182-517: The British Engineerium (formerly Brighton and Hove Engineerium ) is an engineering and steam power museum in Hove , East Sussex . It is housed in the Goldstone Pumping Station , a set of High Victorian Gothic buildings started in 1866. The Goldstone Pumping Station supplied water to the local area for more than a century before it was converted to its present use. The site has been closed to
364-610: A border ermine charged with six martlets or". The design incorporates several features relevant to Hove's history. The ships of the French raiders who repeatedly attacked the coast in the Brighton and Hove area in the 16th century are represented by the crest. The saltire of Saint Andrew and the leg-shackles of Leonard of Noblac refer to the ancient parish churches of Hove and Aldrington , St Andrew's and St Leonard's respectively. William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey held land in
546-584: A red route in spring 2024. Double red lines would be painted along both sides of the carriageway, preventing parking other than in officially designated parking bays. The Vogue Gyratory was named after the Vogue Cinema, which in its last years was a venue for pornographic films. The new road system was completed in mid-1984. It is the meeting point of Lewes Road, Upper Lewes Road, Hollingdean Road and Bear Road. A "fiendish maze of one-way systems, roundabouts and crossings", it has been described as "an issue that
728-537: A rusticated appearance. The cast-iron windows are set in round-arched openings below a string course which runs around the whole building and consists of alternate patterns of red and black brick. The slate roof has flat-topped gables set above pediments at the top of each engine room. The two engine rooms are two-storey and have a three- bay , three-window range; they flank the single-storey boiler room which also has three bays. The left- and right-hand bays are recessed; all have windows that are similar to those of
910-584: A 1930s church hall. Four of these churches have closed: St Agnes in 1977, St Andrew's in Brunswick Town in 1990, St Thomas in 1993 and Holy Trinity in 2007. All Saints Church, a Grade I-listed building by John Loughborough Pearson , became the parish church of Hove in 1892. The Church of the Sacred Heart was Hove's first Roman Catholic church. It was founded in 1876 by St Mary Magdalen's Church in Brighton, whose first priest left money in his will for
1092-464: A 50-foot (15 m) viaduct at a point just south of the historic boundary between Brighton and Preston parishes. A station called Lewes Road was in use between 1 September 1873 and 31 December 1932, when the line closed to passenger services; despite its name it was on D'Aubigny Road in the Round Hill area and could only be accessed from Lewes Road by means of a long footpath. Lewes Road Viaduct, which
1274-581: A 92-acre (37 ha) triangular site south of the Brighton Bypass, is "the last piece of unspoiled downland in Hove". It has been privately owned since 1937 and has been proposed for urban development for many years: in 2002 it was stated that "controversy rages over the future use of this land". Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate
1456-456: A Grade II-listed Jacobean Renaissance -style building of 1895 which was converted into flats in 2007. Hanover Crescent, one of several set-piece residential crescents in Brighton, was built between 1814 and 1823, again as a speculative development to the design of Amon and Amon Henry Wilds. Next to the crescent are the Percy and Wagner Almshouses , the only surviving almshouses in Brighton. When
1638-463: A church in Hove. Work was delayed by disputes over the site, but after land on Norton Road was secured construction started in 1880 and the west end was finished in 1887. The Sacred Heart in turn founded a mission church in 1902 to serve the Aldrington and Portland Road areas of Hove. St Peter's Hall was used until the "startling" basilica -style red-brick St Peter's Church was opened in 1915. Mass
1820-474: A converted bungalow on Old Shoreham Road in Aldrington. A former Anglican church of 1909 on Davigdor Road has served Coptic Orthodox Christians from a wide area since 1994, when it was rededicated as St Mary and St Abraam Church by Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria . Buddhists have a cultural centre and place of worship at a former convent near Furze Hill. Other former churches in Hove include an Elim Pentecostal chapel (in use 1929–1994) on Portland Road,
2002-424: A fireplace, and whose coat of arms adorns a period plaster ceiling. The Manor is currently serving as a pub-restaurant and whilst it was once on open downland, it is now surrounded by the 20th-century Hangleton housing estate. In 1723 a traveller, the antiquary John Warburton , wrote, 'I passed through a ruinous village called Hove which the sea is daily eating up and is in a fair way of being quite deserted; but
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#17328586744612184-452: A flavourless coating for pills—bought the building in 1910 and converted it into a factory in 1912. Pills were manufactured there until 1979; thereafter the building stood empty until a large Sainsbury's supermarket opened on the site in April 1985. A landmark clock which had been installed on the factory when it opened was reinstalled on the façade of the supermarket. On the northeast corner of
2366-404: A landmark in Hove, and are a good example of the 19th-century ethos that "utility definitely does not equal dullness" in industrial buildings. Polychrome brickwork, moulded dressings and facings, decorative gables and elaborate windows characterise all the structures – even the 95-foot (29 m) chimney, which stands apart from the main buildings like a campanile . English Heritage has listed
2548-454: A large deposit of brickearth in the Aldrington area. Hove's beaches have the characteristics of a storm beach , and at high tide are entirely shingle , although low tide exposes sand between the sea-defence groynes, varying in extent from beach to beach. The water is then very shallow and suitable for paddling. On spring tides a greater expanse of sand is exposed beyond the end of the sea defences. The mean height above sea level of land in
2730-625: A lease from the Brighton Water Corporation, and a charitable trust was formed to enable this. Expertise developed by the Engineerium's employees and volunteers was exploited across the world: they founded museums, undertook restoration projects and trained young people in engineering heritage conservation. Another enthusiast subsequently bought the complex, and as of 2024 it is closed to the public while more restoration and extension work takes place. The High Victorian Gothic buildings are
2912-546: A mixed residential and commercial development, announced in 2003, foundered during the 2007–2008 financial crisis ; an alternative scheme was put forward by the University of Brighton in September 2009. The "Big Build" project started in 2018. The scheme provided five halls of residence for 800 university students, an academic building, gymnasium, student union building, car park and a pedestrian bridge above Lewes Road connecting
3094-468: A new gasworks at Portslade in 1871 and the Hove works became a storage facility. The site at Portslade was close to Shoreham Harbour, so coal could be transported to it directly. Increasing demand for gas meant a new 154 by 40 feet (47 m × 12 m) gasholder, one of the largest in Sussex, was built on the Hove site in 1877. Of novel construction for the time, it was used until September 1994. By 1831
3276-683: A population of just 101. In 1829, local landowners petitioned parliament for powers to improve the Brunswick Town area of Hove with paving, lighting and drainage, resulting in the appointment of a body known as the Brunswick Commissioners in the following year. Subsequently, further commissioners were appointed for West Hove and to administer the Hove Police, all three bodies being united by the Hove Commissioners Act of 1873. In 1893
3458-434: A pornographic cinema—add to the road's complexity. Lewes Road is one of the main entry routes into Brighton, and therefore gives "many visitors ... their first impression of the city." Sitting at the bottom of a dry valley with hills on each side, particularly alongside the northern part of the route, the road is sheltered and hidden from distant views. It is an important commercial and industrial area for its surroundings and
3640-404: A series of avenues, in numerical order beginning with First Avenue, mostly composed of fine Victorian villas built as another well-integrated housing scheme featuring mews for artisans and service buildings. Grand Avenue, The Drive, and the numbered avenues were developed through the 1870s and 1880s, with many of the buildings constructed by William Willett . Hove's wide boulevards contrast with
3822-519: A shared bus and cycle lane with traffic light priority for cyclists and 14 "floating" bus stops (where the cycle lane diverges and passes behind the bus stop, allowing buses and bicycles to avoid each other). These were the first such bus stops in the United Kingdom. In July 2023 it was announced that the southern section of Lewes Road, between Elm Grove and the Vogue Gyratory, would be turned into
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#17328586744614004-455: A similar cenotaph for Hove and went as far as constructing a wooden mock-up which was displayed on Hove Lawns but the committee rejected the design. The eventual result was a statue of Saint George atop a column, situated in the centre of Grand Avenue. The memorial does not contain the names of the fallen, which are instead recorded on a bronze plaque in Hove Library . At the outbreak of war,
4186-514: A substantial burial mound. A prominent feature of the landscape since 1200 BC, the 20 feet (6.1 m)-high tumulus yielded, among other treasures, the Hove amber cup . Made of translucent red Baltic amber and approximately the same size as a regular china tea cup, the artefact can be seen in the Hove Museum and Art Gallery . Only one other has been found in Britain. Also buried in the coffin in which
4368-521: A whole are rare in Sussex. The modern name was originally pronounced "Hoove" ( / ˈ h uː v / ). The present pronunciation ( / ˈ h oʊ v / ) "is comparatively recent". Northern parts of Hove are built on chalk beds, part of the White Chalk Subgroup found across southeast England. There are also extensive areas of clay and sandy soil: areas of Woolwich Formation and Reading Formation clay, pockets of clay embedded with flint , and
4550-461: A whole), which is 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (12.1 km) to the northeast. The historic route to Lewes ran in a more easterly direction on a drove road across the South Downs ; it still exists as footpaths and byways . It was travelled regularly by the wives of Brighton fishermen, who carried the fish to market at Lewes: fishermen were known locally as "jugs" or "juggs", and the eastern section of
4732-636: Is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). Fossilised remains from the Pleistocene era have been found in three locations in Hove: an 11-pound-2-ounce (5.0 kg) molar from Elephas antiquus , excavated from the garden of a house in Poplar Avenue; teeth from a juvenile elephant deep in the soil at Ventnor Villas; and a prehistoric horse's tooth in the soil near Hove Street. During building work near Palmeira Square in 1856–57, workmen uncovered
4914-432: Is a landmark in Hove. Both the buildings and the machinery inside demonstrate the widespread belief among Victorian designers and architects that every object and building, no matter how commonplace or humble, should be elaborately and expansively embellished. On the main buildings, the walls consist of bands of red, yellow and purplish-blue brick with moulded layers and coping . The ground floor has red brickwork with
5096-591: Is a major road in the English seaside city of Brighton and Hove . It was part of the A27 cross-country trunk route until the Brighton Bypass took this designation in the 1990s; since then it has been designated the A270. The road runs northeastwards from central Brighton through a steep-sided valley, joining the A27 at the city boundary (formerly the borough boundary) and continuing to Lewes ,
5278-431: Is a non-profit private higher education institution and offers courses accredited by OCN London. Hove has a number of private schools including Deepdene School , Lancing College Preparatory School (formerly Mowden School) The Montessori Place, The Drive Prep School and St Christopher's School (now part of Brighton College). There are also language schools for foreign students. Lewes Road, Brighton Lewes Road
5460-540: Is also now part of the United Reformed Church. The Salvation Army have worshipped in Hove since 1882 and occupy a citadel built in 1890 on Sackville Road. Jehovah's Witnesses meet in Aldrington at a Kingdom Hall which was built in 1999 to replace a hall of 1950. A non-denominational gospel hall stands on Edward Avenue in the Goldstone Valley area. The Christian Arabic Evangelical Church meets in
5642-623: Is nearby. Further north, near where the railway viaduct crossed the road, were the Lewes Road Congregational Church (1878) and its church hall of 1892, and the Connaught Institute (1879). Many shops line both sides of this section of the road: in 1985 Brighton Borough Council described Lewes Road as one of six "important shopping areas" in Brighton, subsidiary to the two "main [shopping] areas" of Churchill Square /Western Road/North Street and London Road. The demolition of
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5824-421: Is of the same colours and detailing as the other buildings. The former coal shed (now the exhibition hall) and its attached workshops are of red and brown brick with coping on the walls and a shallow slate roof. The workshops, which do not contribute to the architectural interest of the building, are a perpendicular adjunct to the rear of the coal shed, so the building has an overall L-shape. Sloping land gives
6006-518: Is the Vogue Gyratory, where Upper Hollingdean Road, Upper Lewes Road (both of which link Lewes Road with Ditchling Road, another major route) and Bear Road meet the Lewes Road. This was the northern boundary of Brighton until the borough was expanded in 1928; to the north and east was the parish of Preston , and the residential area east of Lewes Road and north of Bear Road (now known as the Bear Road area )
6188-657: Is the reigning commerce of all this part of the English coast, from the mouth of the Thames to the Land's End in Cornwall ." The fertile coastal plain west of the Brighton boundary had significant deposits of brickearth and by c.1770 a brickfield had been established on the site of what would become Brunswick Square. Later, other brickfields were established further west, remaining until displaced by housing development. The census of 1801 recorded only 101 residents to Brighton's 7,339. By 1821,
6370-430: The 70 Grade II*-listed buildings and structures , and 1,218 listed buildings of all grades, in the city of Brighton and Hove . Grade II is the lowest status, given to "nationally important buildings of special interest". In February 2001, there were 1,124 such buildings in the city. In 1982, an 8.89-acre (3.60 ha) zone incorporating the whole Engineerium complex became a conservation area —one of 34 such areas in
6552-542: The Brighton & Hove bus company, many of the buildings are associated with the University of Brighton, whose "Big Build" project resulted in much rebuilding from 2018 onwards. The Preston Barracks site took up 17 acres (6.9 ha) of land on the west side of Lewes Road, but by 1990 only 5 acres (2.0 ha) remained in use by the Territorial Army and two original buildings survived. The large warehouse-style stores of
6734-564: The Department of the Environment issued a preservation order preventing demolition or significant alteration of the buildings. Minns acquired the lease of the complex in 1974, and planned to restore it from its derelict state and establish an industrial museum and educational centre. He also set up a trust to run it. By this time, the complex had a new owner: the Water Act 1973 restructured
6916-504: The Great storm of 1987 . Much of Hove is urbanised, but in 1994 there were 896 hectares (2,210 acres) of downland—about 37.5% of the total acreage of the then borough. In common with other parts of the South Downs, much of land has been used as sheep pasture, but crop farming also takes place and large areas of land were claimed for military training during World War II . Toads Hole Valley,
7098-508: The Rape of Lewes at the time of the Norman Conquest including the territory covered by Hove; his colours were blue and gold, represented by the chequerboard pattern in the background of the shield. The town centre received substantial renovation in the late 1990s when the popular George Street was pedestrianised. Some concern about the pedestrianisation and its impact (supposedly killing trade)
7280-965: The Seventh-day Adventist chapel on Hove Place, whose congregation now meet at Hove Methodist Church, and a former mission hall in the Poets' Corner area which was used until c. 1981 as a chapel for the local Society of Dependants sect. Hove Museum of Creativity is a municipally-owned museum which houses a permanent collection of toys, contemporary crafts, fine art and local history artefacts, as well as holding temporary exhibitions of contemporary crafts. Hove's primary schools are: West Blatchington Primary and Nursery School, St. Andrew's CE School, Hove Junior School, Benfield Junior School, Goldstone Primary School, Hangleton Junior School, Cottesmore St Mary's Catholic School, Mile Oak Primary School, Bilingual Primary School, Brunswick Primary School and Aldrington CE School. There are four secondary schools serving
7462-410: The South Downs and nearby villages along ancient drove roads . Some local shepherds supplemented their income by catching larks and northern wheatears and selling them for their meat; the latter were popular among fashionable visitors to Brighton. The birds were common on the hills and valleys around Hove, such as Goldstone Bottom. The practice died out when wheatears became a protected species in
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7644-518: The Wellesbourne (another intermittent river which flowed along the London Road valley) met it at the area now known as The Level . Before it was landscaped in the 19th century this was a swampy, flood-prone marsh. Development of Lewes Road started at the south end, closest to the centre of Brighton, and was confined to the east side at first because the open ground of The Level was to the west. Until
7826-404: The fleur-de-lis emblem. The walls have recesses on the inside and outside at irregular intervals; one on the outside of the south wall contains a drinking fountain with a panel imploring users to commit no nuisance . Flints are prevalent in this downland area; so many were found when the pumping station was built that the contractors fashioned them into a deliberately ancient-looking folly on
8008-571: The water industry in England and Wales, transferring ownership of water infrastructure from local authorities to 10 government-controlled regional companies. Brighton Water Corporation became part of the Southern Water Authority , and it was this entity which granted the lease to Minns. Minns had only £350 when he started work on the Engineerium, but more money soon arrived in the form of grants and donations. The Southern Water Authority gave
8190-554: The 1870s and met in a gymnasium and a tin tabernacle until Holland Road Baptist Church opened in 1887. A deacon from the church started holding Baptist meetings in a new church building on the Hangleton estate in 1957. It now has the name Oasis Church. A former Congregational mission hall in Aldrington, built in 1900, is home to the Baptist-aligned New Life Christian Church. Stoneham Road Baptist Church
8372-531: The 1870s were the last of the market gardens near Hove Street built over, and barley was grown near Eaton Road until the county cricket ground was built. Water was provided by wells west of Hove Street and between the coast road and the sea (the latter was destroyed in the Great Storm of 1703 ). The chalybeate spring on the Wick Farm estate was also used, especially by shepherds who drove their sheep between Hove,
8554-400: The 18th century. The road forms the eastern boundary of The Level, then meets Union Road and Elm Grove at a major junction. Elm Grove is the main route to Brighton Racecourse ; it originated as part of a Roman trackway which formed part of the ancient trackway across the South Downs to Lewes (Juggs Road), and was developed with housing from the mid-19th century. The next major junction
8736-535: The 1940s, and one was installed in the Number 1 Engine room; the engine itself was decommissioned at that time. The four new Lancashire boilers were in full-time use for only 18 years: Number 2 Engine was taken out of service in 1952, although it was maintained for a further two years in case it was required. Several pumping stations had been newly built or rebuilt since World War II—at Aldrington , Falmer , Mile Oak , Newmarket Down (near Lewes), Patcham and Sompting —and
8918-455: The 19th century but which now runs underground, and a map of 1588 shows another stream called East Brook. Until the 19th century the 778-acre (315 ha) parish was mostly agricultural. Three farms—Wick, Goldstone and Long Barn—dominated the area and owned most of the land, which was of good quality: agricultural writer Arthur Young described it as "uncommonly rich". Crops including oats, barley, corn and various vegetables were grown. Only in
9100-443: The 3.46-mile (5.57 km) road: one of Brighton's largest churches , a former barracks , many university buildings, a major bus depot (formerly the hub of Brighton's tram operations), The Keep archive centre and a large supermarket. Proximity to Brighton and Sussex Universities makes the area a centre for student life and accommodation, and a major redevelopment scheme started in 2018 to provide more buildings and facilities for
9282-474: The Brighton Water Corporation to operate them. Demand for water continued to rise, so in 1876 the corporation undertook a major expansion of the pumping station. A second engine room was added, and a separate coal storage shed was built in the grounds. Workshop facilities were also provided, with a range of machine tools, forge , lathe and planer and a separate Easton and Amos steam engine, apparently left over from The Great Exhibition . The new engine house
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#17328586744619464-518: The Coldean and Hollingbury estates, running the full length of Lewes Road and replacing an older route whose frequency had fluctuated. Routes to the Bear Road, Coombe Road and Meadowview areas of Brighton use the southern part of Lewes Road and have run at various frequencies over the years. Originally operated by Brighton & Hove, these are now run by Compass Travel. The Moulsecoomb and Bevendean estates are served by regular buses which travel to
9646-493: The Duke of Kent in 1993, coincided with a fundraising plea for £4 million, to be spent on extensions to the exhibition space and workshop; Minns also applied unsuccessfully for a National Lottery grant . Vodafone paid for the right to attach a mobile phone mast to the chimney, though. Ongoing funding problems caused the Engineerium to close in 2006, and the complex and its contents were put up for auction by Bonhams . The inventory
9828-506: The Engineerium and reassembled in 1975. The engine can generate 91 horsepower; its 13-foot (4.0 m), 4-long-ton (4.1 t) flywheel turns 80 times a minute; and the whole machine weighs 16 long tons (16.3 t). The Engineerium also has a horse-drawn fire engine dating from 1890. Originally owned by the local authority in Barnstaple , Devon , the Shand Mason & Company vehicle
10010-448: The Engineerium to reopen within a year. On 10 October 2010, it was opened for a day to raise money for charity; the Number 2 Engine was demonstrated and many steam engines and other exhibits from the museum's own collection and from outside were on display. In August 2011, Brighton and Hove City Council approved a planning application for some renovation and remodelling work, including an extension. Structural engineers found that part of
10192-428: The Engineerium was acknowledged as a national and international leader in industrial heritage and "the world's only centre for the teaching of engineering conservation". (Employees of the Engineerium have helped to set up or renovate more than 20 similar institutions across the world, and it was designated as England's South East Regional Centre during Industrial Heritage Year in 1993.) The centre's second royal visit, by
10374-553: The Engineerium was up for auction in 2006. When Jonathan Minns, who later bought the complex, found in 1971 that it was threatened with demolition, he successfully sought to get it listed by the Historic Buildings Council for England (the predecessor of English Heritage ). The organisation granted listed status in five separate parts on 7 June 1971, covering the pumping station's five main structures. The boiler rooms and engine house were jointly listed at Grade II*, as
10556-466: The Falmer, Moulsecoomb and Brighton (Grand Parade) campuses of the two universities. In 2012 the speed limit on the northern part of Lewes Road was reduced from 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) to 30 miles per hour (48 km/h). The number of accidents fell substantially after this change. In 2013, Brighton and Hove City Council spent £1.4 million on converting one lane of Lewes Road in each direction into
10738-499: The Goldstone stood on farmland northwest of the village, now part of Hove Park . Links with druids were claimed; and some 19th-century sources stated it was part of a ring of stones similar to Stonehenge , and that the others were buried in a pond at Goldstone Bottom, one of the coombes (small dry valleys) between the Downs and the sea. The Goldstone was dug up and buried by a farmer, but
10920-515: The Latter-day Saints meetinghouse and the site of Preston Barracks. It opened on 17 September 1924 on the site of the 19th-century waterworks and pumping station. Although it is "the only green space along the route" until Wild Park at Moulsecoomb is reached, its location on the busy road remote from housing means it is underused. Much of the land on the east side of Lewes Road opposite the Vogue Gyratory has been given over to cemeteries since
11102-511: The Lewes Road tracks as far as the Elm Grove junction. Short-lived Route M ran from the depot to Seven Dials , avoiding central Brighton, in summer 1922. Plans were also made to extend the tram tracks north from the depot along Lewes Road towards the developing Moulsecoomb estate, and the council and central government (who were required to pass a Light Railway Order ) authorised an extension in 1920; but Brighton Corporation Tramways never took up
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#173285867446111284-693: The Pavilions Retail Park were in place by 1989, and the rest of the site has been developed by the university. Opposite, Mithras House—another University building—was built as a factory and design office by local electrical engineering company Allen West & Co. Ltd in 1966 but was sold soon afterwards to Brighton Polytechnic, as the university was then. Allen West had several other factories along this part of Lewes Road, but all have been demolished. The university's original, pre-"Big Build" accommodation along this stretch of Lewes Road consists of "a collection of utilitarian modern buildings" on both sides of
11466-503: The Royal Gardens there. The large houses of Park Crescent was in turn built here from 1849. Densely built smaller streets west of Lewes Road and north of Park Crescent, such as Caledonian, Aberdeen and Inverness Roads, were built in the 1860s, as was the whole of the east side of Lewes Road as far as the present Vogue Gyratory. The most significant development on this side was the "impressive" gault brick Gladstone Terrace, dating from
11648-546: The University of Brighton. The road is a key bus corridor, but the Kemp Town branch railway's Lewes Road station was short-lived and its infrastructure no longer survives. Lewes Road has been altered and modernised several times since World War II and is now a dual carriageway along most of its length. Bus lanes, cycle paths and the Vogue Gyratory—"a fiendish maze of one-way systems, roundabouts and crossings", named after
11830-540: The University of Sussex in 1986 was first augmented by a limited-stop service from September 1991; the frequency was then doubled in May 1996 and rose again in 2001 (eight buses per hour) and 2002 (12 per hour). Services from the universities via Lewes Road to the Royal Sussex County Hospital and Brighton Marina started in 2002. In 1996 a service of three buses per hour was introduced between central Brighton and
12012-551: The Upper Lewes Road junction. When the A26's southern terminus was moved to Newhaven , the whole of Lewes Road took the A27 designation: the section between Upper Lewes Road and The Level became a spur of the A27. The Brighton Bypass was completed in 1995, and Lewes Road took the number A270 as far as the bypass. A route has existed for centuries between Brighton and Lewes, the county town of East Sussex (and historically of Sussex as
12194-708: The Vogue Gyratory and the Sainsbury's supermarket, which has a series of arches on its façade to commemorate the viaduct. In relation to politics, "Lewes Road" was the name of a ward within the Borough of Brighton between 1894 and 1983. In 1926, during the general strike of that year, tensions linked to the proposed operation of local tram services with volunteer labour came to a head in the Battle of Lewes Road on 11 May, when "vicious struggles" broke out between 4,000 strikers and police officers. Waterloo Place, where Lewes Road begins,
12376-579: The Western Esplanade between Hove Lagoon and Portslade . Named Seaside Villas, these houses have attracted a number of famous residents. War poets David Jones and Robert Graves spent time there, as did the playwright Joe Orton . More recently it has been home to celebrities such as Adele , David Walliams , Zoe Ball and Heather McCartney . Another resident, DJ Fat Boy Slim , owns the nearby Big Beach Cafe. In 1966 Hove Town Hall designed by eminent architect Alfred Waterhouse burned down. It
12558-536: The adjacent pub (latterly called the Free Butt; now closed), built in the same year, and the Italianate brewery office of 1893 survive. Immediately to the north are the villas of Richmond Terrace—also designed by Wilds senior and junior in 1818, and an example of the speculative housing development which was rife in Brighton during the early 19th century. These houses are next to the former Brighton College of Technology,
12740-464: The amber cup was found were a stone battle-axe, a whetstone and a bronze dagger whose appearance is characteristic of the Wessex culture . There are entries for Brighton and Portslade (Bristelmestune and Porteslage) and small downland settlements like Hangleton (Hangetone), but nothing for the location of Hove itself. The first known settlement in Hove was around the 12th century when St Andrew's Church
12922-479: The area. A secondhand tin tabernacle was erected on Portland Road for Wesleyans in 1883, and the present Hove Methodist Church was built on the site in 1896. A Bible Christian chapel was built in 1905 on Old Shoreham Road but never thrived; it closed in 1947 and was sold to a charity. Primitive Methodists worshipped at a large chapel on Goldstone Villas from 1878 until 1933. It was converted into offices in 1968. Hove's General Baptist congregation developed in
13104-537: The area: Blatchington Mill School , Cardinal Newman Catholic School , Hove Park School and King's School . Brighton Hove & Sussex Sixth Form College (BHASVIC), formerly Brighton, Hove & Sussex Grammar School, is a dedicated place of further education , along with the Connaught Centre, Hove Park Sixth Form Centre and Blatchington Mill Sixth Form College. Brighton is also the location of private colleges such as Hove College. Founded in 1977, Hove College
13286-494: The background of paintings of the period. About this time, a very substantial and tall wall was built between the churchyard and adjoining gasworks, remaining in place to this day. The flat coastal plain was useful for sport as from 1848 to 1871 England's oldest county club, Sussex County Cricket Club , used the Royal Brunswick Ground in Hove, situated roughly on the site of present-day Third and Fourth Avenues. In 1872
13468-509: The boilers and Number 2 Engine were fired up every weekend. The cost of running the Engineerium and employing 18 people (including six professional engineers) was running at about £250,000 per year. Although the Southern Water Authority, which still owned the site, paid for improvements in 1983, and grants came in from East Sussex County Council and Hove Borough Council, there was no financial backing from central government—although
13650-462: The building a single storey at the front (north) end and a second lower storey towards the rear. The three-bay north façade has three arched entrances; the smaller flanking pair have replacement doors. Standing in the grounds behind the complex, the cooling pond measures 1,100 square feet (100 m) and has a leat around three sides; it opens out on the southwest side. It is surrounded by small walls of red brick and terracotta . Pipework connects
13832-532: The building was in poor condition, and in January 2012 a further application was submitted to seek permission to demolish and rebuild part of the machine room. General restoration work began in October 2012, supported by a second open day. Jonathan Minns died on 13 October 2013, aged 75. Two years later, an arson attack damaged the chimney. In 2017 the owner, Mike Holland, was sent to prison for manslaughter. In March 2018
14014-485: The building was restored around it. Every moving part was cleaned by hand, and the exterior was repainted in its correct colour after the original paintwork was discovered under layers of mould and rust. The eight men worked for about six months on these tasks; Number 2 Engine was successfully fired up again on 14 March 1976 after the two renovated Lancashire boilers were tested and inspected by safety officials (the other two were left in their unrestored state). The complex
14196-512: The bustle of Brighton, although many of the grand Regency and Victorian mansions have been converted into flats. Marlborough Court was once the residence of the Duchess of Marlborough , aunt of Winston Churchill . The Irish nationalist leader and Home Rule MP Charles Stewart Parnell used to visit his lover, the already married Kitty O'Shea at the house she rented in 1883 in Medina Villas, Hove. In
14378-575: The chalk. Because the surrounding area became substantially urbanised in the interwar period, the water was treated with ozone from 1937 to disinfect it. Meanwhile in 1934, the boilers powering the Number 2 Engine were replaced by four new models of the same type, built by the Blackburn -based Yates and Thom company. Their capacity was greater: they could each generate 6,000 pounds-force (27,000 N) of steam per hour. The pumping station soon went into decline, though. Electric pumps became available in
14560-413: The church being quite large and a good distance from the shore may perhaps escape'. Nevertheless, in around 1702 The Ship Inn had been built at the seaward end of the main street, and was therefore vulnerable to erosion of the coast. In 1724, Daniel Defoe wrote in reference to the south coast, 'I do not find they have any foreign commerce, except it be what we call smuggling and roguing; which I may say,
14742-505: The city boundary from Waterloo Place, where it diverges from the A23 (London–Brighton road) . This point, close to the rear of St Peter's Church , is at the southeast corner of The Level. The 8.05-acre (3.26 ha) area of marshy open land now known as The Level was the meeting point of three winterbournes , including one which occasionally surfaced along the dry valley where Lewes Road runs. It has been used for fairs, sport and recreation since
14924-408: The city centre direct down Lewes Road. Brighton & Hove's longest route, the long-standing " Regency Route " to Royal Tunbridge Wells via Lewes and Uckfield , and its shorter variant to Ringmer , also provides regular services along the length of Lewes Road. By 2009 the various routes combined to give a bus approximately every three minutes to the city centre. The Corporation Tramways depot, on
15106-523: The city of Brighton and Hove . Hove Hove ( / h oʊ v / HOHV ) is a seaside resort in East Sussex , England. Alongside Brighton , it is one of the two main parts of the city of Brighton and Hove . Originally a fishing village surrounded by open farmland, it grew rapidly in the 19th century in response to the development of its eastern neighbour Brighton; by the Victorian era it
15288-609: The civil parish of Aldrington was joined to Hove and in 1894, the Hove Commissioners were replaced by an Urban District Council . Finally in 1898 the Municipal Borough of Hove received its royal charter . This was enlarged in 1927 by the addition of the parishes of Preston Rural and Hangleton along with parts of West Blatchington and Patcham . The corporation consisted of a mayor , ten aldermen , and thirty councillors , elected from ten wards . The first town hall
15470-400: The club moved to the present County Cricket Ground, Hove . Two further large estates were developed between Hove village and Brunswick, and both avoided using the name Hove: Cliftonville was designed, laid out and initially developed under Frederick Banister from the late 1840s; and West Brighton Estate in the 1870s. West of Brunswick, the seafront of West Brighton Estate forms the end of
15652-491: The coast loosely connected the estate to fashionable Brighton, so that name was used instead. Dating from 1822, the Brighton to Shoreham turnpike crossed the north of Hove parish along the route of the present Old Shoreham Road. The Brighton and Hove Gas Company was established in 1825 and built a gasworks next to St Andrew's Church in 1832. Houses in Brunswick Terrace were the first to be lit by gas. Production moved to
15834-417: The company that the shallow chalk valley at Goldstone Bottom, at the south end of West Blatchington village just outside Hove, would be a good candidate for exploratory drilling. Test wells were sunk, and confirmed his impression. The company bought the 3.5 acres (1.4 ha) of land in 1862, and in 1865 it was granted permission to build a pumping station on the site. By this stage, the Lewes Road facility
16016-458: The complex consisted of a boiler house and adjacent engine room, coal cellars and a chimney described by one historian as "truly monumental", all built of polychrome brick. The engine room housed a 120- horsepower beam engine made by Charles Amos of London-based manufacturer Easton and Amos. It was a compound engine of the type patented by engineer Arthur Woolf . Water was drawn from a 160-foot (49 m) well which started immediately below
16198-407: The complex for its architectural and historical importance, giving its structures five separate listings: the former boiler house and the chimney are both listed at Grade II* – the second-highest designation – and the former coal shed, the cooling pond and leat and the tall flint and brick wall surrounding the site each have the lower Grade II status. As well as the restored pumping station equipment,
16380-412: The complex has a wide range of exhibits: more than 1,500 were in place less than a year after it opened. These include a 19th-century horse-drawn fire engine, traction engines, veteran motorcycles, Victorian household equipment and old tools. A French-built horizontal steam engine dating from 1859 is the principal exhibit. Until its closure in 2006, the Engineerium used its exhibits to educate and promote
16562-482: The county town of East Sussex . The road originated in the 18th century as an alternative to the ancient drove road across the South Downs which was much used by fishwives bringing fish caught in Brighton to the market in Lewes. Lewes Road was turnpiked in 1770, and urban development spread rapidly along the road from the early 19th century. Most of the road is built up on both sides, and many important buildings flank
16744-432: The creation of "Greater Brighton" in 1928, when the borough of Brighton absorbed territory from several surrounding parishes, the borough boundary was at Bear Road. North of this was the parish of Preston , which was wholly absorbed by Brighton in 1928. This section remained undeveloped (apart from Preston Barracks) until the 1890s, when the area east of Lewes Road was developed with housing and industry. Further north,
16926-430: The development of the eastern end of the parish had increased the population to 1,360 but this brought few economic benefits to Hove village itself, with the historian Thomas Horsfield describing it in 1835 as 'a mean and insignificant assemblage of huts'. St Andrew's Church was reconstructed and enlarged to its present form in 1836, to the design of the architect George Basevi (1794–1845), and features prominently in
17108-504: The east side of Lewes Road north of Bear Road, occupied at the time by a travellers' camp , was chosen as the site of the Brighton Corporation Tramways depot, offices and workshops. Construction started in May 1901 and the first tram ran on 25 November 1901 on the "Lewes Road route" (Route L) to Victoria Gardens ( Old Steine ). Routes E and Q to Elm Grove and Queen's Park Road respectively were established later and used
17290-641: The efficiency of horizontal reciprocating engines more than any other innovation. The Engineerium's example was assembled in 1859 by the Lille -based company Crepelle & Grand . It was shown at the Exposition Universelle in Paris in 1889, where it won first prize. It was then used for more than 50 years at L'Hôpital Émile-Roux in Limeil-Brévannes . It was bought by Jonathan Minns, taken apart, brought to
17472-429: The engine rooms. The chimney stands about 7 feet (2.1 m) south of the engine rooms and boiler house. The rectangular, campanile -style structure stands on a rusticated base with a tapering plinth below it. Above this is a moulded cornice . The chimney itself tapers slightly and has tall arched panels on each face, forming slight recesses. An entablature runs all the way round, linking these. The brickwork
17654-408: The engine, which was known as the "Number 1 Engine". It was driven by three Lancashire boilers with twin furnaces, which were fed by two coal cellars. Up to 130,000 imperial gallons (590,000 L) of water could be pumped per hour. In 1872, ownership of Goldstone Pumping Station and all other water facilities in the Brighton area passed to Brighton Corporation, which formed a new committee called
17836-402: The entire complex was put up for sale. The Engineerium has been described by Brighton historian Clifford Musgrave as an "unusually fine asset" for Brighton and Hove and by fellow historian Ken Fines "a splendid example of Victorian industrial engineering". The buildings have intricately patterned polychrome brickwork, and the 95-foot (29 m) chimney to the south is also finely detailed and
18018-480: The equipment in the workshop is also original, such as the main forge and a heavy-duty metal lathe . The single-cylinder Easton and Amos steam engine used to power the belts which drive the machine tools in the workshop was already several years old when the Goldstone Pumping Station acquired it in 1875. From the beginning, the overriding purpose of the collection of exhibits was to portray and explain
18200-470: The fashionable seaside resort of Brighton , for more than a century. As new sources of water were found elsewhere and more modern equipment installed to exploit them, the pumping station's importance declined, and by 1971 the Brighton Water Department had closed it and threatened the complex with demolition. An industrial archaeologist offered to restore the buildings and machinery in return for
18382-414: The final brick of the viaduct. The west end of the viaduct immediately adjoined the platform at Lewes Road station . Passenger trains and goods trains ceased in 1932 and 1971 respectively, and Brighton Borough Council bought all the infrastructure including the viaduct, which was mostly demolished in April 1976. The remaining arches at the western end were demolished in 1983 as part of the scheme to build
18564-462: The first six were built in 1795, they "stood in open country", being the only buildings north of Old Steine on the turnpike. Six more were added in 1859 at the expense of the Vicar of Brighton Henry Michell Wagner and his sister Mary. North of the Elm Grove junction, the land on the west side of Lewes Road was common land until 1822, when it was sold to local entrepreneur James Ireland who established
18746-508: The gyratory is the Bear Inn, a historic pub with 18th-century origins but since rebuilt. Its name derives from the bear-baiting which regularly took place at the pub. The inn gave its name to Bear Road and, by extension, the whole residential area north of Bear Road and east of Lewes Road. North of the Vogue Gyratory, beyond the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Lewes Road depot of
18928-406: The history and development of civil and mechanical engineering and British industry, through both the restoration of the pumping station's original equipment and the acquisition of other pieces associated with industrial pioneers such as James Watt , Michael Faraday and George Stephenson . An example is a model of Stephenson's Locomotion No 1 engine, which was valued at £75,000 by Bonhams when
19110-548: The inner suburban area (Vogue Gyratory to Natal Road), dominated by the dual carriageway and "hostile to pedestrians", with council flats, privately rented terraced houses, industrial buildings and the large university buildings; and outer suburban, consisting mostly of rented housing, more university buildings and some open space, giving "a very green approach to the city". Lewes Road is the longest continuously named road in Brighton: it runs for 3.46 miles (5.57 km) northwards to
19292-591: The intermittent supply from the Lewes Road waterworks was the only alternative to wells and boreholes. In 1853, a new company was formed with the aim of introducing a large-scale, consistent supply to Brighton, Hove and surrounding villages. The Brighton, Hove and Preston Constant Water Service Company bought its predecessor, the Waterworks Company, in 1854. By the time it was in turn acquired by Brighton Corporation in 1872 (by means of another Act of Parliament), it
19474-536: The interwar period. Two munitions factories were also established alongside the road by 1915. Brighton's first council houses were built in the Elm Grove area in 1897, but only in the 1920s with the commencement of the Moulsecoomb estate did significant council house building start. The development of Moulsecoomb was part of a council policy of "providing good family housing in the more healthy environments away from
19656-610: The late 1860s. Opposite is St Martin's Church, the largest church in Brighton by capacity. A cinema, originally the People's Picture Palace but latterly known as the Arcadia, stood nearby from 1910 until 1957; the local Labour Club stands on the site. On the east side, the Franklin Arms pub was destroyed by a bomb on 21 September 1940 and was rebuilt after the war. Another pub, the Gladstone,
19838-416: The late 18th century. The urban growth of Hove has shifted sheep-farming to more isolated parts of the South Downs, but several drove roads survive today as roads or footpaths. Hove Street and its northward continuation Sackville Road were originally known as Hove Drove and led on to the Downs. A long west–east route which crossed West Blatchington , Hove and Preston parishes on its way to Lewes now bears
20020-404: The late 19th and 20th centuries as the population grew and more Anglican churches were built. St Andrew's Church near the top end of Hove Street was the ancient parish church but was in ruins by the 1830s, when it was rebuilt in a Neo-Gothic style. St Helen's Church at Hangleton, lightly restored in the 1870s, retains the style of a simple Sussex downland church. St Peter's Church
20202-487: The leat to the boiler house, from which hot water flows; heat exchange takes place in the cooling pond; and cold water is returned to be used in the boilers. Tall flint and brick walls, dating from 1866, surround the complex on all sides. Small flints laid in courses form the main building material on three sides. Other parts have red brickwork with inset flints, and the main entrance has red-brick piers with knapped flintwork . There are also iron railings and gates with
20384-570: The mid-19th century. The Brighton Extra Mural Company was formed in 1850 to buy land to form a private cemetery; over time it expanded, and a public cemetery (now called Woodvale Cemetery) was laid out alongside it in 1857. Nearby, the Brighton Borough Cemetery was established in 1868 and the Brighton and Preston Cemetery 18 years later. The Extra Mural and Woodvale cemeteries occupy a sheltered, well-wooded hillside above Lewes Road and have been described as among "the most delightful spots in
20566-547: The names The Droveway, The Drove and Preston Drove. The section called The Droveway, on which the Goldstone Waterworks was built in the 1860s, had to be maintained as a right of way when Hove Park was built. A long diagonal footpath once known as Dyer's Drove runs for several miles from Portslade-by-Sea on to the Downs, and Drove Road in Portslade village may have been used since Roman times. A large Sarsen stone called
20748-401: The now partially repaired St. Andrew's Church. Tradition has it that The Ship Inn was a favourite rendezvous for the smugglers, and in 1794 soldiers were billeted there. In 1818 there was a pitched battle on Hove beach between revenue men and smugglers, from which the latter emerged as the victors. As part of the concerted drive by Parliament to combat smuggling, a coastguard station was opened at
20930-465: The old Lewes Road source, closed in 1903 because of pollution, came back into use. The corporation increased its supplies further by acquiring waterworks in Peacehaven and Lewes in the 1950s. The Goldstone Pumping Station was considered outdated and no longer required, and in 1971 the corporation announced plans to build a small electric pumphouse on the site, demolish the 19th-century buildings and scrap
21112-399: The old parish of Hove varied between 22 and 190 feet (6.7 and 57.9 m). After Hove became a borough and expanded to incorporate land from neighbouring parishes, the highest point was approximately 590 feet (180 m) above sea level. There are no rivers in Hove, but Westbourne Gardens at the western boundary of the old parish is named after the "West Bourne ", which was still visible in
21294-516: The old route is called Juggs Road. It lay further south, followed a different valley and entered Lewes at Southover. The present road, which takes a north–northeasterly course along a valley from the centre of Brighton as far as Falmer , existed by the 18th century and became a turnpike in 1770; the toll gate at the Lewes end survives, but that at Brighton—near the Bear Inn—is no longer standing. An intermittent stream flowed along this valley, and
21476-563: The only buildings in the valley until Brighton Corporation developed it for council housing from 1950 as the Coldean estate. The designation of Lewes Road within the British road numbering system has a complex history. For many years the A26 road ran from Maidstone , the county town of Kent , to Brighton, and the entire length of Lewes Road within Brighton bore this number. The A27 trunk road joined it at
21658-406: The option and the permission lapsed. The tram route along Lewes Road was the first to be replaced by trolleybuses , with effect from 1 May 1939. The network reached its greatest extent in 1951, but as the operation of trolleybuses became increasingly expensive following the nationalisation in 1948 of Brighton Corporation's electricity supply and the consequent loss of a cheap electricity source,
21840-629: The poorer areas around Sackville Road from 1883; All Saints on Eaton Road dates from 1889 to 1891; St Philip's was built in 1895 as a second church for Aldrington, and opened a mission hall (now Holy Cross Church) in the Poets' Corner area in 1903; St Thomas the Apostle opened on Davigdor Road in 1909; St Agnes was built north of Hove station in 1913; Bishop Hannington Memorial Church opened in West Blatchington in 1939; and The Knoll estate has been served by St Richard's Church since 1961, replacing
22022-491: The public since 2006, and in March 2018 the entire complex was put up for sale. At its greatest extent, between 1884 and 1952, the complex consisted of two boiler houses with condensing engines , a chimney, coal cellars, workshop, cooling pond, leat , and an underground reservoir . Situated on top of a naturally fissured chalk hollow, it provided vast quantities of water to the rapidly growing towns of Hove and its larger neighbour,
22204-513: The recently completed Hove Marina leisure centre was immediately requisitioned as a training base for new officers of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve (RNVR) and was given the title HMS King Alfred . The establishment opened on 11 September 1939 and later expanded into Lancing College . By the end of the war, the base had trained 22,508 British, Commonwealth and allied officers for active sea service. On 22 September 1939,
22386-504: The road was flanked on both sides by undeveloped downland . The present Moulsecoomb area was an outlying part of Patcham parish, with scattered farm cottages and a 16th-century manor house , and the land south of Moulsecoomb and east of Lewes Road now covered by the Bevendean estate was in Falmer parish. In 1940 it was "a small settlement with an 18th-century farmhouse". Preston Barracks
22568-535: The road. As well as Mithras House, there is the ten-storey Cockcroft Building (1962–63), the Aldrich Library (1994–1996) and the Huxley Building (2010). Further north, the housing of Moulsecoomb, described in 1940 as "a model village", was "some of the earliest suburban council housing in the country" and now dominates both sides of Lewes Road. In the 1920s development stopped at The Highway, where The Avenue
22750-640: The road. This was built as a Congregational church in 1878 in the Italian Gothic style to the design of architect A. Harford. The façades of the old chapel and its adjacent Sunday school have been retained, and YMCA -supported flats have been built behind. The Brighton meetinghouse of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is on the north side of the Vogue Gyratory. It was registered for worship in August 1993. The former Connaught Institute, which had entrances on Lewes Road and an adjacent side-street,
22932-555: The sea, were built on top of a vast aquifer of chalk. A regular supply of naturally pure water was always available from this natural reservoir, and in the settlements' early days many wells were sunk to exploit it. The rapid growth of Brighton in the 18th and early 19th century, followed by similar expansion in Hove, put pressure on the local authorities to provide more sources and a better supply system, though: wells became increasingly contaminated by sewage from cesspits , and some had to be blocked because they were so polluted, reducing
23114-652: The second Anglo-French Supreme War Council was held at Hove Town Hall to discuss the progress of the war and define future strategy. The British delegation included the Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Halifax , while the French party was led by the Minister of Defence and Prime Minister of France , Édouard Daladier and Commander-in-Chief of the Armies , Maurice Gamelin . Also present
23296-407: The section of Lewes Road also known as Coombe Terrace, is now part of the Lewes Road bus depot, one of three bus garages in the city. Until the bus industry was deregulated in 1986, Brighton Borough Transport, the council-owned bus operator responsible for many services in Brighton, was based at the depot. The Kemp Town Railway , a branch line from Brighton to Kemp Town , crossed Lewes Road on
23478-543: The southern end of Hove Street in 1831, next to The Ship Inn. Bull-baiting took place on Saint Andrew's Day and on the Tuesday after Easter Sunday, but the practice ceased after 1810 when a bull broke free and ran through the crowd. The bullring was between the coast road and the beach, southwest of Hove Street, and the fights were promoted by the Ship Inn—which also organised cockfighting matches, even after this activity
23660-530: The southwest corner of the engine rooms. The Engineerium has hundreds of exhibits relating to the history of engineering and steam power. Many are on display in the exhibition hall, which occupies the former coal storage shed. The central feature of the hall is a Corliss steam engine built in France in 1859. American inventor George Henry Corliss patented the design in 1849 and became president of The Corliss Steam Engine Company. The valve gear he invented improved
23842-402: The steam-era equipment. Jonathan Minns, a London-based steam and engineering expert, immediately set about trying to save the buildings and their contents. He applied to the Historic Buildings Council for England (the forerunner of the present English Heritage body) for listed status to be granted to the buildings in the complex. This was granted on 17 June 1971, and in the following year
24024-533: The study of industrial history: it has been called "the world's only centre for the teaching of engineering conservation", and was central to the activities of the English Industrial Heritage Year in 1993. For many years, the larger and indigenous exhibits were fully operational and in steam at weekends. Brighton and neighbouring Hove, on the English Channel coast between the South Downs and
24206-455: The subsequent divorce action the cook alleged that Captain O’Shea returned home unexpectedly and Parnell beat a hasty retreat by climbing over the balcony and down a rope ladder. Parnell died at Hove in 1891 after marrying Kitty following her divorce. The Hove Club , a private members' club located at 28 Fourth Avenue, was founded in 1882. In the 1910s eleven cottages were built on the beach on
24388-521: The system was cut back and eventually withdrawn entirely in 1961. The Lewes Road trolleybus routes were replaced by conventional motor buses from 25 March 1959 and the wires were taken down. Lewes Road is an important corridor for bus routes, and buses are well-used. The growth in passenger numbers on routes along Lewes Road serving the universities was greater than on any other part of the Brighton & Hove bus network between 1986 and 2010. The service of three buses per hour between central Brighton and
24570-500: The town centre". Wartime restrictions and bomb damage in central Brighton meant that by the 1950s much more new housing was needed, and the council's policy of developing outlying estates resumed. Large developments of houses and flats took place in Moulsecoomb—expanding it to cover land on both sides of Lewes Road—Bevendean, at the south end of Moulsecoomb, and Coldean, northwest of Lewes Road. Between 1869 and 1976 Lewes Road
24752-453: The trust £22,000, the Department of the Environment granted £40,000, and the trust received the largest historic buildings grant awarded in Sussex up to that point in 1975. In October of that year, Minns and eight volunteers began to restore the complex and its machinery, which were in a state of disrepair. The boiler house and Number 2 Engine were the priority, but before they could be started
24934-600: The two denominations merged in 1972 to form the United Reformed Church , the congregations came together in 1980 at the Ventnor Villas premises. These were renamed Central United Reformed Church and continue to serve as the main centre for that denomination in Hove. St Cuthbert's was demolished in 1984. In 1938 trustees of the Congregational chapel founded another on the Hangleton estate. Hounsom Memorial Church
25116-436: The two towns' water supply further. The first local water company—the Brighton, Hove and Preston Waterworks Company—was founded on 16 June 1834 by means of an Act of Parliament ; it built a waterworks on the road to Lewes and provided piped water for two hours per day to a few wealthy customers. This facility had two 20- horsepower beam engines. By the 1850s, more water was needed for the continually expanding population:
25298-426: The various buildings. Work on this, the final part of the scheme, started in January 2022, and the bridge opened in September 2022. As part of the £300 million scheme, the university announced in late 2021 that it would close its three sites at Eastbourne and consolidate their facilities at Lewes Road. Brighton's first piped water was supplied from a small pumping station on the west side of Lewes Road in 1834. It
25480-615: The viaduct and the construction of the Vogue Gyratory on its site brought great changes to this part of Lewes Road. The Vogue Cinema opened in 1937 as the Gaiety and was Art Deco in style. Its first renaming, to the Ace, took place in 1965. It was temporarily converted into a bingo hall three years later, but it reopened as a cinema in 1969 and became the Vogue two years later, specialising in pornographic films and striptease . In its last year (1979–80) it
25662-445: The west side of Lewes Road near the Elm Grove junction. It succeeded a smaller building and was built between 1872 and 1875 to the design of George Somers Clarke . The church was built on the initiative of Arthur Wagner to commemorate his father, the Vicar of Brighton Henry Michell Wagner , who had died in 1870. The present Lewes Road United Reformed Church was registered in September 1996, replacing an older chapel further south on
25844-615: The west side of Lewes Road. One older building survives on this side: Moulsecoomb Place , the Grade II-listed 16th-century manor house. It was bought by Brighton Corporation in 1925 and was occupied by its Parks and Recreation Department; it also housed various recreational facilities for the estate's residents, and served as the Moulsecoomb estate's first library, before being bought by the University of Brighton in 1993. Moulsecoomb's present library stands close by, opposite The Avenue. It
26026-554: The whole of Brighton"; they are open to the public, and have been considered "one of the most pleasant and quiet places in Brighton in which to take a walk" since the Victorian era, when a guidebook was published with suggested walks around the Extra Mural Cemetery. Close to the cemeteries on the east side of the road is William Clarke Park , also known as The Patch. The park covers just under 2 acres (0.81 ha) of land which
26208-507: The wider Brighton area, and is known as the city's "academic corridor" because of the presence of the city's two universities, Brighton and Sussex . The road's character changes substantially along its length, and the city council considers it to have three separate character areas: the central fringe ( The Level to the Vogue Gyratory), largely Victorian in character with a mixture of housing and retail and an "uncoordinated urban realm";
26390-412: The workshop had to be repaired so that its equipment could be used to carry out the necessary work elsewhere. The boiler house and Number 2 Engine were in a particularly bad condition: the roof was wrecked, the metal fixtures were corroded, moss was growing on exposed surfaces and the boilers were not operational. Number 2 Engine had not been steamed since 1954, and had to be taken apart and rebuilt while
26572-495: The year the Prince Regent was crowned George IV , the population had risen to 312, Brighton's too had trebled to 24,429 with the dwellings still clustered on Hove Street, surrounded by an otherwise empty landscape of open farmland. This relative isolated location of Hove, compared to Brighton, was ideal for smuggling and there was considerable illicit activity. Hove smugglers became notorious, with contraband often being stored in
26754-434: Was 180 yards (160 m) long, was partly demolished in 1976, five years after the line closed to all traffic. The last section was removed seven years later. The site, and the land previously occupied by Cox's Pill Factory and the Vogue Cinema, was cleared to make way for the Vogue Gyratory and the adjacent Sainsbury's supermarket. Saunders Park occupies a 4.2-acre (1.7 ha) site on the west side of Lewes Road between
26936-573: Was Sir Alexander Cadogan who related that the town hall staff had only been told to expect some government officials, with the result that the prime minister was greeted with the exclamation; "Chamberlain! Cor Blimey !". The Brighton and Hove area was subjected to heavy bombing by the Luftwaffe between 1940 and 1944, known collectively as the " Brighton Blitz ", which resulted in the deaths of 198 civilians. The ancient parish of Hove originally consisted of only 778 acres (315 ha) and in 1801 had
27118-642: Was a fully developed town with borough status. Neighbouring parishes such as Aldrington and Hangleton were annexed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The neighbouring urban district of Portslade was merged with Hove in 1974. In 1997, as part of local government reform , the borough merged with Brighton to form the Borough of Brighton and Hove; this unitary authority was granted city status in 2000. Old spellings of Hove include Hou ( Domesday Book , 1086), la Houue (1288), Huua (13th century), Houve (13th and 14th centuries), Huve (14th and 15th centuries), Hova (16th century) and Hoova (1675). The etymology
27300-417: Was a railway cutting of the Kemp Town branch line until it was demolished. The park has a sports area, a children's playground and a pond among other things. It is also the venue of Patchfest , an annual community festival which has live music. Further north, at Moulsecoomb, Wild Park was bought by Brighton Corporation in 1925 to preserve it from development and has been left as open downland, apart from
27482-624: Was abandoned and fell to ruins in the 17th century when West Blatchington became depopulated, but it was rebuilt in the 1890s. St Leonard's , the parish church of Aldrington, was also ruinous until 1878 when local population growth necessitated its restoration. A second church dedicated to St Andrew opened on the Brunswick estate in 1828. St John the Baptist's was built on Palmeira Square in 1852, followed by St Patrick's nearby in 1858 and Holy Trinity in central Hove in 1864. St Barnabas served
27664-503: Was bought and restored by the museum's employees. It is a vertical steam engine with two cylinders and a pair of pistons flanking a central crank . A steam traction engine built in 1886 by Marshall, Sons & Company has also been restored. A range of veteran motorcycles are on display; the oldest is an Ariel Motorcycles vehicle built in 1915. Elsewhere in the complex, smaller steam engines are on display, alongside Victorian tools and domestic equipment such as stoves. Much of
27846-470: Was bought by a developer and became the Pavilions retail park, whose first superstores opened in 1989. Halfords , B&Q , Comet and Harveys Furniture were among the early tenants. Brighton and Hove City Council bought the rest in 2002 and unveiled a £150 million redevelopment scheme in 2016 in conjunction with the University of Brighton. This developed into the "Big Build" scheme. An earlier proposal for
28028-430: Was built by J.T. Chappell. It ran for 1 ⁄ 2 mile (0.8 km) westwards from the complex. Brighton Water Corporation spent £11,000 on this work and on the building of two other reservoirs in Brighton, at Dyke Road and Race Hill. All three were built of tile, brick and Portland cement . They were constantly replenished by a 1,000-imperial-gallon (4,500 L)-per-minute inflow from numerous natural fissures in
28210-402: Was built in 1879 as an institute for soldiers and manual workers, where religious services were held (it was registered for non-denominational worship in 1890) and educational facilities, medical care and other activities were provided. It was also used as an Anglican mission hall and an Evangelical church, but it went out of use in 2003 and was demolished in the following decade. In 2016 it
28392-440: Was built in 1882. On 1 April 1997 Brighton Borough Council and Hove Borough Council were merged to form Brighton and Hove City Council . While it was still a separate entity, Hove had its own coat of arms . The escutcheon's official heraldic description is "Tierced in pairle : 1. Or a saltire azure voided argent ; 2. Gules two pairs of leg-irons interlaced argent; 3. Checky or and azure three martlets or, all in
28574-594: Was built in 1964 on the site of one of Moulsecoomb Place's lodges. Close to the city boundary at the north end of Lewes Road are the Brighton Aldridge Community Academy , built in 2010–11 and set back from the road into the hillside, and The Keep (2011–2013), an archive and historical resource centre for East Sussex and the city of Brighton and Hove. St Martin's Church is the Church of England parish church serving this part of Brighton. It stands on
28756-504: Was built on open land on the west side of Lewes Road in 1793–1795, when war was threatening in Europe. Facilities included accommodation, a hospital and a riding school, and "a small community grew up" on the east side of the road in connection with the barracks. Much of the barracks site, which was latterly owned by the Ministry of Defence , was redundant by the 1980s. The southern part of the site
28938-525: Was called the Classic. The 1,500-seat venue, with its distinctive 50-foot (15 m) façade, was demolished soon afterwards as part of the wholesale redevelopment of the area. The site is now buried under the Vogue Gyratory. Behind the cinema, at the Upper Lewes Road junction, stood Cox's Pill Factory. It was built in the 1860s as the Brighton Steam Laundry, but the sons of Arthur H. Cox—who had patented
29120-504: Was converted into a dual carriageway in 1981. Between October 2009 and January 2011 major changes, including the construction of a flyover, were made to the road layout at the junction of Lewes Road and the A27 Brighton Bypass to provide better access to the new Falmer Stadium , The Keep and the University of Sussex campus. The work was part of a larger scheme to turn the full length of Lewes Road into an "academic corridor", linking
29302-400: Was crossed by a railway viaduct carrying the Kemp Town branch line above the valley floor. It was 180 yards (160 m) long, 50 feet (15 m) high and had 14 arches, and contributed to the substantial cost of the 1.4-mile (2.3 km) line: £100,000 at 1864 prices, the year the line was authorised. The opening ceremony for the line, on 6 August 1869, started with the ceremonial laying of
29484-696: Was designed as a 14-house terrace in 1819 by Amon Wilds and his son Amon Henry Wilds . The southernmost pair survive alongside the A23; Lewes Road itself starts alongside the "brutal intrusion" of the Phoenix Building, part of the University of Brighton School of Art , which was designed in 1976 and which replaced the other 12 houses. Behind this is the site of Tamplin's Brewery (latterly the Phoenix Brewery), established as one of Brighton's main breweries in 1821. Only
29666-661: Was disputed at length during the 20th century as academics offered several competing theories. Suggestions included an Old Norse word meaning "hall", "sanctuary" or " barrow ", in reference to the Bronze Age barrow near the present Palmeira Square ; an Old English phrase æt þæm hofe meaning "at the hall"; the Old English hufe meaning "shelter" or "covering"; and the Middle English hofe meaning "anchorage". No other places in Britain are called Hove, and single-syllable names as
29848-460: Was equipped with the "Number 2 Engine"—a 250-horsepower Woolf compound unit built by the firm of Easton and Anderson and with a pumping capacity of 150,000 imperial gallons (680,000 L) per hour. It was powered by three more Lancashire boilers. Mayor of Brighton Henry Abbey fired up the engine for the first time on 26 October 1876; his visit, with members of the Water Corporation committee,
30030-423: Was established. Hove remained insignificant for centuries, consisting of just a single street running north–south some 250 m from the church, which by the 16th century was recorded as being in ruins. Hangleton Manor is a well-preserved 16th-century flint manor building. It is believed to have been built c. 1540 for Richard Bel(l)ingham, twice High Sheriff of Sussex , whose initials are carved into
30212-557: Was expanded in 1853 but was superseded by the new Goldstone Bottom pumping station in Hove in 1866. Attempts to restart pumping work at Lewes Road in 1896 were unsuccessful because the supply had become polluted, and the works was demolished in 1903. Soon after this, in 1910, industrial development began nearby with the opening of Allen West & Co. Ltd's first factory near the junction with Natal Road. This electrical engineering company expanded to become one of Brighton's largest employers, and it opened several factories along Lewes Road in
30394-423: Was expressed by residents, the local newspaper The Argus , and small locally owned shops. However, these fears proved unfounded. In 2003 these small shops were joined by the centre's first large supermarket (a Tesco ), built on the site of a former gasometer . Ecclesiastically, Hove was part of a joint parish with Preston between 1531 and 1879. The newly separate parish of Hove was then split several times in
30576-417: Was first opened to the public on Good Friday 1976. The official reopening, on 26 October 1976 (exactly 100 years after Number 2 Engine was first fired up), came after the coal store was converted into an exhibition and educational area. At this time, it was named the Brighton and Hove Engineerium ; the complex was given its present name on 30 May 1981. By this time, about 1,500 exhibits were on display, and
30758-528: Was founded in 1904 by the Holland Road church to serve the Poets' Corner area. It closed and was demolished in 2008. Baptists also met in Connaught Terrace from 1879, and Strict Baptists worshipped at Providence Chapel on Haddington Street from 1880 until 1908. A Congregational chapel was built on Ventnor Villas in 1870, and 41 years later St Cuthbert's Presbyterian Church opened on Holland Road. After
30940-488: Was historically known as East Preston. In this area there is also some industrial development on the east side of the road, and the University of Brighton has several buildings. North of this, the Moulsecoomb council estate was built in several phases in the mid-20th century alongside the Lewes Road. Further north, the road passes the east side of a deep valley originally known as "Cold Dean", between Hollingbury and Stanmer . Scattered farm cottages near Lewes Road were
31122-516: Was identified by almost everybody in [council] consultation events" and "a fairly brutal place ... [especially] if you're a pedestrian". Radical redevelopment plans were prompted by the discovery in 2005 that the gyratory was one of the most polluted sites in the city: it was even suggested that the whole area could be demolished (including the Sainsbury's supermarket) and laid out again from scratch. More modest changes were made instead from 2007, including additional bus and cycle lanes. An open site on
31304-442: Was its free-standing chimney. Three more structures were listed at Grade II: the cooling pond and leat, the coal storage shed and the flint and brick walls surrounding the complex. Grade II* is the second highest of the three designations awarded to listed buildings; such buildings are defined as being "particularly important ... [and] of more than special interest". As of February 2001, the boiler house and chimney represented two of
31486-514: Was later built to connect the Bevendean and East Moulsecoomb estates, and the land beyond was still farmed. South Moulsecoomb, commenced in 1923, was the earliest part; the denser North Moulsecoomb followed in 1926–30; East Moulsecoomb was started in 1935, just after the development of the adjacent Bevendean estate; and the Bates Estate or West Moulsecoomb, mostly 1950s and 1960s flats, took up land on
31668-509: Was made illegal. In the years following the Coronation of 1821 the Brunswick estate of large Regency houses with a theatre, riding schools and their own police was developed on the seafront near the boundary with Brighton. Although within Hove parish the residents of these elegant houses avoided the name of the impoverished village a mile to the west as an address. Straggling development along
31850-473: Was pumping 2,600,000 imperial gallons (12,000,000 L) per day to 18,000 houses in Brighton, Hove and the surrounding villages of Falmer , Hangleton , Ovingdean , Patcham , Preston and Rottingdean . The company employed eminent civil engineer Thomas Hawksley to find a suitable site for a new pumping station. Hawksley built more waterworks than any of his Victorian counterparts: he oversaw more than 150 schemes in Britain and abroad. In 1858, he advised
32032-440: Was recorded on a plaque in the engine room. A network of arched tunnels were built to link the new coal shed, the workshop and the firing platform of the boiler room. The subterranean passages were used by coal trucks. The next extension took place in 1884. A cooling pond and a leat (an artificial waterway) were built on land behind the pumping station, and a new 1,500,000-imperial-gallon (6,800,000 L) underground reservoir
32214-444: Was replaced by a Brutalist building designed by local architect John Wells-Thorpe . Over 600 men from Hove were killed in the First World War. After the armistice, the town established a war memorial committee to decide on commemoration of the dead. The committee commissioned Sir Edwin Lutyens , the architect responsible for the Cenotaph on London's Whitehall which became the focus of national remembrance services. Lutyens proposed
32396-414: Was reported that Lewes Road carried 25,000 vehicles daily. It is a dual carriageway from the Vogue Gyratory to the city boundary and then as far as the edge of Lewes. The first dualling work took place between 1963 and 1964. The section between The Avenue (Moulsecoomb) and Stanmer Park was not done at that time, but this gap was filled in 1967–68. The section beyond the borough boundary as far as Lewes
32578-478: Was said in Hangleton from the 1940s in a hall and at the Grenadier pub, but in the 1950s land on Court Farm Road was bought for a church and St George's Church opened in 1968. It serves West Blatchington and Hangleton, and is now part of a joint parish with Southwick and Portslade . Hove was included in the Lewes and Brighton Methodist Circuit from 1808, although at times during the 19th century no Methodists ( Wesleyan , Primitive or Bible Christian ) lived in
32760-563: Was split into hundreds of separate lots, and the buildings themselves were valued at £1.25 million. Just before the auction was due to begin, a local businessman and enthusiast offered £2 million for the buildings and more than £1 million for the contents conditional on his being donated half of the Minns Collection. This was accepted, and on 10 May 2006 the Engineerium Trust assets passed into Mike Holland's ownership. The Engineerium stayed shut while its new owner invested in improvements and extensions. In February 2010, he stated that he expected
32942-415: Was suffering from pollution, and the opening of another pumping station at Falmer and the building of more reservoirs had not been sufficient to satisfy demand. Work took place during 1866, and the facility opened in that year with the name Goldstone Pumping Station. The Brighton, Hove and Preston Constant Water Service Company operated it until its acquisition by Brighton Corporation. In its original form,
33124-477: Was unearthed and re-erected in a new position in the park in 1906. Hove has little ancient woodland. Only two small areas survive: one in St Ann's Well Gardens , and The Three Cornered Copse in the Tongdean area. The latter covers 11 acres (4.5 ha) and belonged to the Marquess of Abergavenny until Hove Borough Council bought it in January 1935. Trees in the copse include ash, beech, elm and sycamore, although more than 120 mature beech trees were blown down in
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