birtwistle , a Liberal Democrat . Richard Shaw was the town's first MP in 1868 . Arguably its most notable MP was former leader of the Labour Party and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Arthur Henderson . The town lies in a natural three-forked valley at the confluence of the River Brun and the River Calder , surrounded by open fields, with wild moorland at higher altitudes. To
3330-511: The Market Cross , erected in 1295, which now stands in the grounds of the old grammar school. Over the next three centuries, Burnley grew in size to about 1,200 inhabitants by 1550, still centred around the church, St Peter's , in what is now known as "Top o' th' Town". Prosperous residents built larger houses, including Gawthorpe Hall in Padiham and Towneley Hall . In 1532, St Peter's Church
3441-635: The Rover Company 's failed attempts (and Rolls-Royce 's later successful ones) to produce Frank Whittle 's pioneering jet engine design, the W.2 ( Rolls-Royce Welland ) in Barnoldswick . Magnesium Elektron 's factory in Lowerhouse became the largest magnesium production facility in Britain. An unexpected benefit of the conflict for the residents of Burnley occurred in 1940. The Old Vic Theatre Company and
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3552-546: The Sadler's Wells Opera and Ballet Companies moved from London to the town's Victoria Theatre. For their actions during the war, two Distinguished Service Orders and eight Distinguished Conduct Medals , along with a large number of lesser awards, were awarded to servicemen from the town. Burnley's main war memorial stands in Place de Vitry sur Seine next to the central library. The Queen , together with Prince Philip , first visited
3663-620: The Scythians (e.g., Chortomlyk, Pazyryk ) and early Indo-Europeans (e.g., Ipatovo kurgan ) The steppe cultures found in Ukraine and South Russia naturally continue into Central Asia , in particular Kazakhstan . It is constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons and horses. Originally in use on the Pontic–Caspian steppe , kurgans spread into much of Central Asia and Eastern , Southeast , Western and Northern Europe during
3774-531: The Serer people may have created tumuli (before 13th century AD), shell middens (7th century AD – 13th century AD) in the central-west region, and shell middens (200 BC – Present) in the southern region. The funerary tumuli-building tradition of West Africa was widespread and a regular practice amid 1st millennium AD. More than ten thousand large funerary tumuli exist in Senegal. At the Inner Niger Delta , in
3885-520: The Towneley Park route as far as Rock Lane. The Summit line was extended to Rossendale Road. In 1912, the Lane Head route was extended to Harle Syke . In 1924 the company name changed from Burnley Corporation Tramways to Burnley Corporation Tramways & Omnibuses. The company amassed a fleet of 72 vehicles: On 21 December 1923 a coal lorry collided with a tram No 10 on Briercliffe Road. This sent
3996-516: The Wolof people ( Serer people ) or Sosse people ( Mande peoples ). Sudanese tumuli (e.g., Kerma , C-Group ), which date to the mid-3rd millennium BCE, share cultural similarities with Senegambian tumuli . Between the 6th century CE and 14th century CE, stone tumuli circles, which at a single site usually encircle a burial site of half-meter that is covered by a burial mound, were constructed in Komaland;
4107-483: The moors around the town, as have numerous tumuli , stone circles , and some hill forts (see: Castercliff , which dates from around 600 BC). Modern-day Back Lane, Stump Hall Lane and Noggarth Road broadly follow the route of a classic ridgeway running east–west to the north of the town, suggesting that the area was populated during pre-history and probably controlled by the Brigantes . Limited coin finds indicate
4218-438: The spinning machines . The first turnpike road through the area now known as Burnley was begun in 1754, linking the town to Blackburn and Colne eventually leading to the area of Brun Lea developing into a town, and by the mid 19th century, there were daily stagecoach journeys to Blackburn , Skipton and Manchester , the latter taking just over two hours. The 18th century also saw the rapid development of coal mining on
4329-647: The "last pharaonic culture of the Nile Valley" and described mound tumuli as being "the first architectural symbol of the sovereign's return and reunification with the primordial mound upon his death." Faraji (2022) indicates that there may have been a cultural expectation of "postmortem resurrection " associated with tumuli in the funerary traditions of the West African Sahel (e.g., northern Ghana , northern Nigeria , Mali ) and Nile Valley (e.g., Ballana , Qustul , Kerma , Kush ). Based on artifacts found in
4440-575: The 13th century CE and the 16th century CE, may have connection to tumuli from Ballana and Makuria . Tumuli have also been found at Kissi , in Burkina Faso , and at Daima , in Nigeria . In Niger , there are two monumental tumuli – a cairn burial (5695 BP – 5101 BP) at Adrar Bous , and a tumulus covered with gravel (6229 BP – 4933 BP) at Iwelen, in the Aïr Mountains . Tenerians did not construct
4551-669: The 1840s, who formed a community in one of the poorest districts. At one time, the Park District (modern-day town centre, around Parker St.) was known as Irish Park. In 1848, the East Lancashire Railway Company 's extension from Accrington linked the town to the nation's nascent railway network for the first time. This was another significant boost to the local economy and, by 1851, the town's population had reached almost 21,000. The Burnley Building Society , incorporated in Burnley in 1850, was, by 1911, not only 'by far
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4662-463: The 1870s by early surveyors, the first one to be formally documented was Tumulus #2 in 1923 by William Foxwell Albright , and the most recent one (Tumulus #4) was excavated by Gabriel Barkay in 1983. These tumuli are sometimes associated with the Judean kings who ruled Jerusalem, but no such connection has yet been substantiated, nor have any inscriptions naming any specific Judean king been excavated from
4773-720: The 3rd millennium BC. The earliest kurgans date to the 4th millennium BC in the Caucasus, and researchers associate these with the Indo-Europeans . Kurgans were built in the Eneolithic , Bronze, Iron, Antiquity and Middle Ages , with ancient traditions still active in Southern Siberia and Central Asia. On the Anatolian peninsula, there are several sites where one can find the biggest specimens of these artificial mounds throughout
4884-503: The Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf is taken to Hronesness, where it is burned on a funeral pyre. During cremation, the Geats lament the death of their lord, a widow's lament being mentioned in particular, singing dirges as they circumambulate the barrow. Afterwards, a mound is built on top of a hill, overlooking the sea, and filled with treasure. A band of twelve of the best warriors ride around
4995-606: The Commagene pantheon where divine figures used to embody the Persian and Roman perceptions together. The Dilmun Burial Mounds comprising necropolis areas on the main island of Bahrain dating back to the Dilmun civilization and the Umm al-Nar culture . Each of the tumuli is composed of a central stone chamber that is enclosed by a low ring-wall and covered by earth and gravel. The size of
5106-542: The First World War heralded the beginning of the collapse of the English textiles industry and the start of a steady decline in the town's population. The Bank Parade drill hall was completed in the early 20th century. There is a total of 191 listed buildings in Burnley – one Grade I (Towneley Hall), two Grade II* (St Peter's Church and Burnley Mechanics) and 188 Grade II. Over 4000 men from Burnley were killed in
5217-609: The First World War, about 15 per cent of the male working-age population. 250 volunteers, known as the Burnley Pals, made up Z Company of 11th Battalion, the East Lancashire Regiment , a battalion that as a whole became known by the far more famous name of the Accrington Pals . Victoria Crosses were awarded to two soldiers from the town, Hugh Colvin and Thomas Whitham , along with a third to resident (and only son of
5328-469: The Korean Baekje , Goguryeo ( Kogyuro / Koguryo ), Silla and Gaya states and are clustered around ancient capital cities in modern-day Pyongyang , Ji'an, Jilin , Seoul and Gyeongju . The Goguryeo tombs, shaped like pyramids, are famous for the well-preserved wall murals like the ones at Anak Tomb No. 3 , which depict the culture and artistry of the people. The base of the tomb of King Gwanggaeto
5439-623: The Mali Lakes Region, there are two monumental tumuli constructed in the time period of the Trans-Saharan trade for the Sahelian kingdoms of West Africa. The El Oualadji monumental tumulus, which dates between 1030 AD and 1220 AD and has two human remains buried with horse remains and various items (e.g., horse harnesses , horse trappings with plaques and bells, bracelets, rings, beads, iron items), may have been, as highlighted by al-Bakri ,
5550-583: The Phrygian, Persian and Hellenistic periods. Around 35 tumuli have been excavated so far, ranging in date from the 8th century BC to the 3rd or 2nd century BC. The biggest tumulus at the site is believed to have covered the burial of the famous Phrygian King Midas or that of his father. This mound, called Tumulus MM (for "Midas Mound"), was excavated in 1957 by a team from the University of Pennsylvania Museum, led by Rodney Young and his graduate students . Among
5661-576: The Roman period, the area became part of the kingdom of Rheged , and then the kingdom of Northumbria . Local place-names Padiham and Habergham show the influence of the Angles , suggesting that some had settled in the area by the early 7th century; sometime later the land became part of the hundred of Blackburnshire . There is no definitive record of a settlement until after the Norman conquest of England . In 1122,
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#17332028309635772-426: The Stoops and Hargher Clough council estates in the south west of the town. The millennium brought some improvement projects, notably the "Forest of Burnley" scheme, which planted approximately a million trees throughout the town and its outskirts, and the creation of the Lowerhouse Lodges local nature reserve . In June 2001, during the 2001 England riots , the town again received national attention following
5883-530: The UK. For the first time in more than 50 years, a direct train service now operates between the town's Manchester Road railway station and Manchester's Victoria station and onward to Wigan Wallgate via the restored Todmorden Curve , which opened in May 2015. The name Burnley is believed to have been derived from Brun Lea, meaning "meadow by the River Brun". Various other spellings have been used: Bronley (1241), Brunley (1251) and commonly Brumleye (1294) Stone Age flint tools and weapons have been found on
5994-432: The accompanying rituals was a religious endeavor that emanated from the other elements" that he described, such as "sorcerers, sacred groves, idols, offerings to the dead, and the "tombs of their kings."" Faraji (2022) indicated that the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt, Kerma of Kush , and the Nobadian culture of Ballana were similar to al-Bakrī's descriptions of the Mande tumuli practices of ancient Ghana . In
6105-414: The area's economy and the town of Burnley was born. Dozens of new mills were constructed, along with many foundries and ironworks that supplied the cotton mills and coal mines with machinery and cast and wrought iron for construction. The town became renowned for its mill-engines, and the Burnley Loom was recognised as one of the best in the world. A permanent military presence was established in
6216-412: The barrow, singing dirges in praise of their lord. Parallels have also been drawn to the account of Attila 's burial in Jordanes ' Getica . Jordanes tells that as Attila's body was lying in state, the best horsemen of the Huns circled it, as in circus games. An Old Irish Life of Columcille reports that every funeral procession "halted at a mound called Eala, whereupon the corpse was laid, and
6327-568: The borough has one further, bottom tier of government, the parish or town council . Burnley Borough Council is currently governed by a multi-party coalition. The role of mayor is a ceremonial post which rotates annually and for 2020-21 is Wajid Khan ( Labour Party ). The borough comprises 15 wards , 12 of which – Bank Hall, Briercliffe , Brunshaw, Coal Clough with Deerplay, Daneshouse with Stoneyholme, Gannow, Lanehead, Queensgate, Rosegrove with Lowerhouse, Rosehill with Burnley Wood, Trinity, and Whittlefield with Ightenhill – fall within
6438-545: The burial mound. Many of these mounds today have undergone much change in appearance due to erosion, weathering, wildfires, agriculture, land development and deliberate destruction. Bodies were buried either in a seated-position or in a crouched fetal-position, they were wrapped in layers of pelt-cloaks . Grave goods often included weapons, stone axes, ochre, white clay, stone flakes, bonepoints, necklaces, gridles, headbands and items of ceremonial clothing. An early published account of John Oxley 's excavation describes
6549-853: The carvings were associated with the culture heroes admired by man in life and were thought to provide a pathway for his spirit to return to the sky world. According to Alfred William Howitt these carved trees served both as transit points to allow cultural heroes to ascend to, and descend from, the firmament as well as a means for the deceased to return to the sky world. Some mounds do not contain burials, these mounds are associated with settlement debris. In Northern Territory and in several regions both forms are known. Recently, several mounds in Queensland were investigated with ground-penetrating radar. These mounds were previously associated with settlement debris. Radar study revealed some mounds contained mortuary remains, while other mounds were built over places where ceremonial fires had taken place. Further research
6660-449: The chief constable) Alfred Victor Smith . In 1926 a memorial to the fallen was erected in Towneley Park , funded by Caleb Thornber, former mayor and alderman of the borough to ensure the sacrifice of the men lost was commemorated. The local school of art created pages of vellum with the names of the fallen inscribed. These were framed in a rotating carousel in Towneley Hall for visitors to see. There were 2000 names inscribed – less than half
6771-402: The country. In 1871, the population was 44,320, and had grown to 87,016 by 1891. Burnley Town Hall , designed by Holton and Fox of Dewsbury , was built between 1885 and 1888. The Burnley Electric Lighting Order was granted in 1890, giving Burnley Corporation (which already controlled the supply of water and the making and sale of gas) a monopoly in the generation and sale of electricity in
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#17332028309636882-503: The external apparent shape. The method of inhumation may involve a dolmen , a cist , a mortuary enclosure , a mortuary house , or a chamber tomb . Examples of barrows include Duggleby Howe and Maeshowe . The word tumulus is Latin for 'mound' or 'small hill', which is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root * teuh 2 - with extended zero grade * tum- , 'to bulge, swell' also found in tomb , tumor , tumescent , thumb , thigh , and thousand . The funeral of Patroclus
6993-516: The famous Lydian King Alyattes who ruled between 619 and 560 BC. There is also another mound belonging to King Gyges . The Gyges mound was excavated but the burial chamber has not been found yet. On this site, there are 75 tumuli dating back to Lydian period that belong to the nobility. A large number of smaller artificial mounds can also be observed on the site. There are other Lydian tumuli sites around Eşme district of Uşak province . Certain mounds on these sites had been plundered by raiders in
7104-402: The grave was about five feet high, and about nine long, forming an oblong pointed cone. On removing the soil from one end of the tumulus, and about two feet beneath the solid surface of the ground, we came to three or four layers of wood, lying across the grave, serving as an arch to bear the weight of the earthy cone or tomb above. On removing one end of those layers, sheet after sheet of dry bark
7215-415: The head to the east. It had been very carefully wrapped in a great number of opossum [sic] skins, the head bound round with the net usually worn by the natives, and also the girdle: it appeared after being enclosed in those skins to have been placed in a larger net, and then deposited in the manner before mentioned … to the west and north of the grave were two cypress-trees distant between fifty and sixty feet;
7326-422: The hundreds of tumuli present in Dhar Tichitt, compared to a dozen tumuli present in Dhar Walata, it is likely that Dhar Tichitt was the primary center of religion for the people of Tichitt culture. At Wanar , Senegal, megalithic monolith -circles and tumuli (1300/1100 BC – 1400/1500 AD) were constructed by West Africans who had a complex hierarchical society. In the mid-region of the Senegal River Valley,
7437-498: The individuals, smallest mounds being 2 to 3 m in diameter and 2 m in height to largest mounds described as an earthen oblong mound resembling ‘a large hillock some 100 feet long, and 50 in height’. Some special or high-standing individuals mound were semi-circular, while most were round. Traditionally, the preparation of the burial site, the carving of trees facing the mound and internment was done by initiated men. Occasionally, long raised mourning seats were constructed along one side of
7548-399: The largest in the County of Lancashire... but the sixth in magnitude in the kingdom'. The Cotton Famine of 1861–1865, caused by the American Civil War , was again disastrous for the town. However, the resumption of trade led to a quick recovery and, by 1866, the town was the largest producer of cotton cloth in the world. By the 1880s, the town was manufacturing more looms than anywhere in
7659-466: The late 1960s, and the Lydian treasures found in their burial chambers were smuggled to the United States, which later returned them to Turkish authorities after negotiations. These artifacts are now exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Uşak. Gordium (Gordion) was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Phrygia . Its ruins are in the immediate vicinity of Polatlı , near the Turkish capital Ankara . At this site, approximately 80–90 tumuli date back to
7770-505: The loss of 571 jobs. The area of the mine has been restored as a park. In 1980 Burnley was connected to the motorway network, through the construction of the first and second sections of the M65 . Although the route, next to the railway and over the former Clifton colliery site, was chosen to minimise the clearance of occupied land, Yatefield, Olive Mount and Whittlefield Mills, Burnley Barracks, and several hundred more terrace houses had to be demolished. Unusually this route passed close to
7881-575: The many fine bronze artifacts recovered from the wooden burial chamber were 170 bronze vessels, including numerous "omphalos bowls", and more than 180 bronze "Phrygian fibulae " (ancient safety pins). The wooden furniture found in the tomb is especially noteworthy, as wood seldom survives from archaeological contexts: the collection included nine tables, one of them elaborately carved and inlaid, and two ceremonial serving stands inlaid with religious symbols and geometric patterns. Important bronze and wooden artifacts were also found in other tumulus burials at
7992-403: The market was moved to the bottom of what is today Manchester Road, at the end of the 19th century. In the second half of the 18th century, the manufacture of cotton began to replace wool . Burnley's earliest known factories – dating from the mid-century – stood on the banks of the River Calder , close to where it is joined by the River Brun , and relied on water power to drive
8103-580: The moors of the South Pennines , and to the south, the Forest of Rossendale . On the hills above the Cliviger area to the south east of the town stands Coal Clough wind farm , whose white turbines are visible from most of the town. Built in 1992 amidst local controversy, it was one of the first wind farm projects in the UK. Nearby, the landmark RIBA Award-winning Panopticon Singing Ringing Tree , overlooking
8214-581: The most eloborate burial mounds are recorded in New South Wales , South Australia , Victoria and Western Australia . Most notable burials in New South Wales and Western Australia were studied and excavated by John Oxley (1820), Atkinson (1853), Pearce (1897), and Davidson (1949) and were termed Aboriginal tumulus. Early records indicate the burial mounds as neat and rounded in form. However, dimensions and precise form could vary widely based on rank of
8325-447: The mounds varies, but the majority of them measure 15 by 30 ft (4.5 by 9 m) in diameter and are 3–6 ft (1–2 m) high. The smaller mounds usually contain only one chamber. The chambers are usually rectangular with one or two alcoves at the northeast end. Occasionally there are additional pairs of alcoves along the middle of the larger chambers. Although the chambers usually contained one burial each, some contain several people and
8436-515: The mourners marched thrice solemnly round the spot." Archaeologists often classify tumuli according to their location, form, and date of construction (see also mound ). Some British types are listed below: There is a contemporary revival in barrow building in the UK. In 2015 the first long barrow in thousands of years, the Long Barrow at All Cannings , inspired by those built in the Neolithic era,
8547-512: The number of actual casualties. The Burnley Justices had delegated their authority to determine which pictures could be shown in local cinemas to a panel of three justices. In a judicial review in 1916 this was found to be an unlawful delegation of their authority. During the Second World War, Burnley largely escaped the Blitz , with the only Luftwaffe bomb to known to have fallen within
8658-525: The precursors for this 3rd millennium BCE tumuli style of Komaland, Ghana and Senegambia are regarded by Faraji (2022) to be Kerma Kush and the A-Group culture of ancient Nubia . While the stele-circled burial mounds of C-Group culture of Nubia are regarded as precursors for the megalithic burial mounds of Senegambia, Kerma tumuli are regarded as precursors for the stone tumuli circles of Komaland. The tumuli of Durbi Takusheyi , which have been dated between
8769-527: The rapidly expanding town, an example of which, originally installed at Harle Syke Mill, is on display in the Science Museum in London. Around 1840, a traveller described the town as ugly, stating that: "parts of it were so situated that good architectural effects might have been obtained had the disposition and the resources co-existed". The Great Famine of Ireland led to an influx of Irish families during
8880-462: The royal burial site of a king from the Ghana Empire . The Koï Gourrey monumental tumulus, which may date prior to 1326 AD and has over twenty human remains that were buried with various items (e.g., iron accessories, an abundant amount of copper bracelets, anklets and beads, an abundant amount of broken, but whole pottery, another set of distinct, intact, glazed pottery, a wooden-beaded bone necklace,
8991-586: The royal tomb." The "Classical Sudanese" monarchic tumuli-building tradition, which lasted in Sudan (e.g., Kerma, Makuria , Meroe , Napata , Nobadia ) until the early period of the 6th century CE as well as in West Africa and Central Africa until the 14th century CE, notably preceded the spread of Islam into the West African and Sahelian regions of Africa. According to al-Bakrī , "the construction of tumuli and
9102-407: The secondary chambers often contain none. The deceased were generally laid with their heads in the alcove end of the chamber and lying on their right sides. The bodies were accompanied by few items. There were a few pieces of pottery and occasionally shell or stone stamp seals, baskets sealed with asphalt, ivory objects, stone jars, and copper weapons. The skeletons are representative of both sexes with
9213-421: The sides towards the tomb were barked, and curious characters deeply cut upon them, in a manner which, considering the tools they possess, must have been a work of great labour and time." Traditionally, a sheet of bark was removed from trees and the bare surface was carved to face the burial mound. In some cases, up to five trees were carved around the mound for high standing individuals. It has been suggested that
9324-434: The site. Mount Nemrut is 86 km in the east of Adıyaman province of Turkey . It is very close to Kahta district of the same province. The mountain has, at its peak, 3050 metres of height above sea level. A tumulus that dates to the 1st century BC is at the peak of the mountain. This artificial mound has 150 metres in diameter and a height of 50 metres, which was originally 55 metres. It belongs to
9435-670: The skeleton found in one of the tumuli is believed to be more than 3000 years old and it is kept in Gorica museum in Livno. Glasinac has many tumuli. During the Bronze and Iron Age it was a place of strong Glasinac culture , who buried their dead in tumulus. On the territory of Bulgaria there are over 60,000 ancient Thracian mounds, of which only about 1,000 have been studied. There are also Roman and Thraco-Roman burial tombs. Those tumuli over ancient tombs, temples and sanctuaries are found throughout
9546-527: The southern edge of town, causing only minor damage. On the night of 12 October the control shelter at the Starfish site near Crown Point suffered a direct hit, killing Aircraftman L R Harwood, and severely injuring four other men. Although the blackout was enforced, most of the aircraft in the sky above the town would have been friendly and on training missions, or returning to the factories for maintenance. Aircraft crashes did occur, however: In September 1942
9657-662: The stupa with early megalithic mounds are noted with structural and functional features of the stupa (including its general mound shape and the practice of surrounding stupas with a stone, relic chamber, or wooden railing) with both pre-Mauryan era cairns and pre-historic megalithic "round mound" burials with chambers found in India, which likely represents a "proto-stupa" . In Dholavira , an archeological site associated with Indus Valley Civilization , there are several large and high "hemispherical monuments" mounds with brick masonry found with burial chambers inside. Among them, Tumulus-1 and Tumulus-2 mounds were excavated. They consist of
9768-440: The textile industry. Other industries at that time included: brass and iron foundries, rope works, calico printing works, tanneries, paper mills, collieries and corn mills and granaries. By 1910, there were approximately 99,000 power looms in the town, and it reached its peak population of over 100,000 in 1911. By 1920, the Burnley and District Weavers', Winders' and Beamers' Association had more than 20,000 members. However,
9879-490: The town as well as Nelson and the Mullard valve factory at Simonstone near Padiham in 1955. There were widespread celebrations in the town in the summer of 1960, when Burnley FC won the old first division to become Football League champions. The Queen paid a second official visit to the town in summer 1961, marking the 100th anniversary of Burnley's borough status. The rest of the decade saw large-scale redevelopment in
9990-411: The town centre and had a partitioning effect on the districts of Gannow, Ightenhill , Whittlefield, Rose Grove and Lowerhouse to the north. The 1980s and 1990s saw massive expansion of Ightenhill and Whittlefield. Developers such as Bovis , Barratt and Wainhomes built large housing estates , predominantly on greenfield land . In summer 1992, the town came to national attention following rioting on
10101-474: The town from the hills at Crown Point, was installed in 2006. Tumuli A tumulus ( pl. : tumuli ) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows , burial mounds or (in Siberia and Central Asia) kurgans , and may be found throughout much of the world. A cairn , which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been
10212-490: The town itself. The remaining three – Cliviger with Worsthorne, Gawthorpe, and Hapton with Park, cover the neighbouring town of Padiham and a number of villages. Lancashire County Council is currently controlled by the Conservative Party and has been since 2017. They have had only one other term in power between 2009 – 2013, the rest of the time from 1981, the council has been under Labour control. The borough
10323-586: The town landing near the conservatory at Thompson Park on 27 October 1940. In early 1941 a network of five Starfish site bombing decoys were established in the rural areas near Burnley, designed to protect Accrington . A site was located near Crown Point in Habergham Eaves with two on Hameldon Hill , and others in Worsthorne-with-Hurstwood and near Haslingden . On 6 May 1941, a stick of eight bombs straddled houses around Rossendale Avenue on
10434-465: The town with the completion of Burnley Barracks in 1820. Disaster struck Burnley in 1824, when its only local bank, Holgate's Bank, collapsed, forcing the closure of some of the largest mills. This was followed by a summer drought, which caused serious problems for many of the other mills, leading to high levels of unemployment and possibly contributing to the national Panic of 1825 . By 1830, there were 32 steam engines in cotton mills throughout
10545-678: The town. Many buildings were demolished including the market hall, the cattle market, the Odeon cinema and thousands of mainly terraced houses. New construction projects included the Charter Walk shopping centre, Centenary Way and its flyover , the Keirby Hotel, a new central bus station, a large scale housing development known as Trafalgar Gardens, and a number of office blocks. The town's largest coal mine, Bank Hall Colliery , closed in April 1971 resulting in
10656-490: The town. The building of the coal-powered Electricity Works , in Grimshaw Street, began in 1891, close to the canal (the site of the modern-day Tesco supermarket) and the first supply was achieved on 22 August 1893, initially generating electricity for street lighting. The start of the 20th century saw Burnley's textile industry at the height of its prosperity. By 1901 there were 700,000 spindles and 62,000 looms at work in
10767-483: The tramcar backwards down the road. The tramcar derailed and crashed into a house and shop on the corner of Sedbergh St. The conductor, William Simpson, and a 14-year-old schoolgirl, Ethel Pomfret were killed. Seven other passengers were injured. Burnley, Nelson and Colne became a combined transport undertaking on 1 April 1933. The new organisation closed down the remaining tramway services in Burnley on 7 May 1935. Burnley Burnley ( / ˈ b ɜːr n l i / )
10878-402: The tumuli from West Africa and Nubia , there may have been "a highly developed corporate ritual in which the family members of the deceased brought various items as offerings and tribute to the ancestors" buried in the tumuli and the tumuli may have "served as immense shrines of spiritual power for the populace to ritualize and remember their connection to the ancestral lineage as consecrated in
10989-547: The two monumental tumuli at Adrar Bous and Iwelen. Rather, Tenerians constructed cattle tumuli at a time before the two monumental tumuli were constructed. The Tichitt Tradition of eastern Mauritania dates from 2200 BC to 200 BC. Within the settled areas of Tichitt Culture (e.g., Dhar Tichitt , Dhar Tagant , Dhar Walata ), with stone walls , which vary in scale from (e.g., 2 hectares , 80 hectares), there were walled agricultural land used for livestock or gardening as well as land with granaries and tumuli. Based on
11100-497: The west and north respectively. It has a reputation as a regional centre of excellence for the manufacturing and aerospace industries. The town began to develop in the early medieval period as a number of farming hamlets surrounded by manor houses and royal forests , and has held a market for more than 700 years. During the Industrial Revolution it became one of Lancashire's most prominent mill towns ; at its peak, it
11211-574: The west of Burnley lie the towns of Padiham , Accrington and Blackburn , with Nelson and Colne to the north. The centre of the town stands at approximately 387 feet (118 m) above sea level and 30 miles (48 km) east of the Irish Sea coast. Areas in the town include: Burnley Wood , Rose Hill , Healey Wood, Harle Syke , Haggate , Daneshouse, Stoneyholme , Burnley Lane, Heasandford, Brunshaw, Pike Hill, Gannow, Ightenhill , Whittlefield, Rose Grove, Habergham, and Lowerhouse. Although Reedley
11322-753: The whole territory of Bulgaria. Some of the world's most significant and famous being the Kazanlak and Sveshtari tombs, UNESCO World Heritage sites. Located near the ancient Thracian capital cities of Seuthopolis (of the Odrysian kingdom ) and Daosdava or Helis (of the Getae ), perhaps they represented royal burials. Other notable tumuli are the Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo, Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka , Thracian tomb Shushmanets, Thracian tomb Griffins , Thracian tomb Helvetia , Thracian tomb Ostrusha , Tomb of Seuthes III and
11433-625: The world. Three of these sites are especially important. Bin Tepe (and other Lydian mounds of the Aegean inland), Phrygian mounds in Gordium (Central Anatolia), and the famous Commagene tumulus on Mount Nemrut (Southeastern Anatolia). This is the most important of the enumerated sites with the number of specimens it has and with the dimensions of certain among them. It is in the Aegean inland of Turkey. The site
11544-653: Was a type of mound, or small stone structure, found in Balochistan , including the coastal areas of Makran . The Chinese pyramids house the remains of some of China's former emperors . Before the expansion of Shang and Zhou culture through the region, many hundreds of tumuli were also constructed by the " Baiyue " peoples of the Yangtze Valley and southeastern China. In Japan , powerful leaders built tumuli, known as kofun . The Kofun period of Japanese history takes its name from these burial mounds. The largest
11655-458: Was abolished, and it was incorporated with neighbouring areas into the non-metropolitan district of Burnley . Burnley has three tiers of government: Local government responsibilities are shared by Burnley Borough Council and Lancashire County Council ; at a national level the town gives its name to a seat in the United Kingdom parliament . While the town itself is unparished, the rest of
11766-432: Was badly disturbed. Examination of other lesser disturbed monuments shows that the chamber was surrounded by a packing of earth, chipped rubble blocks and covered on the outside with inclined stone slabs whose top ends rested on the periphery of the capstone creating a mound. These pre-historic megalithic mound burials with chambers likely influenced later devolvement of mound burials called " Stupa " mounds, Similarities of
11877-620: Was built on land just outside the village of All Cannings . The barrow was designed to have a large number of private niches within the stone and earth structure to receive cremation urns. This was followed by new barrows at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbury_Hill Plans have also been announced for a barrow in Milton Keynes and in Powys. Burial mounds are one of several funerary forms practiced by Indigenous Australians . Burial mounds were once practiced by some Aboriginals across Australia,
11988-443: Was largely rebuilt. Burnley's grammar school was founded in 1559, and moved into its own schoolhouse next to the church in 1602. Burnley began to develop in this period into a small market town , with a population of not more than 2,000 by 1790. It is known that weaving was established in the town by the middle of the 18th century, and in 1817 a new Market House was built. The town continued to be centred on St Peter's Church, until
12099-579: Was one of the world's largest producers of cotton cloth and a major centre of engineering. Burnley has retained a strong manufacturing sector, and has strong economic links with the cities of Manchester and Leeds , as well as neighbouring towns along the M65 corridor. In 2013, in recognition of its success, it received an Enterprising Britain award from the UK Government as the Most Enterprising Area in
12210-466: Was powered by direct current electricity at 530/565 volts supplied from Burnley power station . The first converted route to Padiham opened on 16 December 1901, and the second in 1902 to Nelson, which permitted through running onto Nelson Corporation Tramways tracks. In July 1903 a route to Rosegrove opened, and in February 1904 to Towneley Park and Summit. In 1910 new routes to Gannow Lane and Lane Head were opened. Extensions were made in 1910 on
12321-430: Was taken out, then dry grass and leaves in a perfect state of preservation, the wet or damp having apparently never penetrated even to the first covering of wood … the body deposited about four feet deep in an oval grave, four feet long and from eighteen inches to two feet wide. The feet were bent quite up to the head, the arms having been placed between the thighs. The face was downwards, the body being placed east and west,
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