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52-406: Prior to the sixth Belgian state reform in 2012, the area also formed the electoral arrondissement of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (BHV), which, as part of the same 2012 reform, was completely split into a Brussels electoral district and, together with the electoral district of Leuven, into the electoral district of the province of Flemish Brabant . All Belgian electoral arrondissements now coincide with

104-494: A commune in the Flemish Region can still continue to vote for French-speaking Brussels candidates, but a Fleming who moves into the (equally) monolingual Walloon Region cannot vote any longer for his Flemish candidates of choice from the two regions where Dutch is an official language ( Flemish Region and Brussels Region ). An element of discrimination is that French-speaking candidates from Brussels can compete for votes in

156-626: A deal was struck in 1961–1962, during the Lefèvre - Spaak government; that the language border would be officially fixed and would not be changed. The linguistic census and dynamic system would be abolished and replaced with a static system: the linguistic status of every municipality would be fixed once and for all. However, the process of deciding on the geographical position of such a static linguistic border led to bitter resentment, by both communities, including within political parties which had transcended language cleavages until then. Instead of reflecting

208-613: A highly sensitive dispute within Belgium and was one of the main topics of the 2007–2011 Belgian political crisis . A majority of the Flemings wanted to split it into two arrondissements (like the administrative ones), while the Francophones wanted to keep it as it was or, at a minimum, split it with concessions. The lists for the federal and European elections were composed of both Dutch and French-language parties (in all other electoral areas it

260-618: A limited set of public services. Regular supra-national recommendations from the Council of Europe , a body without direct authority and therefore a lesser status in the legal order in Belgium, expressed concerns in 2002 that the minority of French speakers in Flanders should be recognized and protected as an official linguistic minority, as defined by advise of the Venice Commission . However, other reports from this institution provide arguments to

312-460: A more extensive court network, for example the Law Courts of Brussels , adds to this issue. The arrondissement consists of the following municipalities (in total accounting for around 1,595,000 inhabitants on 1 January 2006): (names are written in respectively French and Dutch) Many legal experts in Flanders, such as Paul Van Orshoven  [ nl ] and Matthias Storme , argue that there

364-679: A part of Flanders without being subject to the entire valid legislation (only the Belgian laws but not to the Flemish laws applicable in Flemish region), but Flemish candidates in the Walloon Region always have to obey both Belgian and regional/community legislation. Following the ruling of the Constitutional Court, after having remained unsolved after decades, the BHV issue was suddenly a hot topic. With

416-442: A royal decree only after a census would have shown a passage over the 30% or 50% threshold. The 1932 law was implemented only once. As the invasion of Belgium by Germany in 1940 prevented the organization of the decennial census, the next (and last) linguistic census took place in 1947. The results suggested that the progression of French language had kept intensifying. These results were disputed by Flemish politicians who questioned

468-449: A unitary state, consisted of nine provinces with several arrondissements. Each arrondissement also served as an electoral district, however some of them were later grouped together. One of the nine provinces was Brabant , which consisted of the arrondissements of Brussels, Leuven and Nivelles. Upon the fixation of the language border in 1963, the arrondissement of Brussels was split into the bilingual arrondissement of Brussels-Capital and

520-505: Is a violation of the non-discrimination principle between Belgians, taken in combination with articles 1 to 5 of the Constitution (especially article 4, defining the language areas). However, it left open the precise nature of any solution and thus did not demand the splitting of the electoral district but did not allow it to be kept as it is now. Nevertheless, the Court declared the results of

572-528: Is either Dutch or French-language parties), while the area is partly monolingual Halle-Vilvoorde and bilingual Brussels. Consequently, French-speakers living in the officially monolingual Dutch-speaking electoral district of Leuven in Flanders could vote for French-language parties in BHV, and Dutch-speakers living in the officially monolingual French-speaking electoral district Nivelles in Walloon Brabant could vote for Dutch-language parties in BHV. In 2003,

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624-461: Is either Flemish or Walloon parties), although the area is partly monolingual Halle-Vilvoorde (belonging to the Flemish Community ) and bilingual Brussels (belonging to both communities), and consequently French-speakers living in monolingual Dutch-speaking Halle-Vilvoorde can vote for French-language parties, whereas Dutch-speakers living in monolingual French-speaking Walloon Brabant (equal to

676-621: Is in fact also retained), since the French-speakers are against splitting BHV. In 2003, one week after the election, the Arbitration Court ( Dutch : Arbitragehof , French : Cour d'Arbitrage ), now the Constitutional Court of Belgium , declared the new election law unconstitutional . It judged that, among other things, the definition of the electoral arrondissement Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde for national and European elections

728-476: Is no way out, other than splitting BHV, that will respect the entire Belgian constitution. On the political level, Flemings argue that French-speakers who choose to live in Flanders should respect the Flemish institutions, legislation and official language (Dutch), and should stop requesting an exceptional status (of not having to respect the Flemish institutions that are constitutionally established and internationally recognized). French-speakers are asked to respect

780-496: Is one judicial arrondissement, a legal case can be handled by both Dutch-speaking and French-speaking judges. This causes a problem comparable with the electoral situation: Brussels is bilingual, and Halle-Vilvoorde is monolingual Dutch, so it is possible that a French judge is appointed a legal case from the Dutch-speaking Halle-Vilvoorde region, which is unfair from a Flemish point of view. The fact that Brussels has

832-519: The Belgian provinces . Before the splitting, BHV was an exception in the province of Flemish Brabant because of its official bilingual policy. One peculiarity remaining after the reform is that inhabitants of the six municipalities with language facilities around Brussels can still choose to vote for electoral lists of the Brussels-Capital Region. Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde has been the subject of

884-518: The Court of Arbitration ruled the BHV district to be unconstitutional, citing unequal voting rights . It was abolished as part of the 2012 sixth Belgian state reform . The Brussels judicial and electoral arrondissement, corresponding to what became later Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde, has existed since the Belgian Revolution in 1830, when the country was created as a unitary state . At that time, French

936-535: The Viking Rikiwulf in 876 . Rekkem is on the frontier with France and borders Wallonia. It adjoins the localities of Menen , Lauwe , Aalbeke , Mouscron (part of the municipality), Neuville-en-Ferrain and Halluin The centre of Rekkem is located to the north of the territory while the village of Paradijs is located more to the south. The last complete linguistic census of 1947 indicated that over one quarter of

988-461: The 1921 law and based the language status of every Belgian municipality on the decennial linguistic census. The criterion to belong to the Dutch-speaking or French-speaking language area was the attainment of a threshold of 50%; whereas, over 30% the municipal authorities had to offer services in the minority language as well. A municipality could ask the government to change its linguistic status by

1040-492: The 1932 law was voted. Around Brussels, the three municipalities where French-speakers had passed the 50% threshold were transferred to the bilingual area of Brussels (Evere, Ganshoren and Berchem-Sainte-Agathe/Sint-Agatha-Berchem), and language facilities were granted to French-speakers in four of the five municipalities where the percentage of French-speakers had passed the 30% threshold (Drogenbos, Kraainem, Wemmel and Linkebeek). There are no official figures to support claims, on

1092-402: The 2003 elections (already held under the law declared unconstitutional) to be valid to avoid having to redo the elections. The court however did not rule on all aspects of constitutionality. Among other things, it did not rule on the fact that some French-speakers now enjoy de facto rights that Flemish do not. This applies mainly to the fact that a French-speaker from Brussels who moves into

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1144-667: The Belgian constitution or the European jurisprudence, which confirms a very limited definition of the 'language facilities'. As such, the Council of Europe and especially its 'rapporteurs', appear to be neglecting the special character of Belgium. It should also be noted that, the French language minority around Brussels is of quite recent origin (see Francization of Brussels ). There is no 'historic French-speaking minority' in these areas. Sixth Belgian state reform The sixth state reform in

1196-576: The Constitution, but in law, and can be amended by a simple majority. Consequently, Bills intended at splitting the BHV arrondissement have been put forward several times and countered as many times by the French-speaking minority on grounds of the article 54 of the Belgian Constitution. The 1970 State reform also created the Dutch, French and German Cultural Communities and laid the foundations for

1248-547: The Dutch-speaking area (where the French-speaking population had reached 56.9% in 1947). In 1964, the Fédéralistes Démocrates Francophones (FDF), a party advocating the extension of Brussels, was founded. By 1970 all Belgian political parties had split into Dutch-speaking and French-speaking parties. The position of the linguistic border was endorsed in the 1970 State Reform (requiring a two-thirds majority) and, in return for contributing to this endorsement,

1300-523: The Dutch-speaking area and added to bilingual Brussels, which was fiercely resisted by their Flemish counterparts.) The same arrangement was made for a number of municipalities on new the border between the Dutch- and French-speaking areas, where local linguistic minorities could enjoy identical facilities: e.g. Flobecq and Enghien in the French-speaking area (where the Dutch-speaking minorities had reached respectively 7.2% and 12.1% in 1947); and Voeren/Fourons in

1352-577: The Flemish Region should have the right to be treated as a linguistic minority that falls under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities . This would then give them a kind of an "extraterritorial" voting right. This point of view differs sharply from many French-speaking businessman and academics. 'Beci', a Brussels-based employers organisation with 90% membership of French-speaking businessmen, explicitly states it respects all

1404-601: The Flemish-nationalist New Flemish Alliance (N-VA) (the at that time CD&V cartel partner) and the left-liberal Spirit (the at that time SP.A cartel partner). Although the Flemish government and the Flemish parliament have no legal power concerning the case, the issue was seen as a commitment of the governing parties at a federal level, VLD and SP.A, to settle the case in the federal government. Voters can choose between candidates from both Flemish and Walloon parties (in all other electoral areas it

1456-419: The French-speaking minority was granted new measures which included the requirement of a special majority (a two-thirds majority in total and at least 50% in each linguistic group) to pass such laws as those of 1962 and 1963 in future; and (article 54) the possibility for any linguistic group to block a bill and open negotiations when it considers that such bill seriously jeopardizes its interests. According to

1508-506: The French-speaking parties, the compromise also included an agreement that in the future the existing voting and judicial opportunities for the large French-speaking minority around Brussels would be maintained and that the Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde electoral and judicial arrondissement would remain unimpaired. The Flemish parties deny this, saying that this was never the intention. Importantly, these opportunities are not enshrined in

1560-423: The French-speaking side, that many more families shifted from Dutch to French after 1947. On the Flemish side, as the decennial linguistic census and the dynamic system were seen as a serious threat to their cultural territory; politicians began opposing them and Flemish mayors boycotted the 1960 census. In order to offset Flemish fears of uninterrupted progression of the French language into the Dutch-speaking area,

1612-478: The arrangement of the linguistic border, which passes through this province, the province was abolished after several reforms: In 1989 Brussels-Capital Region was created, but the region was still part of the province of Brabant. With the reform in 1993 making Belgium into a federal state, Brabant became part of all three regions: the Brussels, Flemish and Walloon Region. Until 1995, the province of Brabant contained

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1664-640: The centre of Rekkem and the village of Paradijs. In 1963, during the finalisation of the linguistic frontier, the hamlet of Risquons-Tout (0.39 km - approximately 500 inhabitants) was transferred from the commune of Rekkem to the city of Mouscron. The head office of the Flemish cultural association Stichting Ons Erfdeel , as well as the editorial offices of the periodicals Ons Erfdell , Septentrio , The Low Countries and De Franse Nederlanden – Les Pays-Bas Français . Jozef Deleu, writer and founder of Ons Erfdeel , lives in Rekkem. The parish church of Rekkem,

1716-445: The contemporary federal state of Belgium. In 1921 Belgium was divided into two monolingual entities (French-speaking Wallonia and Dutch-speaking Flanders). Both languages could be used in Brussels (16 municipalities at that time). A special status was established wherever a large minority used the other language along the linguistic border. The Belgian law of 28 June 1932 on "the use of languages for administrative matters" reinforced

1768-452: The contrary (e.g. the fact that the francophones in Flanders cannot be regarded as looking back on longstanding and peaceful relations with the Flemish authorities). Also, they cannot be regarded as being "sufficient in numbers" within the Council's definition so as to constitute a linguistic minority within Flanders. Flemish authorities have stated that the recommendations from the Council of Europe are invalid as they did not take into account

1820-501: The division of Belgium into four linguistic areas, a democratically approved division with the support of a majority of French-speaking members of the Belgian parliament. Flemings say that they want the same level of respect for their institutions as is the case everywhere else in the European Union . Just as unanimously, at least among the political parties, most French-speaking politicians claim that those French-speakers who live in

1872-463: The elections for the Flemish Parliament in 2004 , all Flemish parties added to their programs the demand to split BHV. In the Flemish coalition agreement of 2004, the issue was included as "to be realised immediately", signed by the three large Flemish parties Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V), Flemish Liberals and Democrats (VLD) and Different Socialist Party (SP.A), in addition to

1924-476: The establishment of three Regions. Later on, in 1980, the Cultural Communities became known as Communities. Also two regions were established: the Flemish Region and the Walloon Region. Although the creation of a Brussels Region was provided for in 1970, the Brussels-Capital Region was not established until a later reform. The province of Brabant had been one of the nine provinces of Belgium. But due to

1976-556: The existing institutions, including the boundaries between the language areas. Similarly, a growing number of French-speaking intellectuals and academics state that French-speakers living in the Flemish region should stop behaving as if they are not in Flanders and thus vote for the Flemish electoral college. Philippe Van Parijs , a leading French-speaking philosopher and economist from the UCL also defends strict 'territoriality' and for ending both

2028-530: The federal kingdom of Belgium is the result after the 2010–2011 Belgian government formation , with 541 days of negotiations, the longest ever in Belgium and possibly the world. The agreement was made among the Christian-democratic CD&;V and cdH , social-democratic sp.a and PS , liberal Open Vld and MR and ecologist Groen! and Ecolo , each respectively a Flemish and French-speaking party. The first six parties, therefore not including

2080-719: The federal level to the communities and regions (competences in total worth € 17 billion per year) Reform of the financing law Changes to the Powers of the Royal Family Rekkem Rekkem is a section of the Belgian city of Menen , in the province of West Flanders . Until 1977, it was an independent municipality. It was called Retchème in Picard . In 1173, the village was still called Rekkem, similar to Reclinghem in Artois and to Rijkegem ( Tielt ), which were founded by

2132-485: The following electoral arrondissements: In 1995, this province was split into: However, the arrondissements stayed the same. For the elections in 2003 , new electoral districts were created based on the provinces instead of arrondissements, because the electoral areas were too small. With regards to Brussels and the arrondissements of the province of Flemish Brabant the old arrondissements (Leuven and BHV) were retained (Walloon Brabant has only one arrondissement, so this

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2184-402: The former electoral arrondissement of Nivelles) cannot vote for Dutch-language parties. This is discrimination according to the Flemish. The Flemish want to split BHV, while French-speakers are opposed to such a split unless parts of the compromise reached in 1970 on the static system (see above) are revised at the same time. From the francophone point of view, the maintenance of the BHV district

2236-555: The green parties, then formed the Di Rupo I Government . The Flemish nationalist party New Flemish Alliance , which became the largest after the 2010 elections , was notably not part of the agreement nor of the government coalition. It is also called Butterfly Agreement ( Dutch : Vlinderakkoord ; French : Accord papillon ), referring to the bow tie which Elio Di Rupo nearly always wears. Political reform Brussels and Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde Transfer of competences from

2288-510: The language facilities enjoyed by the French-speaking population in some municipalities . There are binding rulings (as early as from 1968) from the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, an institution with direct authority in all EU states, to confirm that the recognition of specific minority rights for the French-speakers is to be limited to a very few number of municipalities and to

2340-597: The linguistic facilities and the 'extraterritorial' voting rights for French-speakers living in the Flemish Region . He defended it in an interview in De Standaard and Le Soir on 23 August 2007. There is a lack of consensus in national legal authorities about this subject as they seem divided between French and Dutch speakers. The French-speaking Community and the Flemish Community have a different interpretation of

2392-655: The population used French as the "Language exclusively or most frequently spoken". The centre of the village is crossed by the N366 ( Moeskroenstraat ) that connects the centre of Menin and Mouscron. The Lauwestraat and the Priester Coulonstraat, connected to the National, are the link between Rekkem with Lauwe. The Dronckaertstraat (the former road between Courtrai and Lille ) and the A14 motorway ( European route E17 ) pass between

2444-456: The seven municipalities where French-speakers had reached between 27% and 48% at the census of 1947, 4 kept the extended linguistic and political facilities they had been granted in 1954 and two more were granted the same (Wezembeek-Oppem and Sint-Genesius-Rode/Rhode-Saint-Genèse). (Arguing that since 1947 many more people had shifted from Dutch to French, French-speaking Members of Parliament demanded that those six municipalities to be detached from

2496-444: The survey methodology. The percentage of Dutch-speakers had fallen under the 30% threshold in nine municipalities while 12 and nine municipalities had respectively passed over the threshold of 50% and 30% French-speakers. Only one municipality ( Rekkem ) had fallen under the threshold of 30% French-speakers. In order to mitigate their impact, the results of the 1947 census were not made public until 1954; after that an ad hoc law modifying

2548-415: The unilingual Halle-Vilvoorde , but was retained as grouped arrondissements forming the electoral district of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde. Furthermore, nothing in the judicial structure was reformed, leaving the judicial arrondissement of Brussels unchanged. In the course of history, the administrative and political situation in Belgium has changed considerably and BHV has grown to become a major exception within

2600-524: The usual left/right divide, the laws which fixed the position of the linguistic border were voted (in 1962 and 1963) by the majority formed by Flemish members in Parliament against the minority formed by their French-speaking counterparts. These laws voted in 1962 and 1963: Bilingual Brussels was limited to the 19 municipalities it already encompassed since 1954. In the Flemish Halle and Vilvoorde, out of

2652-478: Was a part of the 1970 compromise. Flemish demands for the area to be split are met with demands by the Francophone community for the six special-facility communes to be officially added to Brussels proper. This Francophone demand would create a previously non-existent "corridor" between the French-speaking region of Wallonia and majority French-speaking Brussels, much to the dismay of Flemish politicians. Since this

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2704-434: Was the only language in politics, administration, justice, the army and all education except primary, to the disadvantage of Dutch speakers. Some Dutch speakers therefore decided to raise their children in French. Discrimination of the Dutch language started to lessen from the end of the 19th century onwards and came to a complete end in 1967, the year in which the Belgian Constitution got an official Dutch version. Belgium, as

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