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86-485: [REDACTED] Look up gaiety in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Gaiety or Gayety may refer to: Gaiety (mood) , the state of being happy Gaiety Theatre (disambiguation) USS Gayety (AM-239), former name of the ship BRP  Magat Salamat  (PS-20) See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Gaiety Topics referred to by

172-416: A World Happiness Report has been published. Happiness is evaluated, as in "How happy are you with your life as a whole?", and in emotional reports, as in "How happy are you now?," and people seem able to use happiness as appropriate in these verbal contexts. Using these measures, the report identifies the countries with the highest levels of happiness. In subjective well-being measures, the primary distinction

258-486: A residual number of cases which cannot be allocated to a known and identifiable group, class or set if strict criteria are used. The French thinkers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari referred occasionally to fuzzy sets in connection with their phenomenological concept of multiplicities . In A Thousand Plateaus , they state that "a set is fuzzy if its elements belong to it only by virtue of specific operations of consistency and consolidation, which themselves follow

344-455: A Swedish philosopher and phenomenological researcher, posited that the perception of time affects the change in focus throughout life. In early adulthood, most view life optimistically, looking to the future and seeing an entire life ahead of them. Those that fall into the middle life, see that life has passed behind them as well as seeing more life ahead. Those in older adulthood often see their lives as behind them. This shift in perspective causes

430-450: A bibliography on fuzzy theory up to 1965, which was extended by Robert Wolf and Joseph de Kerf for 1966–1975. Haack provides references to significant works after 1974. George J. Klir and Bo Yuan provided an overview of the subject in Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic during the mid-1990s. Merrie Bergmann provides a more recent (2008) introduction to fuzzy reasoning. A standard modern reference work

516-467: A certain kind of indeterminacy in the relation of something to the world". According to the Daoist thought of Laozi and Zhuang Zhou in ancient China, "vagueness is not regarded with suspicion, but is simply an acknowledged characteristic of the world around us" - a subject for meditation and a source of insight. The ancient Sorites paradox first raised the logical problem of how we could exactly define

602-534: A data set of more than 1 trillion bits of formatted data. The Guardian later claimed that Cambridge Analytica in fact had, according to its own company information, "up to 7,000 data points" on 240 million American voters. Harvard University Professor Latanya Sweeney calculated, that if a U.S. company knows just your date of birth , your ZIP code and sex , the company has an 87% chance to identify you by name – simply by using linked data sets from various sources. With 4,000–7,000 data points instead of three,

688-498: A definite, precise answer to the question, "To what extent is something the case?", or, "To what extent is something applicable?". Via a series of switches, this kind of reasoning can be built into electronic devices. That was already happening before fuzzy logic was invented, but using fuzzy logic in modelling has become an important aid in design, which creates many new technical possibilities. Fuzzy reasoning (i.e., reasoning with graded concepts) turns out to have many practical uses. It

774-773: A degree of truth. In 1975, Lotfi A. Zadeh introduced a distinction between "Type 1 fuzzy sets" without uncertainty and " Type 2 fuzzy sets " with uncertainty, which has been widely accepted. Simply put, in the former case, each fuzzy number is linked to a non-fuzzy (natural) number, while in the latter case, each fuzzy number is linked to another fuzzy number. In philosophical logic and linguistics, fuzzy concepts are often regarded as vague or imprecise ideas which in their application, or strictly speaking, are neither completely true nor completely false. Such ideas require further elaboration, specification or qualification to understand their applicability (the conditions under which they truly make sense). The "fuzzy area" can also refer simply to

860-593: A distribution of statements for their truth-content, identify data patterns, make inferences and predictions, and model how processes operate. Petr Hájek claimed that "fuzzy logic is not just some "applied logic", but may bring "new light to classical logical problems", and therefore might be well classified as a distinct branch of "philosophical logic" similar to e.g. modal logics . Fuzzy logic offers computationally-oriented systems of concepts and methods, to formalize types of reasoning which are ordinarily approximate only, and not exact. In principle, this allows us to give

946-434: A half millennia, all of them had something to say about graded concepts with unsharp boundaries. This suggests at least that the awareness of the existence of concepts with "fuzzy" characteristics, in one form or another, has a very long history in human thought. Quite a few 20th century logicians, mathematicians and philosophers also tried to analyze the characteristics of fuzzy concepts as a recognized species, sometimes with

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1032-413: A logical rule. The first scholar who pointed out the need to distinguish the theory of fuzzy sets from probability theory was Zadeh's pupil Joseph Goguen . Petr Hájek , writing about the foundations of fuzzy logic, likewise sharply distinguished between "fuzziness" and "uncertainty": "The sentence "The patient is young" is true to some degree – the lower the age of the patient (measured e.g. in years),

1118-474: A lot of evidence to support this idea that happiness is affected in some way by genetics. In a 2016 study, Michael Minkov and Michael Harris Bond found that a gene by the name of SLC6A4 was not a good predictor of happiness level in humans. On the other hand, there have been many studies that have found genetics to be a key part in predicting and understanding happiness in humans. In a review article discussing many studies on genetics and happiness, they discussed

1204-542: A numerical value is assigned to each attribute along a scale, and the results are placed in a table which links each assigned object-value within the given range to a numerical value (a score) denoting a given degree of applicability. This is the basic idea of a "fuzzy concept lattice", which can also be graphed; different fuzzy concept lattices can be connected to each other as well (for example, in " fuzzy conceptual clustering " techniques used to group data, originally invented by Enrique H. Ruspini ). Fuzzy concept lattices are

1290-477: A person feels more whole, alive, self-sufficient, and yet a part of the world. This is similar to the flow concept of Mihály Csíkszentmihályi . The concept of flow is the idea that after our basic needs are met we can achieve greater happiness by altering our consciousness by becoming so engaged in a task that we lose our sense of time. Our intense focus causes us to forget any other issues, which in return promotes positive emotions. Erich Fromm said "Happiness

1376-680: A person's happiness. From abstract: "A friend who lives within a mile (about 1.6 km) and who becomes happy increases the probability that a person is happy by 25%." Various writers, including Camus and Tolle , have written that the act of searching or seeking for happiness is incompatible with being happy. John Stuart Mill believed that for the great majority of people happiness is best achieved en passant, rather than striving for it directly. This meant no self-consciousness, scrutiny, self-interrogation, dwelling on, thinking about, imagining or questioning on one's happiness. Then, if otherwise fortunately circumstanced, one would "inhale happiness with

1462-439: A scaled value. For mathematicians, a "fuzzy concept" is usually a fuzzy set or a combination of such sets (see fuzzy mathematics ). In cognitive linguistics , the things that belong to a "fuzzy category" exhibit gradations of family resemblance , and the borders of the category are not clearly defined. In a more general, popular sense – contrasting with its technical meanings – a "fuzzy concept" refers to an imprecise idea which

1548-521: A shift in the pursuit of happiness from more tactile, object based happiness, to social and relational based happiness. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a pyramid depicting the levels of human needs, psychological, and physical. When a human being ascends the steps of the pyramid, self-actualization is reached. Beyond the routine of needs fulfillment, Maslow envisioned moments of extraordinary experience, known as peak experiences , profound moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which

1634-490: A significant role in artificial intelligence programming, for example because it can model human cognitive processes more easily. Problems of vagueness and fuzziness have probably always existed in human experience. In the West, ancient texts show that philosophers and scientists were already thinking about those kinds of problems in classical antiquity . Kit Fine states that "when a philosopher talks of vagueness he has in mind

1720-470: A special logic", In their book What Is Philosophy? , which deals with the functions of concepts, they suggest that all philosophical concepts could be regarded as "vague or fuzzy sets, simple aggregates of perceptions and affections, which form within the lived as immanent to a subject, to a consciousness [and which] are qualitative or intensive multiplicities, like "redness" or "baldness," where we cannot decide whether certain elements do or do not belong to

1806-455: A strong influence on the US elections of 2016. A US study concluded in 2015 that for 20% of undecided voters, Google 's secret search algorithm had the power to change the way they voted. Very large quantities of data can now be explored using computers with fuzzy logic programming and open-source architectures such as Apache Hadoop , Apache Spark , and MongoDB . One author claimed in 2016 that it

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1892-423: A term that has a number of logically independent conditions of application). The German mathematician Dieter Klaua published a German-language paper on fuzzy sets in 1965, but he used a different terminology (he referred to "many-valued sets", not "fuzzy sets"). In the late 1960s, two popular introductions to many-valued logic were published by Robert J. Ackermann and Nicholas Rescher . Rescher's book includes

1978-447: A useful programming tool for the exploratory analysis of big data , for example in cases where sets of linked behavioural responses are broadly similar, but can nevertheless vary in important ways, within certain limits. It can help to find out what the structure and dimensions are, of a behaviour that occurs with an important but limited amount of variation in a large population. Coding with fuzzy lattices can be useful, for instance, in

2064-481: A very comprehensive personal profile becomes possible for almost every voter, and many behavioural patterns can be inferred by linking together different data sets. It also becomes possible to identify and measure gradations in personal characteristics which, in aggregate, have very large effects. Some researchers argue that this kind of big data analysis has severe limitations, and that the analytical results can only be regarded as indicative, and not as definitive. This

2150-548: A video interview published by The Guardian in March 2018, whistleblower Christopher Wylie called Cambridge Analytica a "full-service propaganda machine" rather than a bona fide data science company. Its own site revealed with "case studies" that it has been active in political campaigns in numerous different countries, influencing attitudes and opinions. Wylie explained, that "we spent a million dollars harvesting tens of millions of Facebook profiles, and those profiles were used as

2236-481: A virtue to be considered a key strength in the field of positive psychology it must meet the demands of 12 criteria, namely ubiquity (cross-cultural), fulfilling, morally valued, does not diminish others, be a nonfelicitous opposite (have a clear antonym that is negative), traitlike, measurable, distinct, have paragons (distinctly show up in individuals' behaviors), have prodigies (show up in youth), be selectively absent (distinctly does not show up in some individuals), and

2322-941: A whole." People have been trying to measure happiness for centuries. In 1780, the English utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham proposed that as happiness was the primary goal of humans, it should be measured as a way of determining how well the government was performing. Today, happiness is typically measured using self-report surveys. Self-reporting is prone to cognitive biases and other sources of errors, such as peak–end rule . Studies show that memories of felt emotions can be inaccurate. Affective forecasting research shows that people are poor predictors of their future emotions, including how happy they will be. Happiness economists are not overly concerned with philosophical and methodological issues and continue to use questionaries to measure average happiness of populations. Several scales have been developed to measure happiness: Since 2012,

2408-429: Is Fuzzy Logic and Mathematics: A Historical Perspective (2017) by Radim Bělohlávek, Joseph W. Dauben and George J. Klir . The Iranian-born American computer scientist Lotfi A. Zadeh (1921–2017) is usually credited with inventing the specific idea of a "fuzzy concept" in his seminal 1965 paper on fuzzy sets, because he presented a mathematical formalization of the phenomenon that was widely accepted by scholars. It

2494-409: Is "somewhat vague" for any kind of reason. In the past, the very idea of reasoning with fuzzy concepts faced considerable resistance from academic elites. They did not want to endorse the use of imprecise concepts in research or argumentation, and regarded fuzzy logic with suspicion. Yet although people might not be aware of it, the use of fuzzy concepts has risen gigantically in all walks of life from

2580-413: Is a good athlete", implying the graded structure of concepts. In his classic paper, Zadeh called the concepts with a graded structure fuzzy concepts and argued that these concepts are a rule rather than an exception when it comes to how people communicate knowledge. Moreover, he argued that to model such concepts mathematically is important for the tasks of control, decision making, pattern recognition, and

2666-427: Is actually allowed to have and keep. Facebook itself became the subject of another U.S. Federal Trade Commission inquiry, to establish whether Facebook violated the terms of a 2011 consent decree governing its handing of user data (data which was allegedly transferred to Cambridge Analytica without Facebook's and user's knowledge). Wired journalist Jessi Hempel commented in a CBNC panel discussion that "Now there

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2752-465: Is affected by life circumstances and situation, and a remaining 40 percent of happiness is subject to self-control. When discussing genetics and their effects on individuals it is important to first understand that genetics do not predict behavior. It is possible for genes to increase the likelihood of individuals being happier compared to others, but they do not 100 percent predict behavior. At this point in scientific research, it has been hard to find

2838-508: Is between cognitive life evaluations and emotional reports. The UK began to measure national well-being in 2012, following Bhutan , which had already been measuring gross national happiness . Academic economists and international economic organizations are arguing for and developing multi-dimensional dashboards which combine subjective and objective indicators to provide a more direct and explicit assessment of human wellbeing. There are many different contributors to adult wellbeing, such as

2924-439: Is closely linked to well-being and overall life satisfaction. Studies have shown that individuals who experience higher levels of happiness tend to have better physical and mental health, stronger social relationships, and greater resilience in the face of adversity. The pursuit of happiness has been a central theme in philosophy and psychology for centuries. While there is no single, universally accepted definition of happiness, it

3010-500: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gaiety (mood) Happiness is a complex and multifaceted emotion that encompasses a range of positive feelings, from contentment to intense joy. It is often associated with positive life experiences, such as achieving goals, spending time with loved ones, or engaging in enjoyable activities. However, happiness can also arise spontaneously, without any apparent external cause. Happiness

3096-552: Is generally understood to be a state of mind characterized by positive emotions, a sense of purpose, and a feeling of fulfillment. "Happiness" is subject to debate on usage and meaning, and on possible differences in understanding by culture. The word is mostly used in relation to two factors: Some usages can include both of these factors. Subjective well-being (swb) includes measures of current experience (emotions, moods , and feelings) and of life satisfaction . For instance Sonja Lyubomirsky has described happiness as "

3182-431: Is how we could ascertain and define the validity that the statement does have. The Nordic myth of Loki's wager suggested that concepts that lack precise meanings or lack precise boundaries of application cannot be usefully discussed at all, because they evade clear definition. However, the 20th-century idea of "fuzzy concepts" proposes that "somewhat vague terms" can be operated with, because we can explicate and define

3268-639: Is now possible to obtain, link and analyze "400 data points" for each voter in a population, using Oracle systems (a "data point" is a number linked to one or more categories, which represents a characteristic). However, NBC News reported in 2016 that the Anglo-American firm Cambridge Analytica which profiled voters for Donald Trump ( Steve Bannon was a board member) did not have 400, but 4,000 data points for each of 230 million US adults. Cambridge Analytica's own website claimed that "up to 5,000 data points" were collected for each of 220 million Americans,

3354-567: Is nowadays widely used in: It looks like fuzzy logic will eventually be applied in almost every aspect of life, even if people are not aware of it, and in that sense fuzzy logic is an astonishingly successful invention. The scientific and engineering literature on the subject is constantly increasing. Originally lot of research on fuzzy logic was done by Japanese pioneers inventing new machinery, electronic equipment and appliances (see also Fuzzy control system ). The idea became so popular in Japan, that

3440-414: Is or is not a member of a given set, in fuzzy set theory membership is a matter of degree; the degree of membership of an object in a fuzzy set is represented by some real number between 0 and 1, with 0 denoting no membership and 1 full membership." "Truth" in this mathematical context usually means simply that "something is the case", or that "something is applicable". This makes it possible to analyze

3526-433: Is supported by some institutions. Numerous short-term self-help interventions have been developed and demonstrated to improve happiness. A person's level of subjective well-being is determined by many different factors and social influences prove to be a strong one. Results from the famous Framingham Heart Study indicate that friends three degrees of separation away (that is, friends of friends of friends) can affect

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3612-407: Is that a real number is assigned to each statement written in a language, within a range from 0 to 1, where 1 means that the statement is completely true, and 0 means that the statement is completely false, while values less than 1 but greater than 0 represent that the statement is "partly true", to a given, quantifiable extent. Susan Haack comments: "Whereas in classical set theory an object either

3698-403: Is the case. We may have some probability (chance, degree of belief) that the sentence is true; but probability is not a degree of truth. In metrology (the science of measurement), it is acknowledged that for any measure we care to make, there exists an amount of uncertainty about its accuracy, but this degree of uncertainty is conventionally expressed with a magnitude of likelihood, and not as

3784-534: Is the indication that man has found the answer to the problem of human existence: the productive realization of his potentialities and thus, simultaneously, being one with the world and preserving the integrity of his self. In spending his energy productively he increases his powers, he „burns without being consumed."" Self-determination theory relates intrinsic motivation to three needs: competence , autonomy , and relatedness . Competence refers to an individual's ability to be effective in their interactions with

3870-561: Is this fuzziness from the top of the company [i.e. Facebook] that I have never seen in the fifteen years that I have covered it." Interrogating Facebook's CEO Mark Zuckerberg before the U.S. House Energy and Commerce Committee in April 2018, New Mexico Congressman Rep. Ben Ray Luján put it to him that the Facebook corporation might well have "29,000 data points" on each Facebook user. Zuckerberg claimed that he "did not really know". Lujan's figure

3956-450: The psephological analysis of big data about voter behaviour, where researchers want to explore the characteristics and associations involved in "somewhat vague" opinions; gradations in voter attitudes; and variability in voter behaviour (or personal characteristics) within a set of parameters. The basic programming techniques for this kind of fuzzy concept mapping and deep learning are by now well-established and big data analytics had

4042-1104: The state of things ." The idea of motivational hedonism is the theory that pleasure is the aim for human life. Since 2000 the field of positive psychology , which focuses on the study of happiness and human flourishing rather than maladjusted behavior or illness, expanded drastically in terms of scientific publications. It has produced many different views on causes of happiness, and on factors that correlate with happiness, such as positive social interactions with family and friends. These factors include six key virtues: 1. Wisdom and knowledge, which includes creativity, curiosity, love of learning and open-mindedness. 2. Courage, which includes bravery, persistence, integrity, and vitality. 3. Humanity, which includes love, kindness, and social intelligence. 4. Justice, which includes leadership, fairness, and loyalty. 5. Temperance, which includes self-regulation, prudence, forgiveness, humility, patience and modesty. 6. Transcendence, which includes religious/spirituality, hope, gratitude, appreciation of beauty and excellence, and humor. In order for

4128-407: The 1970s in the psychology of concepts... that human concepts have a graded structure in that whether or not a concept applies to a given object is a matter of degree, rather than a yes-or-no question, and that people are capable of working with the degrees in a consistent way. This finding is intuitively quite appealing, because people say "this product is more or less good" or "to a certain degree, he

4214-504: The 1970s onward. That is mainly due to advances in electronic engineering, fuzzy mathematics and digital computer programming. The new technology allows very complex inferences about "variations on a theme" to be anticipated and fixed in a program. The Perseverance Mars rover , a driverless NASA vehicle used to explore the Jezero crater on the planet Mars , features fuzzy logic programming that steers it through rough terrain. Similarly, to

4300-452: The 20th century. In 2014, it was placed 46th in the list of the world's 100 most-cited research papers of all time. Since the mid-1960s, many scholars have contributed to elaborating the theory of reasoning with graded concepts, and the research field continues to expand. The ordinary scholarly definition of a concept as "fuzzy" has been in use from the 1970s onward. Radim Bělohlávek explains: "There exists strong evidence, established in

4386-902: The English word entered Japanese language (ファジィ概念). "Fuzzy theory" (ファジー理論) is a recognized field in Japanese scientific research. Since that time, the movement has spread worldwide; nearly every country nowadays has its own fuzzy systems association, although some are larger and more developed than others. In some cases, the local body is a branch of an international one. In other cases, the fuzzy systems program falls under artificial intelligence or soft computing . There are also some emerging networks of researchers which do not yet have their own website. Lotfi A. Zadeh estimated around 2014 that there were more than 50,000 fuzzy logic–related, patented inventions. He listed 28 journals at that time dealing with fuzzy reasoning, and 21 journal titles on soft computing . His searches found close to 100,000 publications with

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4472-541: The Good Life" became the most popular course in the history of Yale University and was made available for free online to non-Yale students. Some commentators focus on the difference between the hedonistic tradition of seeking pleasant and avoiding unpleasant experiences, and the eudaimonic tradition of living life in a full and deeply satisfying way. Kahneman has said that ""When you look at what people want for themselves, how they pursue their goals, they seem more driven by

4558-790: The North, the Chinese Mars rover Zhurong used fuzzy logic algorithms to calculate its travel route in Utopia Planitia from sensor data. New neuro-fuzzy computational methods make it possible to identify, measure and respond to fine gradations of significance with great precision. It means that practically useful concepts can be coded and applied to all kinds of tasks, even if ordinarily these concepts are never precisely defined. Nowadays engineers, statisticians and programmers often represent fuzzy concepts mathematically, using fuzzy logic, fuzzy values, fuzzy variables and fuzzy sets. Fuzzy logic can play

4644-511: The aid of some kind of many-valued logic or substructural logic . An early attempt in the post-WW2 era to create a mathematical theory of sets with gradations of set membership was made by Abraham Kaplan and Hermann F. Schott in 1951. They intended to apply the idea to empirical research. Kaplan and Schott expressed the degree of membership of empirical classes using real numbers between 0 and 1, and they defined corresponding notions of intersection, union, complementation and subset. However, at

4730-436: The air you breathe." Fuzzy concept For engineers, "Fuzziness is imprecision or vagueness of definition." For scientists, a fuzzy concept is an idea which is "to an extent applicable" in a situation. It means that the concept can have gradations of significance or unsharp (variable) boundaries of application; a fuzzy statement is a statement which is true "to some extent", and that extent can often be represented by

4816-447: The basis of the algorithms that became the foundation of Cambridge Analytica itself. The company itself was founded on using Facebook data". On 19 March 2018, Facebook announced it had hired the digital forensics firm Stroz Friedberg to conduct a "comprehensive audit" of Cambridge Analytica, while Facebook shares plummeted 7 percent overnight (erasing roughly $ 40 billion in market capitalization). Cambridge Analytica had not just used

4902-424: The common findings. The author found an important factor that has affected scientist findings this being how happiness is measured. For example, in certain studies when subjective wellbeing is measured as a trait heredity is found to be higher, about 70 to 90 percent. In another study, 11,500 unrelated genotypes were studied, and the conclusion was the heritability was only 12 to 18 percent. Overall, this article found

4988-407: The common percent of heredity was about 20 to 50 percent. Theories on how to achieve happiness include "encountering unexpected positive events", "seeing a significant other", and "basking in the acceptance and praise of others". Some others believe that happiness is not solely derived from external, momentary pleasures. Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and happiness, and

5074-487: The computer scientist Andrei Popescu at Middlesex University London , a concept can be operationally defined to consist of: Once the context is defined, we can specify relationships of sets of objects with sets of attributes which they do, or do not share. Whether an object belongs to a concept, and whether an object does, or does not have an attribute, can often be a matter of degree. Thus, for example, "many attributes are fuzzy rather than crisp". To overcome this issue,

5160-427: The degree of happiness depends on economic and cultural factors that enable free choice in how people live their lives. Happiness also depends on religion in countries where free choice is constrained. Sigmund Freud said that all humans strive after happiness, but that the possibilities of achieving it are restricted because we "are so made that we can derive intense enjoyment only from a contrast and very little from

5246-446: The distinction between joy and happiness is that "joy accompanies the process through and through, whereas happiness seems to be more strictly tied to the moment of achievement of the process... joy is not only a direct emotional response to an event that is embedded in our life-concerns but is also tightly bound to the present moment, whereas happiness presupposes an evaluative stance concerning one period of one's life or one's own life as

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5332-490: The environment, autonomy refers to a person's flexibility in choice and decision making, and relatedness is the need to establish warm, close personal relationships. Ronald Inglehart has traced cross-national differences in the level of happiness based on data from the World Values Survey . He finds that the extent to which a society allows free choice has a major impact on happiness. When basic needs are satisfied,

5418-595: The experience of joy, contentment, or positive well-being, combined with a sense that one's life is good, meaningful, and worthwhile. " Eudaimonia , is a Greek term variously translated as happiness, welfare, flourishing , and blessedness. Xavier Landes has proposed that happiness include measures of subjective wellbeing, mood and eudaimonia. These differing uses can give different results. Whereas Nordic countries often score highest on swb surveys , South American countries score higher on affect-based surveys of current positive life experiencing. The implied meaning of

5504-416: The following: Psychologist Robert Emmons has identified the centrality of goals in pursuing happiness. He found that when humans pursue meaningful projects and activities without primarily focusing on happiness, happiness often results as a by-product. Indicators of meaningfulness predict positive effects on life, while lack of meaning predicts negative states such as psychological distress. Emmons summarizes

5590-635: The four categories of meaning which have appeared throughout various studies. He proposes to call them WIST, or work, intimacy, spirituality, and transcendence. Throughout life, one's views of happiness and what brings happiness can evolve. In early and emerging adulthood many people focus on seeking happiness through friends, objects, and money. Middle aged-adults generally transition from searching for object-based happiness to looking for happiness in money and relationships. In older adulthood, people tend to focus more on personal peace and lasting relationships (ex. children, spouse, grandchildren). Antti Kauppinen,

5676-497: The gradations of applicable meaning of a fuzzy concept are described in terms of quantitative relationships defined by logical operators. Such an approach is sometimes called "degree-theoretic semantics" by logicians and philosophers, but the more usual term is fuzzy logic or many-valued logic . The novelty of fuzzy logic is, that it "breaks with the traditional principle that formalisation should correct and avoid, but not compromise with, vagueness". The basic idea of fuzzy logic

5762-546: The like. Zadeh proposed the notion of a fuzzy set that gave birth to the field of fuzzy logic ..." Hence, a concept is generally regarded as "fuzzy" in a logical sense if: The fact that a concept is fuzzy does not prevent its use in logical reasoning; it merely affects the type of reasoning which can be applied (see fuzzy logic ). If the concept has gradations of meaningful significance, it may be necessary to specify and formalize what those gradations are, if they can make an important difference. Not all fuzzy concepts have

5848-453: The more the sentence is true. Truth of a fuzzy proposition is a matter of degree. I recommend to everybody interested in fuzzy logic that they sharply distinguish fuzziness from uncertainty as a degree of belief (e.g. probability). Compare the last proposition with the proposition "The patient will survive next week". This may well be considered as a crisp proposition which is either (absolutely) true or (absolutely) false; but we do not know which

5934-407: The point of change is much more difficult to locate, and remains somewhat vague. Thus, the boundaries between qualitatively different things may be unsharp : we know that there are boundaries, but we cannot define them exactly. According to the modern idea of the continuum fallacy , the fact that a statement is to an extent vague, does not automatically mean that it has no validity. The problem then

6020-503: The point that happiness judgements partly reflect the presence of salient constraints, and that fairness, autonomy, community and engagement are key aspects of happiness and wellbeing throughout the life course. Although these factors play a role in happiness, they do not all need to improve simultaneously to help one achieve an increase in happiness. Happiness has been found to be quite stable over time. As of 2016 , no evidence of happiness causing improved physical health has been found;

6106-486: The profiles of Facebook users to compile data sets. According to Christopher Wylie 's testimony, the company also harvested the data of each user's network of friends, leveraging the original data set. It then converted, combined and migrated its results into new data sets, which can in principle survive in some format, even if the original data sources are destroyed. It created and applied algorithms using data to which - critics argue - it could not have been entitled. This

6192-408: The same logical structure, but they can often be formally described or reconstructed using fuzzy logic or other substructural logics . The advantage of this approach is, that numerical notation enables a potentially infinite number of truth-values between complete truth and complete falsehood, and thus it enables - in theory, at least - the greatest precision in stating the degree of applicability of

6278-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gaiety . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaiety&oldid=1165163832 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

6364-504: The search for satisfaction than the search for happiness." Viktor Frankl, a psychiatrist and prisoner in the Nazi concentration camps during World War II, noticed that those who lost hope soon died, while those who held to meaning and purpose tended to live on. Frankl observed that joy and misery had more to do with a person's perspective and choice than with their surroundings. Three key sources of meaning that he highlights in his writings include

6450-402: The set." In mathematics and statistics , a fuzzy variable (such as "the temperature", "hot" or "cold") is a value which could lie in a probable range defined by some quantitative limits or parameters , and which can be usefully described with imprecise categories (such as "high", "medium" or "low") using some kind of scale or conceptual hierarchy. In mathematics and computer science ,

6536-653: The theories of Diener, Ryff, Keyes, and Seligmann covers a broad range of levels and topics, including "the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life." The psychiatrist George Vaillant and the director of longitudinal Study of Adult Development at Harvard University Robert J. Waldinger found that those who were happiest and healthier reported strong interpersonal relationships. Research showed that adequate sleep contributes to well-being. Good mental health and good relationships contribute more to happiness than income does. In 2018, Laurie R. Santos course titled " Psychology and

6622-404: The threshold at which a change in quantitative gradation turns into a qualitative or categorical difference. With some physical processes this threshold is relatively easy to identify. For example, water turns into steam at 100 °C or 212 °F (the boiling point depends partly on atmospheric pressure, which decreases at higher altitudes). With many other processes and gradations, however,

6708-538: The time, their idea "fell on stony ground". J. Barkley Rosser Sr. published a treatise on many-valued logics in 1952, anticipating "many-valued sets". Another treatise was published in 1963 by Alexander Zinoviev and others. In 1964, the American philosopher William Alston introduced the term "degree vagueness" to describe vagueness in an idea that results from the absence of a definite cut-off point along an implied scale (in contrast to "combinatory vagueness" caused by

6794-538: The topic is being researched at the Lee Kum Sheung Center for Health and Happiness at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . A positive relationship has been suggested between the volume of the brain's gray matter in the right precuneus area and one's subjective happiness score. Sonja Lyubomirsky has estimated that 50 percent of a given human's happiness level could be genetically determined, 10 percent

6880-842: The variability of their application - by assigning numbers to gradations of applicability. This idea sounds simple enough, but it had large implications. In Western civilization, the intellectual recognition of fuzzy concepts has been traced back to a diversity of famous and less well-known thinkers, including (among many others) Eubulides , Epicurus , Plato , Cicero , Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels , Friedrich Nietzsche , William James , Hugh MacColl , Charles S. Peirce , Carl Gustav Hempel , Max Black , Arto Salomaa , Ludwig Wittgenstein , Jan Łukasiewicz , Emil Leon Post , Alfred Tarski , Georg Cantor , Nicolai A. Vasiliev , Kurt Gödel , Stanisław Jaśkowski , Willard Van Orman Quine , Joseph Goguen and Donald Knuth . Across at least two and

6966-462: The word "fuzzy" in their titles, but perhaps there are even 300,000. In March 2018, Google Scholar found 2,870,000 titles which included the word "fuzzy". When he died on 11 September 2017 at age 96, Professor Zadeh had received more than 50 engineering and academic awards, in recognition of his work. The technique of fuzzy concept lattices is increasingly used in programming for the formatting, relating and analysis of fuzzy data sets. According to

7052-423: The word may vary depending on context, qualifying happiness as a polyseme and a fuzzy concept . A further issue is when measurement is made; appraisal of a level of happiness at the time of the experience may be different from appraisal via memory at a later date. Some users accept these issues, but continue to use the word because of its convening power. German philosophy professor Michela Summa says that

7138-402: Was also Zadeh who played a decisive role in developing the field of fuzzy logic, fuzzy sets and fuzzy systems, with a large number of scholarly papers. Unlike most philosophical theories of vagueness, Zadeh's engineering approach had the advantage that it could be directly applied to computer programming. Zadeh's seminal 1965 paper is acknowledged to be one of the most-cited scholarly articles in

7224-454: Was based on ProPublica research, which in fact suggested that Facebook may even have 52,000 data points for many Facebook users. When Zuckerberg replied to his critics, he stated that because the revolutionary technology of Facebook (with 2.2 billion users worldwide, at that time) had ventured into previously unknown territory, it was unavoidable that mistakes would be made, despite the best of intentions. He justified himself saying that: "For

7310-487: Was confirmed by Kellyanne Conway , Donald Trump 's campaign advisor and counselor in 2016, who emphasized the importance of human judgement and common sense in drawing conclusions from fuzzy data. Conway candidly admitted that much of her own research would "never see the light of day", because it was client confidential. Another Trump adviser criticized Conway, claiming that she "produces an analysis that buries every terrible number and highlights every positive number" In

7396-424: Was denied by Cambridge Analytica , which stated on its website that it legitimately "uses data to change audience behavior" among customers and voters (who choose to view and provide information). If advertisers can do that, why not a data company? Where should the line be drawn? Legally, it remained a "fuzzy" area. The tricky legal issue then became, what kind of data Cambridge Analytica (or any similar company)

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