33-647: BPB Ltd (formerly BPB plc) (British Plaster Board) was a British building materials business. It once was a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index . In 2005, the company was purchased by Saint-Gobain of France. The company's subsidiary British Gypsum , which was the UK operating arm of the company, operates as a subsidiary of Saint-Gobain, with five manufacturing sites in Britain as of 2012. The development of plasterboard (a sandwich of gypsum plaster between two sheets of paper) dates back to
66-557: A r e s i × F r e e f l o a t a d j u s t m e n t f a c t o r i I n d e x d i v i s o r {\displaystyle \mathrm {Index~level} ={\frac {\sum _{i}\mathrm {Price~of~stock} _{i}\times \mathrm {Number~of~shares} _{i}\times \mathrm {Free~float~adjustment~factor} _{i}}{\mathrm {Index~divisor} }}} The free float adjustment factor represents
99-428: A market capitalisation exceeding £200 billion as of 28 June 2024 . These are pharmaceuticals , oil and gas , metals and mining and banking services , which together account for approximately 46% of the index's capitalisation. On the same date, there were four companies with a market cap exceeding £100 billion: Shell , AstraZeneca , HSBC and Unilever , which together accounted for approximately 30% of
132-429: A company is calculated by multiplying the share price of the company by the total number of shares they have issued. However, many of these are internationally focused companies: therefore the index's movements are a fairly weak indicator of how the UK economy is faring and are significantly affected by the exchange rates of the pound sterling. A better indication of the UK economy is the FTSE 250 Index , as it contains
165-588: A handful of small companies and when ICI withdrew from the market in 1968 BPB was the only British producer of plaster and plasterboard. Organisationally, all domestic gypsum activities were consolidated in the British Gypsum subsidiary and the parent company was BPB Industries. BPB had also acquired the main paper supplier in 1953 – the Aberdeen firm of C. Davidson. The post-war period saw extensive overseas investment through subsidiaries and associates. South Africa
198-570: A joint venture called Scancem. In March 2000 it bought Heidelberger Dammsysteme of Germany, which made polystyrene insulation, for £22m. In June 2000, it acquired the Celotex company of the US, which made ceiling tiles, for £230m. In January 2001, it bought Rawlplug Ltd. for £27m. In October 2002, it acquired Gyproc Benelux of Belgium for £52m. In March 2002 it acquired James Hardie Industries, another US business, for £245 million. BPB regained its place in
231-610: A number of farms in the village and surrounding area. Some are large dairy farms, others beef and/or sheep with some arable crops. Kirkby Thore is in the parliamentary constituency of Penrith and the Border . Neil Hudson was elected its Conservative Member of Parliament at the 2019 General Election , replacing Rory Stewart . Before Brexit , it was in the North West England European Parliamentary Constituency. The busy A66 road runs through
264-633: A smaller proportion of international companies. Even though the FTSE All-Share Index is more comprehensive, the FTSE ;100 is by far the most widely used UK stock market indicator. Other related indices are the FTSE 250 Index (which includes the next largest 250 companies after the FTSE 100), the FTSE ;350 Index (which is the aggregation of the FTSE 100 and 250), FTSE SmallCap Index and
297-465: Is 10 GBP × index points and is specified as: The index has reached the following record values: The index began on 3 January 1984 at the base level of 1,000. The highest closing value of 8,445.80 was reached on 15 May 2024 and the highest intra-day value of 8,474.71 was also reached on 15 May 2024. The following table shows the annual development of the calculation of the FT 30 Index from 1969 to 1983, and
330-620: Is a small village and civil parish in Cumbria , England ( grid reference NY639257 ), in the historic county of Westmorland . It is close to the Lake District national park and the Cumbrian Pennines . It includes the areas of Bridge End, in the southwest by the A66, and Cross End in the northeast of the village. In the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 731, increasing to 758 in
363-604: The Financial Times and the London Stock Exchange . It is calculated in real time and published every second when the market is open. The FTSE 100 Index with its 100 constituents was launched on 3 January 1984. The market capitalisation weighted FTSE 100 index replaced the price-weighted FT30 Index as the performance benchmark for most investors. The FTSE 100 broadly consists of the largest 100 qualifying UK companies by full market value. The total market value of
SECTION 10
#1732851908432396-517: The FTSE 100 Index in June 2005 after an absence of 14 years. However, since May 1996, BPB had a joint venture with the French company Saint-Gobain , making glass fibre insulation . In August 2005, BPB received a hostile takeover bid from Saint-Gobain, which set a price of 720 pence per share. The BPB initially resisted this strongly, but eventually accepted a revised bid of 775 pence per share, which valued
429-541: The FTSE 100 Index , FTSE 100 , FTSE , or, informally, the " Footsie " / ˈ f ʊ t s i / , is the United Kingdom's best-known stock market index of the 100 most highly capitalised blue chips listed on the London Stock Exchange . Founded in 1984 by Stock Exchange to better reflect activity on the market, it replaced the Financial Times ' own FT 30 . A new index allowed Stock Exchange to launch
462-722: The FTSE Fledgling Index . The FTSE All-Share aggregates the FTSE 100, FTSE 250 and FTSE SmallCap. In the FTSE indices, share prices are weighted by free-float capitalisation, so that the larger companies, with more of their stock "floating", make more of a difference to the index than smaller companies. The basic formula for these indices is: I n d e x l e v e l = ∑ i P r i c e o f s t o c k i × N u m b e r o f s h
495-477: The options contract derived from the FTSE's real-time data, while competitors LIFFE launched the futures contract . By 1986, Margaret Thatcher 's sweeping financial deregulation and high profile privatisations of index members British Telecom , British Gas , and British Aerospace had culminated in the Big Bang . The combination of a new index, major privatisations, LIFFE tradable derivatives, and promotion by
528-437: The 2011 Census. The market town of Appleby-in-Westmorland is about five miles (eight kilometres) away, and the larger town of Penrith is about eight miles (thirteen kilometres) away. The place-name 'Kirkby Thore' is first attested in 1179 in the 'Register of Holm Cultram ', where it appears as Kirkebythore . Kirkby means 'church village' or 'village with a church', whilst Thore is an Old Norse personal name related to
561-455: The A66 at Kirkby Thore is still an aspiration. A subsequent scheme began its proposal stages in 2019. The village contains a village shop with post office , a filling station (and shop) and a bistro serving meals. Siblings Helen Skelton and Gavin Skelton grew up in a farm near the village and attended Kirkby Thore Primary School before transferring to Appleby Grammar School . Helen
594-579: The FTSE 100 since 1984. The following table lists the FTSE 100 companies after the changes on 1 October 2024. All changes are due to market capitalisation unless noted otherwise. Source: "FTSE: FTSE 100 Constituent Changes" ( PDF; 57.9 KB ) The oldest continuous index in the UK is the FT ;30, also known as the Financial Times Index or the FT Ordinary Index ;(FTOI). It
627-512: The Financial Times led to the FTSE 100 becoming the most widely used indicator of whether the UK stock market was rising or falling. In 1987, privatisations continued with British Airways and British Petroleum . The latter concluded on the same day as Black Monday , a crash in which the index fell 21.73% in two days; one of those days is still the index's worst single-day return, –12.22%. The index consists of 32 sectors , four of which had
660-487: The area for over 200 years. The local British Gypsum Ltd plant has produced plaster since 1910 and plasterboard since the 1960s. Currently it is more economic to use desulpho-gypsum transported by rail from Drax Power Station than to mine it locally but this depends on Drax continuing. British Gypsum has a private siding on the Settle-Carlisle Railway which passes to the north of the village. There are
693-648: The capacity to manufacture the gypsum plaster (the core of the plasterboard product) and BPB began importing gypsum rock from Canada. This encouraged negotiations with other gypsum companies in Britain and a "breath-taking series of take-overs" followed in the next two years, making BPB the dominant force in the industry. In particular, these included the Gotham Company with plaster works in the north of England, and The Gypsum Mines Limited, with its large gypsum mine at Mountfield Sussex. In 1944, BPB acquired its large rival, Gyproc Products Limited; after that there were only
SECTION 20
#1732851908432726-1435: The company at £3.9billion (US$ 6.7 billion). BPB was delisted in December 2005. BPB was a multinational company with operations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. In Europe its main rivals are Lafarge of France and Knauf of Germany, which has a UK plant at Immingham . Plasterboard is mainly used for internal partition walls. BPB's other products include plaster, insulating materials, fastenings, decorative wall covering and ceiling components. British Gypsum has plants at Barrow upon Soar in Leicestershire, Kirkby Thore in Cumbria, Mountfield near Robertsbridge in East Sussex, Sherburn-in-Elmet in North Yorkshire and East Leake in Nottinghamshire. It also has training facilities in Erith , south-east London, Clevedon , North Somerset, and Flitwick , in Bedfordshire. FTSE 100 Index The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index , also called
759-537: The first African community in Britain. The Maiden Way Roman road led north from Bravoniacum to the fort of Epiacum ( Whitley Castle ) near Alston , and thence to Magnae ( Carvoran ) on Hadrian's Wall , where it joined the Stanegate road running from west to east. A possible continuation from there ran east to Banna ( Birdoswald ) and then seven miles (eleven kilometres) north to the Shrine of Cocidius ( Bewcastle ). It
792-413: The god Thor . The village is on the site of a Roman cavalry camp called Bravoniacum or Brovonacae and Roman coins, tombstones, sandals, urns, earthen vessels, and the cusp of a spear have been found in the locality. Since the time of Septimius Severus 's campaigns between 208 and 211 CE, a division of Numidian auxiliary light cavalry garrisoned the fort of Bravoniacum, constituting
825-416: The late nineteenth century in the US. The first patent was granted in 1894 but it was not until an American, Frank Culver, persuaded his new employer, Thomas McGhie and Sons, to buy a plasterboard plant from the US that this new product was introduced to Britain. A site was acquired at Wallasey Cheshire and building started in 1916. However, McGhie's shareholders could not supply sufficient funding and in 1917
858-418: The market cap. Each calendar quarter, the FTSE's constituents are reviewed and some companies exit or enter the index, resulting in irregular trading volume and price changes as market participants rebalance their portfolios . The index has trading symbol UKX and is maintained by FTSE Russell , a wholly owned subsidiary of London Stock Exchange Group , which originated as a joint venture between
891-520: The percentage of all issued shares that are readily available for trading, rounded up to the nearest multiple of 5%. The free-float capitalisation of a company is its market capitalisation multiplied by its free float adjustment factor. It therefore does not include restricted stocks, such as those held by company insiders. FTSE futures contracts are traded on the Euronext Equities & Index Derivatives (EUREID) exchange. The value of each contract
924-464: The plasterboard assets were sold to a new company, British Plaster Board Limited [BPB]. The British building industry was initially slow to adopt the new product. Helped by a more modern plant, purchased in 1927, sales gradually increased and by 1932 the Company was able to float on the London Stock Exchange . The additional capital enabled BPB to build a new factory at Erith in 1934. The Erith plant had
957-532: The western edge of the village. This will be one of the last sections of the A66 to be upgraded to dual carriageway ; in 2006 the Highways Agency conducted public consultation on the route for a bypass (which will connect the existing Appleby bypass to the east and the Temple Sowerby bypass (opened in part October 2007, ahead of schedule) to the west. The public consultation fell by the wayside and dualling of
990-444: Was a subsidiary of Hanson for a number of years, and is now renamed as Imperial Brands. Only one of the original FT 30 companies is still in that index: Tate & Lyle (membership is not strictly based on market capitalisation, so this does not mean they are necessarily among the top thirty companies in the FTSE 100). The best performer from the original lineup has been Imperial Tobacco. Kirkby Thore Kirkby Thore
1023-535: Was established in 1935 and nowadays is largely obsolete due to its redundancy. It is similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average , and companies listed are from the industrial and commercial sectors. Financial sector companies and government stocks are excluded. Of the original constituents, three are currently in the FTSE 100: Tate & Lyle, Imperial Tobacco and Rolls-Royce, although Rolls-Royce has not been continuously listed and Imperial Tobacco
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1056-588: Was reported in 2016 that LIDAR technology has revealed another Roman road running southwest from Kirkby Thore to the Roman fort at Low Borrowbridge near Tebay . The Anglican church of St Michael in Kirkby Thore is built of red sandstone and dates from Norman times. The village also had a Methodist chapel. The village is also home to Kirkby Thore Hall, a Grade II* medieval Manor House of particular structural interest. Gypsum has been quarried or mined in
1089-571: Was the first investment (1946) followed by Placoplatre in France (1952), Western Gypsum of Canada (1954) and Sweden (1957). In 1987 it bought Rigips, a well-known brand in Austria, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. In April 1996, it bought Borgadts of Germany for £21m. In June 1996, it bought Gypsum Industries of South Africa for £28m. In October 1998, it bought Gyproc of Scandinavia for £95m, already having
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