97-397: BRIDJ (pronounced "bridge") is a SaaS platform designed to support 'demand responsive' or 'on demand' public transport providers. The platform allows a user to optimise an on-road service and digitise work processes, and includes an optimisation engine, traveller app, driver app and client portal. The traveller app allows passengers to book, pay and track a service between two locations within
194-484: A cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships, and sailed away. This has become known as " Evacuation Day ", which Boston still celebrates each year on March 17. After this, Washington was so impressed that he made Rufus Putnam his chief engineer. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of
291-529: A global leader in higher education and research and the largest biotechnology hub in the world. The city is also a national leader in scientific research, law, medicine, engineering, and business. With nearly 5,000 startup companies, the city is considered a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship , and more recently in artificial intelligence . Boston's economy also includes finance , professional and business services, information technology , and government activities. Boston households provide
388-618: A lively port , and the then-town primarily engaged in shipping and fishing during its colonial days. Boston was a primary stop on a Caribbean trade route and imported large amounts of molasses, which led to the creation of Boston baked beans . Boston's economy stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia had surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly. The weather continuing boisterous
485-470: A million residents, and the most densely populated state capital. Some 1.2 million persons may be within Boston's boundaries during work hours, and as many as 2 million during special events. This fluctuation of people is caused by hundreds of thousands of suburban residents who travel to the city for work, education, health care, and special events. Eastern Suburbs (Sydney) The Eastern Suburbs
582-601: A number of venture capital firms and an early investor in Zipcar . On 10 February 2016, BRIDJ and the Kansas City Area Transportation Authority (KCATA) announced "Ride KC: BRIDJ", a pilot project that would use BRIDJ as the operator of a microtransit system under the RideKC brand. Though BRIDJ planned trips based on users preferences expressed via its mobile app , KCATA provided union drivers and set fares
679-468: A pair of bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon , killing three people and injuring roughly 264. The subsequent search for the bombers led to a lock-down of Boston and surrounding municipalities. The region showed solidarity during this time as symbolized by the slogan Boston Strong . In 2016, Boston briefly shouldered a bid as the U.S. applicant for the 2024 Summer Olympics . The bid
776-527: A port, manufacturing hub, and center for education and culture. The city also expanded significantly beyond the original peninsula by filling in land and annexing neighboring towns. Boston's many firsts include the United States' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634), the first public school ( Boston Latin School , 1635), and the first subway system ( Tremont Street subway , 1897). Boston has emerged as
873-547: A project to improve the historic West End neighborhood. Extensive demolition was met with strong public opposition, and thousands of families were displaced. The BRA continued implementing eminent domain projects, including the clearance of the vibrant Scollay Square area for construction of the modernist style Government Center . In 1965, the Columbia Point Health Center opened in the Dorchester neighborhood,
970-523: A service area. The optimisation engine consumes pre-planned and real-time bookings and then allocates passengers to the available vehicles to create the optimal trips for the given service objectives. The optimisation engine is designed to handle large numbers of passengers and vehicles of both small capacities (1-6 pax) and high capacity (6-50+). BRIDJ technology is currently deployed on public transport services in both Sydney and Adelaide, Australia and for transfer services Singapore. The platform
1067-401: A violent tornado , the city itself has experienced many tornado warnings . Damaging storms are more common to areas north, west, and northwest of the city. See or edit raw graph data . In 2020, Boston was estimated to have 691,531 residents living in 266,724 households —a 12% population increase over 2010. The city is the third-most densely populated large U.S. city of over half
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#17328517078321164-502: Is 2 °F (−17 °C) on December 30, 1917, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on both August 2, 1975 and July 21, 2019. Boston averages 43.6 in (1,110 mm) of precipitation a year, with 49.2 in (125 cm) of snowfall per season. Most snowfall occurs from mid-November through early April, and snow is rare in May and October. There is also high year-to-year variability in snowfall; for instance,
1261-508: Is July, with a mean temperature of 74.1 °F (23.4 °C). The coldest month is January, with a mean temperature of 29.9 °F (−1.2 °C). Periods exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) in summer and below freezing in winter are not uncommon but tend to be fairly short, with about 13 and 25 days per year seeing each, respectively. Sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) readings usually occur every 3 to 5 years. The most recent sub- 0 °F (−18 °C) reading occurred on February 4, 2023, when
1358-684: Is a popular recreational spot for residents in the Eastern Suburbs and is the largest racetrack in New South Wales. Port Botany located in the south of the region is New South Wales ' largest container port. Sydney's eastern university is the University of New South Wales , abbreviated as UNSW, located in Kensington and is one of the top performing universities in Australia. Across the road within
1455-540: Is an intellectual, technological, and political center. However, it has lost some important regional institutions, including the loss to mergers and acquisitions of local financial institutions such as FleetBoston Financial , which was acquired by Charlotte -based Bank of America in 2004. Boston-based department stores Jordan Marsh and Filene's have both merged into the New York City –based Macy's . The 1993 acquisition of The Boston Globe by The New York Times
1552-497: Is delivered by Transit Systems Victoria using software powered by Bridj. FlexiRide services do not have a fixed route. Passengers will be able to book a seat via the FlexiRide Melton South app or phone, be directed to their closest bus stop – either a physical or appropriate alternative location – and be picked up and transported to dedicated hubs. In 2020, Bridj deployed its booking and fleet management software to support
1649-518: Is envisaged that Bridj can provide a more efficient and customer friendly 'first and last mile' public transport service, while at the same time facilitating upgrades on the trunk bus network to 'turn-up-and-go' style services (i.e. reallocation of large bus resources to trunk corridors with headway frequency). Transit Systems plans to introduce more Bridj on-demand services into other Australian cities as well as London . In January 2020, SeaLink Travel Group acquired Transit Systems . As part of
1746-570: Is in Roxbury . Due north of the center we find the South End. This is not to be confused with South Boston which lies directly east from the South End. North of South Boston is East Boston and southwest of East Boston is the North End Unknown, A local colloquialism Boston has an area of 89.63 sq mi (232.1 km ). Of this area, 48.4 sq mi (125.4 km ), or 54%, of it
1843-410: Is land and 41.2 sq mi (106.7 km ), or 46%, of it is water. The city's elevation, as measured at Logan International Airport , is 19 ft (5.8 m) above sea level . The highest point in Boston is Bellevue Hill at 330 ft (100 m) above sea level, and the lowest point is at sea level. The city is adjacent to Boston Harbor , an arm of Massachusetts Bay , and by extension,
1940-477: Is the eastern metropolitan region of Sydney , New South Wales , Australia. Informally, references to "eastern suburbs" are often limited only to the area east of the Sydney Central Business District , one of the earliest areas developed beyond the town centre. However, the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney in the more expansive sense refers to the whole area situated to the east and south-east of
2037-846: Is the largest centre in the south-east, Westfield Bondi Junction being the largest overall. Popular commercial localities in the Eastern Suburbs include Charing Cross , Five Ways in Paddington , Kings Cross and The Spot . The Eastern Suburbs features some of Sydney's well-known beaches and tourist destinations. These include: Double Bay Beach , Redleaf Pool , Lady Martins Beach , Rose Bay Beach , Shark Beach , Parsley Bay Beach , Kutti Beach , Camp Cove Beach , Lady Bay Beach , Watsons Bay , Bondi Beach , Tamarama Beach , Bronte Beach , Clovelly Beach , Gordon's Bay , Coogee Beach , Maroubra Beach , Malabar Beach , Little Bay Beach , Little Congwong Beach , Congwong Beach , Frenchmans Beach , La Perouse and Yarra Bay Beach . Randwick Racecourse
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#17328517078322134-498: The Arbella ) and John Cotton (grandfather of Cotton Mather ) had emigrated to New England . The name of the English town ultimately derives from its patron saint, St. Botolph , in whose church John Cotton served as the rector until his emigration with Johnson. In early sources, Lincolnshire's Boston was known as "St. Botolph's town", later contracted to "Boston". Before this renaming,
2231-555: The 2020 census , making it the third-largest city in the Northeast after New York City and Philadelphia . The larger Greater Boston metropolitan statistical area has a population of 4.9 million as of 2023, making it the largest in New England and the eleventh-largest in the country . Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers. The city was named after Boston, Lincolnshire , England. During
2328-784: The American Revolution occurred in or near Boston. The then-town's mob presence, along with the colonists' growing lack of faith in either Britain or its Parliament , fostered a revolutionary spirit there. When the British parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of Andrew Oliver , the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and Thomas Hutchinson , then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell
2425-630: The American Revolution , Boston was home to several events that proved central to the revolution and subsequent Revolutionary War , including the Boston Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1773), Paul Revere's Midnight Ride (1775), the Battle of Bunker Hill (1775), and the Siege of Boston (1775–1776). Following American independence from Great Britain , the city continued to play an important role as
2522-520: The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) limits its definition of the "Eastern Suburbs" statistical area (Statistical Area level 4) to comprising just the Woollahra, Waverley and Randwick local government areas. As at the 2021 census , this ABS region had an estimated population of 261,410, up from 249,546 in the 2011 census . The "Eastern Suburbs" statistical area is further divided into: Outside
2619-543: The Australian Labor Party and have elected members from the Labor Party since each of them was established. The electorate of Coogee is historically a marginal electorate but has been held by the Labor Party since 2019. Sydney, being an inner-city electorate, has elected independent members since it was re-established in its current form in 2007. At the federal government level, the Eastern Suburbs are represented by
2716-577: The Big Bash League . The Eastern Suburbs Football Association (ESFA) is the delegated authority governing soccer in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney. ESFA offers women's competitions including AAW Premier League running from April through to August. The Eastern Suburbs are governed by the several local government areas including Municipality of Woollahra , Waverley Council , the City of Randwick and parts of Bayside Council . The part of Bayside Council within
2813-566: The Boston Garden opening in 1928. Logan International Airport opened on September 8, 1923. Boston went into decline by the early to mid-20th century, as factories became old and obsolete and businesses moved out of the region for cheaper labor elsewhere. Boston responded by initiating various urban renewal projects, under the direction of the Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) established in 1957. In 1958, BRA initiated
2910-601: The Boston Public Library , Trinity Church, single-family homes and wooden/brick multi-family row houses. The South End Historic District is the largest surviving contiguous Victorian-era neighborhood in the US. The geography of downtown and South Boston was particularly affected by the Central Artery/Tunnel Project (which ran from 1991 to 2007, and was known unofficially as the " Big Dig "). That project removed
3007-512: The CBD through George Street . Transdev Sydney Ferries operate services to Darling Point , Double Bay , Rose Bay and Watsons Bay . Bus services are operated by Transdev John Holland and Transit Systems NSW for the eastern and south-eastern suburbs. Major roads connecting the Eastern Suburbs to the CBD include New South Head Road , Oxford Street and Syd Einfeld Drive with Anzac Parade and
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3104-762: The Eastern Distributor being the major connectors for the south-east and Airport . Other main roads in the Eastern Suburbs include Old South Head Road and Bunnerong Road. In the National Rugby League , the Eastern Suburbs is represented by the Sydney Roosters playing out of the Sydney Football Stadium with their leagues club 'Easts' being based in Bondi. Further south in Randwick down to La Perouse
3201-643: The Eastern Suburbs On Demand service from Transdev's RIDE Plus, while the Wetherill Park trial service ceased operations. In July 2018, Bridj's parent company Transit Systems commenced the Region 6 bus services contract in Inner-West Sydney by Transport for New South Wales (TfNSW). This is an 8-year contract with a fleet of approx 600 buses servicing over 50 million passengers per annum. The contract
3298-541: The Massachusetts Bay Colony and was signed by its first governor John Winthrop . Puritan ethics and their focus on education also influenced the early history of the city. America's first public school, Boston Latin School , was founded in Boston in 1635. Boston was the largest town in the Thirteen Colonies until Philadelphia outgrew it in the mid-18th century. Boston's oceanfront location made it
3395-527: The North End , and the Seaport . Boston is sometimes called a "city of neighborhoods" because of the profusion of diverse subsections. The city government's Office of Neighborhood Services has officially designated 23 neighborhoods: More than two-thirds of inner Boston's modern land area did not exist when the city was founded. Instead, it was created via the gradual filling in of the surrounding tidal areas over
3492-628: The South End , the West End , the Financial District , and Chinatown . After the Great Boston fire of 1872 , workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (240 ha) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed
3589-702: The South Sydney Rabbitohs are often supported instead . Although being based in the inner southern suburb of Redfern the South Sydney Rabbitohs have leagues clubs called 'The Juniors' in Kingsford, Maroubra and Malabar. In the Australian Football League , the Sydney Swans are a professional Australian rules football club. The Swans' headquarters and training facilities are located at
3686-647: The Sydney Cricket Ground , the club's playing home ground since 1982. The NSW Blues are a professional first class men's cricket team also based at the Sydney Cricket Ground. The team competes in the Sheffield Shield Australia's first class interstate cricket competition. The Sydney Sixers are a NSW professional franchise men's cricket team based at Sydney Cricket Ground, competing in Australia's domestic Twenty20 cricket competition,
3783-586: The Sydney central business district , around the southern shore of Sydney Harbour to the Pacific Ocean beaches and continuing on to the port at Botany Bay and La Perouse . The region is sometimes defined as all of the suburbs within local government areas of the Municipality of Woollahra , Waverley Council and City of Randwick as well as eastern parts of Bayside Council and City of Sydney . Some suburbs in
3880-1062: The "Eastern Suburbs" statistical area, the ABS defines the "Botany" Statistical Area Level 3, which includes the part of Bayside Council that used to be City of Botany Bay along with Port Botany which is part of City of Randwick . The "Botany" statistical area is part of the "Sydney - City and Inner South" Statistical Area Level 4. The largest commercial areas linking the Eastern Suburbs are found at Bondi Junction , Double Bay , Randwick , and Maroubra Junction . These hubs provide transport, services, restaurants, residential space, retail space and office space. Shopping centres include Westfield Bondi Junction , Eastgate Bondi Junction , Eastpoint Food Fair at Edgecliff Centre , Supa Centa in Moore Park , Royal Randwick Shopping Centre , Pacific Square in Maroubra, Southpoint in Hillsdale and Westfield Eastgardens which
3977-412: The 1970s, the city's economy had begun to recover after 30 years of economic downturn. A large number of high-rises were constructed in the Financial District and in Boston's Back Bay during this period. This boom continued into the mid-1980s and resumed after a few pauses. Hospitals such as Massachusetts General Hospital , Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , and Brigham and Women's Hospital lead
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4074-457: The 19th century, Boston's core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. Italians became the largest inhabitants of the North End , Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown , and Russian Jews lived in the West End . Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston's largest religious community, and
4171-619: The 20th century: Horticultural Hall , the Tennis and Racquet Club , Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum , Fenway Studios , Jordan Hall , and the Boston Opera House . The Longfellow Bridge , built in 1906, was mentioned by Robert McCloskey in Make Way for Ducklings , describing its "salt and pepper shakers" feature. Fenway Park , home of the Boston Red Sox , opened in 1912, with
4268-575: The Atlantic Ocean. Boston is surrounded by the Greater Boston metropolitan region. It is bordered to the east by the town of Winthrop and the Boston Harbor Islands , to the northeast by the cities of Revere , Chelsea and Everett , to the north by the cities of Somerville and Cambridge , to the northwest by Watertown , to the west by the city of Newton and town of Brookline , to
4365-468: The Birmingham 2022 Fleet Operations team to plan and manage fleet services, along with apps for both drivers and passengers. The platform includes route optimisation, scheduling and vehicle tracking, which will automate many processes, saving time and improving efficiency. More than 2,000 passengers will be able to walk-up and find a ride at designated load zones or pre-book travel to and from venues across
4462-539: The Bridj platform, Tower Transit has converted the pre-planned routes into dynamic services that adapt to the transport requirements of drivers working on any given day. In October 2017, it was announced that Bridj had been purchased by Australian company Transit Systems . It began operations in Sydney , Australia with a trial Wetherill Park On Demand service in December 2017 operating Iveco Dailys . In August 2018, it took over
4559-663: The City of Sydney and Bayside Council which are south of Central station , west of the Eastern Distributor and north of the Airport Starting with Redfern and ending in Mascot are sometimes included in this region, even though these suburbs are neither east nor south-east of Sydney CBD. The region corresponds with the Parish of Alexandria and the Parish of Botany , two cadastral parishes used for land title purposes. For statistical purposes,
4656-551: The Eastern Suburbs was formerly governed by the City of Botany Bay , which amalgamated with the City of Rockdale (on the western shore of Botany Bay) to form Bayside Council in 2016. At the state government level, the Eastern Suburbs are represented by a number of electorates in the lower house . From south to north, these are the Electoral Districts of Maroubra , Heffron , Coogee , Vaucluse and (partly) Sydney . The political allegiances of these electorates reflect
4753-705: The Games footprint using the Bridj Passenger Application, which also provides journey tracking and customer support. Drivers will be supported by the Bridj Driver App, providing optimised turn-by-turn navigation to passenger pick-ups and drop-offs, which will also adapt to temporary passenger loading zones and road closures during Games time. Under a multi-Games agreement, the Commonwealth Games Federation Partnership (CGFP) has
4850-460: The Gawler On Demand Bus Service. The service supports Gawler and surrounding areas in Angaston, Nuriootpa, Light Pass and Tanunda. People who live more than 500m from a fixed-route service can book an on-demand bus at any time during its operating hours. In Singapore, Bridj licenses its technology to Tower Transit for the purpose of transferring drivers to and from its Bulim depot. Historically, these services were delivered using fixed routes. Using
4947-405: The Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the Kennedys , Tip O'Neill , and John F. Fitzgerald . Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of
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#17328517078325044-441: The John Hancock Tower is the old John Hancock Building with its prominent illuminated beacon , the color of which forecasts the weather. Downtown and its immediate surroundings (including the Financial District, Government Center, and South Boston ) consist largely of low-rise masonry buildings – often federal style and Greek revival – interspersed with modern high-rises. Back Bay includes many prominent landmarks, such as
5141-441: The Native people, as many had died of European diseases brought by early settlers and traders. Archaeological excavations unearthed one of the oldest fishweirs in New England on Boylston Street , which Native people constructed as early as 7,000 years before European arrival in the Western Hemisphere. The first European to live in what would become Boston was a Cambridge -educated Anglican cleric named William Blaxton . He
5238-417: The Official Fleet Operations and Asset Management Technology Provider for the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games. During Games time, a fleet of more than 500 vehicles will be transporting members of the Games Family – including accredited officials, sponsors and operations staff – between accommodation, training and competition venues. Bridj will be providing a booking and fleet management platform that enables
5335-588: The Renew Boston Whole Building Incentive which reduces the cost of living in buildings that are deemed energy efficient. Under the Köppen climate classification , Boston has either a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa ) under the 0 °C (32.0 °F) isotherm or a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa ) under the −3 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm. Summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold and stormy, with occasional periods of heavy snow. Spring and fall are usually cool and mild, with varying conditions dependent on wind direction and
5432-425: The acquisition, Bridj became privately owned and now operates independently under the leadership of CEO and founder John Langford-Ely. Bridj plans to partner with new operators and transit agencies across the globe. Founded early in 2014 in Boston , Massachusetts by Matt George, the company launched in their home town later the same year followed by Washington DC in April 2015. The company raised $ 4 million from
5529-422: The act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the Townshend Acts . The act prompted the Boston Tea Party , where a group of angered Bostonians threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company into Boston Harbor . The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the Coercive Acts , demanding compensation for
5626-535: The adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present-day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston ) (1870), Brighton (including present-day Allston ) (1874), West Roxbury (including present-day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale ) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912). Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of Brookline , Cambridge, and Chelsea . Many architecturally significant buildings were built during these early years of
5723-399: The angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists, however. In 1770, during the Boston Massacre , British troops shot into a crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America. In 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act . Many of the colonists saw
5820-426: The area. Nevertheless, the city experienced conflict starting in 1974 over desegregation busing , which resulted in unrest and violence around public schools throughout the mid-1970s. Boston has also experienced gentrification in the latter half of the 20th century, with housing prices increasing sharply since the 1990s when the city's rent control regime was struck down by statewide ballot proposition . Boston
5917-415: The centuries. This was accomplished using earth from the leveling or lowering of Boston's three original hills (the "Trimountain", after which Tremont Street is named), as well as with gravel brought by train from Needham to fill the Back Bay . Christian Science Center , Copley Square , Newbury Street , and New England's two tallest buildings: the John Hancock Tower and the Prudential Center . Near
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#17328517078326014-460: The city government. A climate action plan from 2019 anticipates 2 ft (1 m) to more than 7 ft (2 m) of sea-level rise in Boston by the end of the 21st century. Many older buildings in certain areas of Boston are supported by wooden piles driven into the area's fill; these piles remain sound if submerged in water, but are subject to dry rot if exposed to air for long periods. Groundwater levels have been dropping in many areas of
6111-464: The city often receives sea breezes , especially in the late spring, when water temperatures are still quite cold and temperatures at the coast can be more than 20 °F (11 °C) colder than a few miles inland, sometimes dropping by that amount near midday. Thunderstorms typically occur from May to September; occasionally, they can become severe, with large hail , damaging winds, and heavy downpours. Although downtown Boston has never been struck by
6208-443: The city's economy, and the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. The small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce. During this period, Boston flourished culturally as well. It
6305-414: The city, due in part to an increase in the amount of rainwater discharged directly into sewers rather than absorbed by the ground. The Boston Groundwater Trust coordinates monitoring groundwater levels throughout the city via a network of public and private monitoring wells. The city developed a climate action plan covering carbon reduction in buildings, transportation, and energy use. The first such plan
6402-411: The commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured Charlestown (now part of Boston) during the Battle of Bunker Hill . The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a pyrrhic victory for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of
6499-420: The company raised approximately $ 11 million since their founding in June 2014. Boston Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States . The city serves as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the Northeastern United States . It has an area of 48.4 sq mi (125 km ) and a population of 675,647 as of
6596-412: The destroyed tea from the Bostonians. This angered the colonists further and led to the American Revolutionary War . The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the Battles of Lexington and Concord . Boston itself was besieged for almost a year during the siege of Boston , which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army . Sir William Howe , then
6693-405: The elevated Central Artery and incorporated new green spaces and open areas. Boston is located within the Boston Basin ecoregion , which is characterized by low and rolling hills with a number of ponds, lakes, and reservoirs. Forests are mainly transition hardwoods such as oak - hickory mixed with white pine . As a coastal city built largely on fill , sea-level rise is of major concern to
6790-446: The first Community Health Center in the United States. It mostly served the massive Columbia Point public housing complex adjoining it, which was built in 1953. The health center is still in operation and was rededicated in 1990 as the Geiger-Gibson Community Health Center. The Columbia Point complex itself was redeveloped and revitalized from 1984 to 1990 into a mixed-income residential development called Harbor Point Apartments. By
6887-401: The first wave of European immigrants . Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Great Famine ; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston . In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans , Lebanese , Syrians, French Canadians , and Russian and Polish Jews settling there. By the end of
6984-456: The fortifications and dozens of cannons on Dorchester Heights that Henry Knox had laboriously brought through the snow from Fort Ticonderoga . The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted
7081-552: The highest average rate of philanthropy in the nation, and the city's businesses and institutions rank among the top in the nation for environmental sustainability and new investment. Isaac Johnson , in one of his last official acts as the leader of the Charlestown community before he died on September 30, 1630, named the then-new settlement across the river "Boston". The settlement's name came from Johnson's hometown of Boston, Lincolnshire , from which he, his wife (namesake of
7178-519: The militia, as their stubborn defense made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties. Several weeks later, George Washington took over the militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting
7275-603: The nation in medical innovation and patient care. Schools such as the Boston Architectural College , Boston College , Boston University , the Harvard Medical School , Tufts University School of Medicine , Northeastern University , Massachusetts College of Art and Design , Wentworth Institute of Technology , Berklee College of Music , the Boston Conservatory , and many others attract students to
7372-556: The nation's busiest ports for both domestic and international trade. Boston's harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (adopted during the Napoleonic Wars ) and the War of 1812 . Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the meantime. Manufacturing became an important component of
7469-453: The next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter. William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe , in a letter to William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth , about the British army's decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776. Many crucial events of
7566-419: The official name from the "Town of Boston" to the "City of Boston", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the city. At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 sq mi (12 km ). In the 1820s, Boston's population grew rapidly, and the city's ethnic composition changed dramatically with
7663-642: The option to extend its partnership with Bridj across future Games until at least 2030, including Victoria 2026. This long-term partnership enables Bridj to support CGFP in the transition of data insights and knowledge from one Games to the next. Data and knowledge will also be made available to the wider events industry, supporting other shared transport initiatives with local authorities in the Birmingham area. Residents in Melbourne's west will be able to access on-demand bus services to connect them directly to railway stations, local shopping centres and schools. The services
7760-456: The position of the jet stream . Prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the influence of the Atlantic Ocean. However, in winter, areas near the immediate coast often see more rain than snow, as warm air is sometimes drawn off the Atlantic. The city lies at the border between USDA plant hardiness zones 6b (away from the coastline) and 7a (close to the coastline). The hottest month
7857-554: The same as its other service. Fourteen Ford Transit vehicles were used in an exclusivity deal. Later in 2016, BRIDJ ceased operations in Washington DC. It also began using its buses and local storage lockers to deliver goods in Boston on a trial basis, while considering future self-driving buses and sidewalk-traveling robots to deliver packages. BRIDJ shut down abruptly on 30 April 2017, after funding negotiations with Toyota failed. George told The Boston Globe in May 2017, that
7954-771: The same suburb of Kensington is the National Institute of Dramatic Arts , abbreviated as NIDA. The major hospitals serving the Eastern Suburbs are St Vincent's Hospital in Darlinghurst with the largest hospital being Prince of Wales Hospital in Randwick. Railways in the region include the Eastern Suburbs railway line and the CBD and South East Light Rail . The Eastern Suburbs railway line which opened in 1979 has stations at Martin Place , Kings Cross , Edgecliff and terminates at Bondi Junction . The Eastern Suburbs railway
8051-517: The settlement on the peninsula had been known as "Shawmut" by William Blaxton and "Tremontaine" by the Puritan settlers he had invited. Prior to European colonization , the region surrounding present-day Boston was inhabited by the Massachusett people who had small, seasonal communities. When a group of settlers led by John Winthrop arrived in 1630, the Shawmut Peninsula was nearly empty of
8148-516: The socio-demographic difference between the different parts of the Eastern Suburbs. Vaucluse, covering the northern Eastern Suburbs, is a safe electorate for the Liberal Party of Australia and has elected a member from the Liberal Party or one of its predecessor conservative parties since it was established in its current form in 1927. The electorates of Maroubra and Heffron are safe electorates for
8245-606: The southwest by the town of Dedham and small portions of Needham and Canton , and to the southeast by the town of Milton , and the city of Quincy . The Charles River separates Boston's Allston-Brighton , Fenway-Kenmore and Back Bay neighborhoods from Watertown and Cambridge, and most of Boston from its own Charlestown neighborhood. The Neponset River forms the boundary between Boston's southern neighborhoods and Quincy and Milton . The Mystic River separates Charlestown from Chelsea and Everett, and Chelsea Creek and Boston Harbor separate East Boston from Downtown ,
8342-509: The temperature dipped down to −10 °F (−23 °C); this was the lowest temperature reading in the city since 1957. In addition, several decades may pass between 100 °F (38 °C) readings; the last such reading occurred on July 24, 2022. The city's average window for freezing temperatures is November 9 through April 5. Official temperature records have ranged from −18 °F (−28 °C) on February 9, 1934, up to 104 °F (40 °C) on July 4, 1911. The record cold daily maximum
8439-460: The winter of 2011–12 saw only 9.3 in (23.6 cm) of accumulating snow, but the previous winter, the corresponding figure was 81.0 in (2.06 m). The city's coastal location on the North Atlantic makes the city very prone to nor'easters , which can produce large amounts of snow and rain. Fog is fairly common, particularly in spring and early summer. Due to its coastal location,
8536-702: Was admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage . Members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed the Boston Brahmins —came to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites. They are often associated with the American upper class , Harvard University , and the Episcopal Church . Boston was a prominent port of the Atlantic slave trade in the New England Colonies , but
8633-648: Was awarded with an integrated DRT/On Demand component that will see up to 10 DRT/On Demand zones being implemented over time in conjunction with the broader network improvement plan in the Inner West of Sydney. The Burwood and Strathfield Train Station Service represents one of these zones and operates using 18 seat Hino mini-buses. The Region 6 strategic network plan involves Bridj services being introduced as feeder services into trunk transport hubs and also more efficient coverage services to fill network gaps. By doing so, it
8730-538: Was commissioned in 2007, with updates released in 2011, 2014, and 2019. This plan includes the Building Energy Reporting and Disclosure Ordinance, which requires the city's larger buildings to disclose their yearly energy and water use statistics and to partake in an energy assessment every five years. A separate initiative, Resilient Boston Harbor, lays out neighborhood-specific recommendations for coastal resilience . In 2013, Mayor Thomas Menino introduced
8827-590: Was initially designed for shuttle services in its origin city of Boston and later also in Washington DC and Kansas City . BRIDJ was then acquired by Australian company Transit Systems and services started in Sydney in December 2017. In January 2020, Transit Systems was acquired by SeaLink Travel Group. As a result, BRIDJ is now an independent, privately owned company. Bridj is currently deployed in: Australian transport software specialist, Bridj, has been appointed as
8924-433: Was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington's ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, Rufus Putnam , came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both
9021-524: Was originally intended to include more stations and to reach as far as Kingsford or Daceyville, but the route was shortened due to budget constraints. The CBD and South East Light Rail splits at Moore Park . One branch which opened in 2019 terminates at Prince of Wales Hospital in Randwick. The other branch which opened in 2020 terminates at The Juniors leagues club in Kingsford. The light rail takes residents of both of these suburbs as well as Kensington to Circular Quay via Moore Park, Surry Hills and
9118-601: Was reversed in 2013 when it was resold to Boston businessman John W. Henry . In 2016, it was announced General Electric would be moving its corporate headquarters from Connecticut to the Seaport District in Boston, joining many other companies in this rapidly developing neighborhood. The city also saw the completion of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, known as the Big Dig , in 2007 after many delays and cost overruns. On April 15, 2013, two Chechen Islamist brothers detonated
9215-523: Was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island . Boston eventually became a center of the American abolitionist movement . The city reacted largely negatively to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 , contributing to President Franklin Pierce 's attempt to make an example of Boston after Anthony Burns 's attempt to escape to freedom. In 1822, the citizens of Boston voted to change
9312-538: Was supported by the mayor and a coalition of business leaders and local philanthropists, but was eventually dropped due to public opposition. The USOC then selected Los Angeles to be the American candidate with Los Angeles ultimately securing the right to host the 2028 Summer Olympics . Nevertheless, Boston is one of eleven U.S. cities which will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup , with games taking place at Gillette Stadium . The geographical center of Boston
9409-499: Was the person most directly responsible for the foundation of Boston by Puritan colonists in 1630. This occurred after Blaxton invited one of their leaders, Isaac Johnson , to cross Back Bay from the failing colony of Charlestown and share the peninsula. The Puritans made the crossing in September 1630. Puritan influence on Boston began even before the settlement was founded with the 1629 Cambridge Agreement . This document created
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