14-452: Allocasuarina luehmannii , commonly known as buloke or bull-oak , is a species of flowering plant in the family Casuarinaceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is a dioecious tree, that has its leaves reduced to scales in whorls of ten to fourteen, and the mature fruiting cones are 5–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) long containing winged seeds ( samaras ) 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long. Allocasuarina luehmannii
28-570: A seed, into roughly spherical, cone-like, woody structures. The roots have nitrogen-fixing nodules that contain the soil actinomycete Frankia . In Australia, the most widely used common name for Casuarinaceae species is sheoak or she-oak (a comparison of the timber quality with English oak ). Other common names in Australia include ironwood , bull-oak or buloke , beefwood , or cassowary tree . The Shire of Buloke in Victoria, Australia ,
42-609: Is a dioecious tree that typically grows to a height of 5–15 m (16–49 ft) and has furrowed bark. Its branchlets are more or less erect, up to 400 mm (16 in) long, the leaves reduced to scale-like teeth 0.5–1 mm (0.02–0.04 in) long, arranged in whorls of ten to fourteen around the branchlets. The sections of branchlet between the leaf whorls (the "articles" ) are 8–22 mm (0.3–0.9 in) long, 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) wide and often waxy. Male flowers are arranged in spikes 50–105 mm (2–4 in) long, in whorls of five to eight per cm (per 0.4 in),
56-567: Is associated with hypermagnesian soils (hypermagnesian inceptisol ) below 600 m altitude at the base of ultramafic massifs . G. deplancheanum occurs on ferralitic ferritic desaturated hardpan or gravelly soils ( oxisol ) on the southern massif at altitudes between 200 and 1,000 m". There are 14 formally described species: There are approximately four additional species, found in New Guinea and collections preserved, that are awaiting formal description. This Fagales article
70-528: Is commonly used for knife handles, flooring, fine furniture and turned objects and is among the hardest woods in the world, with a Janka hardness of 16,740 N (3,760 lb f ). The Wiradjuri people of NSW use the timber and resinous sap to make a range of tools and other implements, including weapons, such as boomerangs and clubs. Wiradjuri people also value the species due to its ability to attract many animals that are food sources, such as possums and birds. The Shire of Buloke in Victoria, Australia
84-450: Is named after the species Allocasuarina luehmannii . Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships: Myricaceae ( outgroup ) Gymnostoma Ceuthostoma Allocasuarina Casuarina Gymnostoma See text Gymnostoma is a genus of about eighteen species of trees and shrubs, constituting one of the four genera of the plant family Casuarinaceae . The species grow naturally in
98-553: Is named after this tree species. Casuarinaceae The Casuarinaceae are a family of dicotyledonous flowering plants placed in the order Fagales , consisting of four genera and 91 species of trees and shrubs native to eastern Africa , Australia , Southeast Asia , Malesia , Papuasia , and the Pacific Islands . At one time, all species were placed in the genus Casuarina . Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson separated out many of those species and renamed them into
112-543: The Engler , Cronquist , and Kubitzki systems , the Casuarinaceae were the only family placed in the order Casuarinales. Members of this family are characterized by drooping equisetoid (meaning "looking like Equisetum "; that is, horsetail) twigs, evergreen foliage, monoecious or dioecious and infructescences ('fruiting bodies') strobiloid or cone-like, meaning combining many outward-pointing valves, each containing
126-781: The Wet Tropics of Queensland , Australia. The genus was first scientifically described by Lawrie A. S. Johnson in 1980. Many of the Gymnostoma species combinations of names ( binomials ) were described by him in 1982. As of 2013 , a global total of eighteen species have been found and described. The majority of the species grow in rainforests, in the habitats of open, sunny, long-term gaps, from river bank (riparian) situations through to mountain top situations. In New Caledonia two endemic species G. chamaecyparis and G. deplancheanum have specialised adaptations, growing in wet "shrub maquis and paraforest maquis formations. G. chamaecyparis
140-416: The anthers 1.0–1.3 mm (0.04–0.05 in) long. Female cones are sessile or on a peduncle up to 5 mm (0.2 in) long, the mature cones shortly cylindrical, 5–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) long and 8–14 mm (0.3–0.6 in) in diameter containing reddish-brown samaras 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long. Bull-oak was first formally described in 1900 by Richard Thomas Baker , who gave it
154-605: The Australian Capital Territory to north-western Victoria and nearby areas of South Australia. It rarely occurs near the coast, except in the Hunter Valley and near Rockhampton . This tree is an important food resource for the endangered southeastern subspecies of the red-tailed black cockatoo in the Wimmera region of western Victoria, where some remnant stands are threatened by farming practices. The wood of buloke
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#1732851584586168-846: The name Casuarina luehmannii in the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales from specimens collected by Richard Hind Cambage . It was subsequently reclassified in the Allocasuarina genus as A.luehmannii by Lawrence Alexander Sidney Johnson in 1985 in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens . The Wiradjuri people of New South Wales use the name Ngany to refer to this species. Allocasuarina luehmannii usually grows in scattered places in woodland from Mareeba and south through central Queensland, New South Wales and
182-483: The new genera of Gymnostoma in 1980 and 1982, Allocasuarina in 1982, and Ceuthostoma in 1988, with some additional formal descriptions of new species in each other genus. At the time, it was somewhat controversial. The monophyly of these genera was later supported in a 2003 phylogenetic study of the family. In the Wettstein system , this family was the only one placed in the order Verticillatae. Likewise, in
196-465: The tropics, including at high elevations having temperate climates , in forests in the region of the western Pacific Ocean and Malesia . In New Caledonia , published botanical science describes eight species found growing naturally, which botanists have not found anywhere else (endemics) . Other species are native to Borneo , Sumatra , Maluku , and New Guinea , and one endemic species each in Fiji and
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