The Netherlands
109-538: Carburettor only Normally aspirated Cast iron block BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars is a class of single-seater stock-car-racing in the UK with custom-built cars, with races conducted on walled oval tracks of either shale or tarmac of approximately a quarter-mile in length. The cars follow open wheel design principles, and there are no horsepower restrictions for the engines. Drivers may use any engine they choose, with Chevrolet based small or big block V8 engines being
218-438: A Hewland 5-speed magnesium transaxle, and 10 in (254.0 mm) wide 13 in (330.2 mm) front/20 in (508.0 mm) wide 15 in (381.0 mm) rear magnesium wheels, it produced incredibly exciting racing. They ran 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 2.8 seconds and over 180 mph (290 km/h). Reminiscing about the series, mid-70s Australian F5000 driver Bruce Allison said, "We never used first gear at
327-427: A Northampton -born Australian showman called Digger Pugh. It was a considered successful with two further meetings taking place at New Cross before the next meeting took place at Odsal Stadium , Bradford, on 26 May 1954. The new craze spread rapidly around the country and was dubbed the "seven day wonder". Originally, the cars were slightly modified saloon cars , hence the term stock as opposed to race cars. Most of
436-582: A crate engine for replacement and hot rodding purposes. In all, over 100,000,000 small-blocks had been built in carbureted and fuel injected forms since 1955 as of November 29, 2011. The small-block family line was honored as one of the 10 Best Engines of the 20th Century by automotive magazine Ward's AutoWorld . In February 2008, a Wisconsin businessman reported that his 1991 Chevrolet C1500 pickup had logged over one million miles without any major repairs to its small-block V8 engine. All first- and second-generation Chevrolet small-block V8 engines share
545-647: A PC via specially created 'mods', which exist for both the Nascar Heat and rFactor motor racing simulation game engines. rFactor requires a relatively recent PC specification. Racing can be simulated either off-line (against computer controlled cars) or on-line, with some organised racing leagues existing that mimic the real life racing fixture list and drivers in the leagues may opt to use replicas of real life cars or personalised 'skins' created using popular graphical editing tools. Accurately modelled stock car tracks that are either current or defunct may be downloaded for
654-564: A SCCA Formula A open-wheel class designed for lower cost. The engine was also popular in Formula 5000 racing around the world, especially in Australia and New Zealand where it proved more powerful than the Repco -Holden V8. Weighing 1,350 lb (610 kg), with a 525–550 hp (391–410 kW) iron block and head engine positioned near the car's polar moment of inertia for responsive turn pivoting,
763-622: A bore of 4.00in and 3.25in stroke. The exact displacement is 326.7256 cu in (5,354 cc). Power ranged from 225 to 383 hp (168 to 286 kW) depending on the choice of carburetor or fuel injection, camshaft, cylinder heads , pistons and intake manifold. In 1962, the Duntov solid lifter cam versions produced 340 hp (254 kW), 344 lb⋅ft (466 N⋅m) with single Carter 4-barrel, and 360 hp (268 kW), 358 lb⋅ft (485 N⋅m) with Rochester fuel-injection. In 1964, horsepower increased to 366 hp (273 kW) for
872-526: A factory 'cross-ram' aluminum intake-manifold package using two Holley 600 cu ft/min (17 m /min) mechanical secondary carburetors for Trans-Am racing. It was available only as off-road service parts purchased over the Chevrolet dealership parts counter. With the Chevrolet `140 1st-design off-road cam, the package increased a stock 302's horsepower from 360 hp (268 kW) to approximately 400 hp (298 kW). Chevrolet went so far as to carry
981-566: A four-barrel Quadrajet carburetor and L46 hydraulic cam, dome piston (+0.16 cu in (2.6 cc)), 186 heads, and a four-bolt block. Years: 1967–1980 The L48 is the original 350 cu in (5.7 L) engine. It was introduced for 1967 in the Super Sport (SS) version of the Camaro (which used it until 1969) and for 1968 in the Chevy II/Nova (which used it until 1979). In 1969, it
1090-435: A high-lift camshaft. The 283 had a 3.875 in (98.43 mm) bore . The stroke of the 283 was 3 in (76.2 mm), like the 265. The 283, famous for being one of the first engines to make one hp per cubic inch, is also famous for being the evolutionary stepping stone that would later give rise to small-blocks and to the "W" blocks, ultimately culminating in the Chevrolet big-blocks. The last of this family
1199-699: A high-performance L-48 option for the 1967 Camaro . The exact displacement is 349.85 cu in (5,733 cc). One year later, it was made available in that form in the Chevrolet Nova , and in 1969 the lower-compression mainstream LM1 version became an option in the rest of the Chevrolet line. As had been the case with earlier versions of the small-block, the 350 was available in the Beaumont sold by Pontiac Canada, which unlike its U.S. counterparts, used Chevrolet chassis and drivelines. Many variants followed. Years: 1969–1970 The L46 became an optional engine for
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#17328546057091308-412: A lasting impact on the series' ability to conduct high car-count finishes and close competition events by the degree of mechanical success it provided to a series filled with star international Grand Prix drivers like Mario Andretti , Mark Donohue , David Hobbs , Graham McRae , Brian Redman , Jody Scheckter , and Al and Bobby Unser . The 327 cu in (5.4 L) V8, introduced in 1962, had
1417-542: A mechanic in the automotive industry, Harroun began competitive professional racing in 1906, winning the AAA National Championship in 1910. He was then hired by the Marmon Motor Car Company as chief engineer, charged with building a racecar intended to race at the first Indianapolis 500 , which he went on to win. He developed a revolutionary concept which would become the originator and forefather of
1526-412: A meeting will usually aim to be around 60. The meetings usually consist of three heats (20 cars in each), a consolation race, a final and a grand national. The first eight from the heats qualify for the final. Those who do not qualify from the heats can race in the consolation race and the first six qualify for the final. The final usually consists of 30 cars, and the grand national race is open to all, with
1635-570: A protection system to the cockpit called the "halo" , a wishbone-shaped frame aimed to deflect debris away from a driver's head. Despite initial criticism, including for the reason of obstructing the driver's vision, it gained some praise in the Formula 2 sprint race in Catalunya when Nirei Fukuzumi spun and had the back of his car land on fellow countryman Tadasuke Makino 's halo. In the 2018 Formula 1 Belgian Grand Prix , McLaren driver Fernando Alonso
1744-577: Is 1,500 kilograms (3,200 lb). Open-wheeled racing is among the fastest in the world. Formula One cars can reach speeds in excess of 360 kilometres per hour (220 mph). At Autodromo Nazionale Monza , Antônio Pizzonia of BMW Williams F1 team recorded a top speed of 369.9 kilometres per hour (229.8 mph) (over 102 m/s) in the 2004 Italian Grand Prix . Since the end of the V10 era in 2006, such high speeds have not been reached, with later vehicles reaching around 360 kilometres per hour (220 mph). It
1853-500: Is a season-long competition. The winner is granted the honour of racing with a silver roof for the following season. The first season-long championship started in 1956. Drivers' scores at every stock car meeting were recorded to create the championship table. During the late 1990s, when Frankie Wainman Junior dominated, there was criticism that the National Points Championship was predictable and favoured drivers who had
1962-748: Is difficult to give precise figures for the absolute top speeds of Formula One cars as the data are not generally released by teams. The 'speed traps' on fast circuits such as Monza give a good indication, but are not necessarily located at the point on the track where the car is travelling at its fastest. BAR Honda team recorded an average top speed of 400 kilometres per hour (250 mph) in 2006 at Bonneville Salt Flats , with unofficial top speed reaching 413 kilometres per hour (257 mph) using their modified BAR 007 Formula One car. Speeds on ovals can range in constant excess of 210–220 miles per hour (340–350 km/h), and at Indianapolis in excess of 230 miles per hour (370 km/h). In 2000, Gil de Ferran set
2071-470: Is expected in covered-wheel racing, as for example in NASCAR. Open-wheeled drivers must be extremely precise to avoid contact. Regulations tend to permit much lower open-wheel car weights than in categories that more closely resemble street-legal vehicles, such as sports , touring , and stock cars . For instance, a Formula One car must weigh at least 798 kilograms (1,759 lb); the minimum weight for NASCAR
2180-519: Is largely an improved version of the Generation I, having many interchangeable parts and dimensions. Later generation engines have only the rod bearings, transmission-to-block bolt pattern and bore spacing in common with the Generation I and II engines. Production of the original small-block began in late 1954 for the 1955 model year, with a displacement of 265 cu in (4.3 L), growing over time to 400 cu in (6.6 L) by 1970. Among
2289-522: Is most typically delivered through a 'Doug Nash' style gearbox with two forward gears (one for racing) and reverse, and use a heavily modified Ford Transit rear axle with a locked differential. The cars use 'American Racer' control tyres on the outside rear. The cars are also restricted in what dampers can be used, to control costs. Cars can reach speeds of 80–90 mph around a quarter-mile oval, so most cars use large roof mounted aerofoils, similar to those found on American sprint cars , to create downforce on
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#17328546057092398-632: Is no limit in engine capacity or number of cylinders but engines must be naturally aspirated (no fuel injection, no supercharging or turbo charging permitted) and the engine blocks must be cast iron. The most common engines used, due to their reliability and availability, are based on the American Chevrolet V8 engine in both small block (350 ci) 5.7 litre and big block (454 ci) 7.4 litre varieties, producing upwards of 740 bhp with approximately 640 ft-lbs of torque but some cars are known to have been equipped with engines of 9 litre capacity (540 ci). Power
2507-624: Is not always the case; some open-wheel categories raced primarily as development or amateur categories, such as Formula Ford or Formula Vee , do not permit the use of wings or ground effect aerodynamics. Some major races, such as the Singapore Grand Prix , Monaco Grand Prix (sanctioned by Formula One) and the Long Beach Grand Prix (sanctioned by IndyCar), are held on temporary street circuits . However, most open-wheel races are on dedicated road courses , such as Watkins Glen in
2616-830: Is progressing. The active UK tracks where BriSCA F1 stock cars race are: Both Cowdenbeath and Lochgelly stage meetings biannually. Outside the UK: Although not part of the official BriSCA calendar, BriSCA F1 drivers also occasionally compete at Emmen, Texel, St Maarten, Blauwhuis and Lelystad in the Netherlands and Warneton in Belgium. The following tracks no longer host BriSCA F1. Some have been demolished, others continue to hold meetings for other formulae including BriSCA Formula 2 Stock Cars , Superstox and bangers : Big tracks: The 1980s saw BriSCA F1 Stock Cars on national television, featured on ITV 's World of Sport . During 2009,
2725-510: Is usually held in September. The host tracks, all of which are based in the UK, are chosen by the designated promoter. The grid for the World Final is composed of drivers from the UK who are chosen through a series of qualifying rounds and two World Championship semi-finals. Drivers who fail to progress from the semi-finals may race again in a consolation semi-final to choose two more entrants, and
2834-407: The 1969 Chevrolet Corvette . It was a higher-performance version of the base 350 cu in (5.7 L) V8 with casting number 186, 2.02 / 1.6 in (51.3 / 40.6 mm) valve heads and had an 11.0:1 compression ratio requiring high octane gas. This produced 350 hp (261 kW) (SAE gross power) and 380 lb⋅ft (515 N⋅m) torque. It was also available in 1970 with
2943-819: The BBC filmed an F1 Stock Car season almost in its entirety to produce a six-part television documentary titled Gears and Tears which featured the bitter battle between the two dominant clans in the sport, the Yorkshire -based Wainmans and the Lancashire -based Smiths. Over the nine-month season the film makers enjoyed unprecedented behind the scenes access. From 2011, satellite television channel Premier Sports began broadcasting selected meetings. Since September 2017, FreeSports (Freeview, FreeSat) have broadcast BriSCA F1 meetings with no payment to view required. Simulation of BriSCA F1 stock car (and other oval formulas) racing can be played on
3052-749: The Chevrolet division of General Motors between 1954 and 2003, using the same basic engine block . Referred to as a "small-block" for its size relative to the physically much larger Chevrolet big-block engines , the small-block family spanned from 262 cu in (4.3 L) to 400 cu in (6.6 L) in displacement . Engineer Ed Cole is credited with leading the design for this engine. The engine block and cylinder heads were cast at Saginaw Metal Casting Operations in Saginaw, Michigan . The LT1 and LT2 engines are distinct from subsequent LS-based small-block engines. The Generation II small-block engine
3161-709: The Monza Circuit the fastest lap in the 2021 Grand Prix ( Daniel Ricciardo 1:24.812) is more than six seconds per lap faster than the fastest closed-wheel racing car, an LMP1 sports car , and more than 20 seconds per lap faster than the DTM touring car lap record. Driving an open-wheel car is substantially different from driving a car with fenders. Virtually all Formula One and IndyCar drivers spend some time in various open-wheel categories before joining either top series. Open-wheel vehicles, due to their light weight, aerodynamic capabilities, and powerful engines, are often considered
3270-488: The "30-30 Duntov" cam named after its 0.03 in (0.8 mm)/0.030 in hot intake /exhaust valve-lash and Zora Arkus-Duntov (the first Duntov cam was the 0.012 in (0.3 mm)/0.018 in (0.5 mm) 1957 grind known as the '097, which referred to the last three digits of the casting number) the "Father of the Corvette", was also used in the 1964-1965 carbureted 327/365 and fuel injected 327/375 engines. It used
3379-414: The '202' 2.02 in (51.3 mm)/1.6 in (40.6 mm) valve diameter high-performance 327 double-hump '186 and 461 heads, pushrod guide plates, hardened 'blue-stripe' pushrods, edge-orifice lifters to keep more valvetrain oil in the crankcase for high-rpm lubrication, and stiffer valvesprings. In 1967, a new design high-rise cast-aluminum dual-plane intake manifold with larger smoother turn runners
BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars - Misplaced Pages Continue
3488-645: The 'V8 Stock Cars Tour' and race at tracks wherever they are welcome. In 2023 the sport has seen the addition of new drivers moving from the BriSCA V8 Hot Stox formula to the V8 Outlaw Tour. Currently BriSCA F1 are governed by the British Stock Car (promoters) Association, ORCi, and Spedeworth International. During the 1960s, the cars developed from stock road cars into specially built cars with fabricated chassis and race-tuned V8 engines. While NASCAR in
3597-615: The 'top'; for example, cars with a white roof will be known as a 'white top' whereas a star driver will be termed a 'red top.' Drivers are always referred to by their racing number and name, for example '53' John Lund . Drivers tend to carry their racing number throughout their careers. If they win the world championship they can choose to race as number '1' until the next world championship. BriSCA F1 Stock Car races are normally held on short, approximately quarter-mile, oval tracks, either tarmac or shale. Heats usually consist of 16 laps, with meeting finals lasting 20 laps. Special events (such as
3706-459: The 1967 Z/28 before they used it on the L88 427 cu in (7.0 L) Corvette. It eliminated the production breaker-point ignition allowing greater spark energy and more stable ignition timing at all engine speeds including idle. This was one of the least talked about yet most transformative and comprehensive performance and durability upgrades of its time. Many of the 302s off-road service parts were
3815-421: The 265 / 283 cu in (4.3 / 4.6 L) small-block family. Of the three engines in this family, two of them, the 265 and the 283, made automotive history. The first of this family was the 265, introduced in 1954. The 265 had a 3.750 in (95.25 mm) bore . The stroke of the 265 was 3 in (76.2 mm), like the 283. The 265 cu in (4.3 L) "Turbo-Fire" V8
3924-442: The 3.875 bore. Five different versions between 188 hp (140 kW) and 283 hp (211 kW) were available, depending on whether a single carb, twin carbs, or fuel injection was used. Horsepower was up a bit each year for 1958, 1959, 1960 (290hp), 1961 (315hp). The 1957 Rochester Ramjet mechanical fuel injection version produced an even one hp per one cu in (283 hp (211 kW), an impressive feat at
4033-675: The 327 and later versions of the small-block V8. The 327 was fitted in the English Gordon-Keeble . Ninety-nine cars were made between 1964 and 1967. It was also installed in many Isos , until 1972 when General Motors started demanding cash in advance and the Italian manufacturer switched to the Ford Cleveland V8 . In 1968, the 327 L73 developing 250 hp (186 kW) was part of the CKD packages exported to Australia from Canada for use in
4142-519: The 350 is the most widely-used small-block engine of all time. Though not offered in GM vehicles since 2003, the 350 series is still in production at a GM subsidiary in Springfield, Missouri, under the company's "GM Genuine Parts" brand, and is also manufactured as an industrial and marine engine by GM Powertrain under the " Vortec " name. All Chevrolet V8s, from the big-blocks to today's LS7 and LS9, evolved from
4251-670: The 4-bolt center-three main caps each fastened by two additional bolts which were supported by the addition of thicker crankcase main-web bulkheads. When the journal size increased to the standard large-journal size, the crankshaft for the 302 was specially built of tufftride -hardened forged 1053-steel and fitted with a high- rpm 8 in (203.2 mm) diameter harmonic balancer. It had a 3/4-length semi-circular windage tray, heat-treated, magnafluxed , shot-peened forged 1038-steel 'pink' connecting rods, floating-pin in 1969, forged- aluminum pistons with higher scuff-resistance and better sealing single-moly rings. Its solid-lifter cam, known as
4360-483: The Bel Air sedan, the basic passenger car version produced 162 hp (121 kW) with a two-barrel carburetor. Upgraded to a four-barrel Rochester, dual exhaust "Power Pack" version, the engine was conservatively rated at 180 hp (134 kW), and with the "Super Power Pack," it was boosted up to the power level of the Corvette. A shortcoming of the 1955 265 was its lack of any provision for oil filtration built into
4469-487: The Indy 500. Compared to covered-wheel race cars, open-wheeled cars allow more precise placement of the front wheels on the race course, as the tires are clearly visible to the driver. This allows the maximum potential of the cars to be achieved during cornering and passing. Furthermore, open-wheeled cars are less tolerant of vehicle-to-vehicle contact, which usually results in vehicle damage and retiring, whereas some level of contact
BriSCA Formula 1 Stock Cars - Misplaced Pages Continue
4578-465: The Pontiac division to share its valvetrain design in Chevrolet's new 265 V8 in 1955, so that both engines were introduced the same year with the same valve train design. A side note to Pontiac's V8 was that the engine was supposed to be introduced with 1953 cars, and all 1953 and 1954 Pontiac cars' chassis and suspensions were designed for the engine that did not make it into a Pontiac until late 1954. This
4687-518: The Q-jet carburetor returned in 1973. A 'divorced' exhaust crossover port heated well-choke thermostat coil was used to provide cleaner and faster engine warm-up. Its cast-aluminum distributor came in two styles, single-point had an ignition point cam designed to reduce point bounce at high rpm (Camaro) and transistorized (Corvette). Both distributors had a vacuum diaphragm to advance ignition timing at part- throttle for economy and emissions. Pulleys for
4796-409: The UK is often confused with banger racing where cars deliberately crash into each other. However, stock cars employ more subtle forms of contact where, typically, just enough force is employed to move the car in front wide to facilitate overtaking. Races are carefully monitored by track marshals placed at intervals around the track and the individual known as the 'Starter', positioned on a rostrum at
4905-516: The US also races specially-built race cars, they retain the appearance of a road car, unlike the BriSCA F1 which now bears no resemblance to a road car. A modern BriSCA F1 configuration is front-engined, rear-wheel drive, and open-wheeled, with the driver located centrally. The cars are constructed on race engineered steel ladder chassis with robust roll-over-safety cages and aluminium sheet body panelling, There
5014-645: The US, Nürburgring in Germany, Spa-Francorchamps in Belgium and Silverstone in Great Britain. In the United States, some top-level open-wheel events are held on ovals, of both short track and superspeedway variety, with emphasis more on speed and endurance than the maneuverability required for road and street course events. The Whelen Modified Tour is the only opened wheeled race car series endorsed by NASCAR . This series races on most of NASCAR's most famous tracks in
5123-560: The United States. Other asphalt modified series race on short tracks in the United States and Canada, such as Wyoming County International Speedway in New York. The best-attended oval race in the world is the annual Indianapolis 500 (Indy 500) in Speedway, Indiana , sanctioned by IndyCar; in the United States it is quite common to refer to open-wheel cars as IndyCars, because of their recognizable appearance and widespread popularity across America at
5232-687: The Whelen Modified Tour, where the engine is in front of the driver. Depending on the rules of the class, many types of open-wheelers have wings at the front and rear of the vehicle, as well as a very low and virtually flat undertray that helps achieve additional aerodynamic downforce pushing the car onto the road. While many other categories of racing cars produce downforce, the top categories of open-wheel racing cars (particularly Formula One and IndyCar ) produce far more downforce relative to their mass than any other racing category, allowing much higher corner speeds on comparable tracks. However, this
5341-466: The `754 2nd-design road-race cam. 1967/1968 models' cowl-induction system had an enclosed air-cleaner assembly ducted from its passenger side into the firewall cowl above the heater core. Another popular service-parts-only component used on the 302 was the magnetic-pulse Delco transistor - ignition ball bearing distributor. Introduced in 1963 on Pontiac's 389 and 421 cu in (6.4 and 6.9 L) drag racing engines, General Motors fitted it to
5450-470: The balancer, alternator , water- pump , as well as optional power steering , were deep- groove to retain the drive belt(s) at high rpm. In 1969, the 302 shared the finned cast aluminium valve covers with the LT1 350 Corvette engine. Conservatively rated at 290 hp (216 kW) ( SAE gross ) at 5800 rpm and 290 lb⋅ft (393 N⋅m) at 4800, actual output with its production 11.0:1 compression ratio
5559-501: The block, instead relying on an add-on filter mounted on the thermostat housing, and that was an "option only." In spite of its novel green sand foundry construction, the lack of adequate oil filtration leaves it typically only desirable to period collectors. The 1956 Corvette introduced three versions of this engine—210 hp (157 kW) with a single 4-barrel carburetor, 225 hp (168 kW) with twin 4-barrels, and 240 hp (179 kW) with two four-barrel carburetors and
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#17328546057095668-485: The body or inside fenders . Open-wheel cars are built both for road racing and oval track racing . Open-wheel cars licensed for use on public roads ( street legal ), such as the Ariel Atom , are uncommon, as they are often impractical for everyday use. American racecar driver and constructor Ray Harroun was an early pioneer of the concept of a lightweight single-seater, open-wheel "monoposto" racecar. After working as
5777-490: The cars were American models with V8 engines , with some larger European cars. The cars were standard makes with wheel arches removed, and with bumpers added along with roll bars. In 1956 the drivers' association was formed. In 1957, thanks to the efforts of Peter Arnold, a national numbering system was introduced, BriSCA, the association of promoters was formed and the Stock Car Racing Board of Control created. There
5886-473: The close-ratio transmission, optional transistorized-ignition and 4.88 gear, fitted with little more than the factory cowl plenum cold-air hood induction and headers, was capable of running 12.9 second/108 mph (174 km/h) 1 ⁄ 4 mile (402 m) times on street tires. After the 1967 Trans-Am campaign with the four-barrel induction system producing more horsepower than the competing automakers' eight-barrel systems, for 1968, Chevrolet developed
5995-489: The corners and provide some extra cornering grip. Wings are not compulsory, and the benefit is not proven. Cars must weigh between 1,350 and 1,500 kg and due to always racing anticlockwise, the cars are limited to having a maximum of 52% of the weight on the left hand side of the car when viewed from the rear. Cars are weighed at each meeting to make sure they conform to this rule. Many drivers use two separate cars; one set up primarily for use on shale or dirt ovals, while
6104-475: The current SAE certified power values) and raising horsepower per cubic inch to 1.15 hp (0.86 kW). From 1954 to 1974, the small-block engine was known as the "Turbo-Fire" or "High Torque" V8. However, it was the 350 cu in (5.7 L) series that became the best-known Chevrolet small-block. Installed in everything from station wagons and sports cars to commercial vehicles, boats, industrial equipment, and even (in highly modified form) in aircraft,
6213-467: The development work of racers like Roger Penske . Every part in a SCCA Trans-Am engine had to be available through local Chevrolet parts departments to encourage their use by anyone who wanted them. While the 302 became a strong Limited Sportsman oval track racing engine in the hands of racers like Bud Lunsford in his 1966 Chevy II, its bore/stroke and rod/stroke geometries made it a natural high-rpm road-racing engine and were responsible for its being among
6322-552: The end of the HQ series in 1973–74, due to US emissions regulations, the performance of these engines had dropped to the same or lower than Holden's locally manufactured 308 cu in (5.0 L) V8, which was not yet subject to similar regulations, so Holden discontinued using the engine. The L48 V8 was the standard engine in the 1975–1980 Chevrolet Corvette. The L48 V8 Corvette engine produced 165 hp (123 kW) in 1975. Power increased to 180 hp (134 kW) in 1976 and stayed
6431-425: The engine had the chrome covers, but without the Chevrolet name, connected to a PCV valve and a chrome 14 in × 3 in (355.6 mm × 76.2 mm) drop-base open-element air cleaner assembly fitted with a crankcase breather on a 780 cu ft/min (22 m /min) vacuum secondary Holley 4-Bbl carburetor. 1969 Corvette and 1970 Z/28 engines were also equipped with this Holley carburetor until
6540-492: The fastest racing vehicles available and among the most challenging to master. Wheel-to-wheel contact is dangerous, particularly when the forward edge of one tire contacts the rear of another tire: since the treads are moving in opposite directions (one upward, one downward) at the point of contact, both wheels rapidly decelerate, torquing the chassis of both cars and often causing one or both vehicles to be suddenly and powerfully flung upwards (the rear car tends to pitch forward, and
6649-598: The front car tends to pitch backward.) An example of this is the 2005 Chicagoland crash of Ryan Briscoe and Alex Barron . The lower weight of an open-wheel racecar enables better performance. While the exposure of the wheels to the airstream causes a very high aerodynamic drag at high speeds, it allows improved cooling of the brakes, which is important on road courses with their frequent changes of pace. In 2018, several single seater series such as Formula One, Formula 2 (with their new Dallara F2 2018 chassis), and Formula E (with their new Spark SRT05e chassis) introduced
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#17328546057096758-459: The intermediate displacements were the 283 cu in (4.6 L), 327 cu in (5.4 L), and numerous 350 cu in (5.7 L) versions. Introduced as a performance engine in 1967, the 350 went on to be employed in both high- and low-output variants across the entire Chevrolet product line. Although all of Chevrolet's siblings of the period ( Buick , Cadillac , Oldsmobile , Pontiac , and Holden ) designed their own V8s, it
6867-577: The lack of F1 meetings being held in the south of the country. They raced for promoter Spedeworth in cars exactly the same as BriSCA F1. In 1978 it was renamed F1SCA (Formula One Stock Car Association). In 1980, F1SCA decided to introduce a five-litre limit, and make the cars slightly smaller. Renamed 'Formula 80' the cars ran until 2018 under the name 'Spedeworth V8 Stock Cars'. In 2019 the Spedeworth V8 Stock Cars separated from all racing governing bodies and became an outlaw group. They now race as
6976-611: The last being 2000s medium journal 350 in pickup trucks and commercial vehicles. The medium journal 350 was further developed into the Generation II LT1/4 350 in the early 1990s. In 1966, General Motors designed a special 302 cu in (4.9 L) engine for the production Z/28 Camaro in order for it to meet the Sports Car Club of America ( SCCA ) Trans-Am Series road racing rules limiting engine displacement to 305 cu in (5.0 L) from 1967 to 1969. It
7085-586: The locally assembled (by General Motors Holdens) Chevrolet Impala and Pontiac Parisienne. GMH used the same specification engine in the Holden HK Monaro GTS327 . The engine was used in the Monaro GTS327 to make it the new Holden Muscle Car, and so it could compete in the local improved production (Australian Group C). The car had modified suspension just before release to also be used in local Series Production racing (Australian Group E). A special build 327
7194-499: The main body of the car, and thus the open-wheel design became almost exclusively associated with racing vehicles. Formula One cars have almost exclusively used the open-wheel design throughout the history of the championship. The only notable exception was the "Monza body" variation of the Mercedes-Benz W196 racer of 1954–55, which covered the wheels with bodywork for aerodynamic reasons. Modern Formula One regulations mandate
7303-467: The modifications allowing for contemporary or nostalgic racing. There is also a game on Xbox One called Stockcars Unleashed 2. It uses real car liveries, drivers and UK ovals and a championship racing format. Single seater An open-wheel car is a car with the wheels outside the car's main body, and usually having only one seat. Open-wheel cars contrast with street cars, sports cars , stock cars , and touring cars , which have their wheels below
7412-464: The money to race at as many meetings as possible. The National Series was created in 2002. Rather than the points accumulated over the entire season counting towards the winner, the National Series was competed for over 35 designated meetings. The season-long National Points Championship survived, but its importance was downgraded, and the privilege of racing with a silver roof for the following season
7521-513: The more reliable production street engines homologated for full competition across all the American makes, winning back-to-back Trans-Am Championships at the hands of Mark Donohue in 1968 and 1969. However, with engines built by Al Bartz, Falconer & Dunn and Traco Engineering, the pinnacle of the 302's use in professional racing was its being the primary engine that powered the outstanding but overshadowed 1968-1976 Formula 5000 Championship Series,
7630-675: The most popular. The season runs from March through to November, with occasional meetings over the Christmas period. BriSCA (British Stock Car Association) F1 Stock Cars are governed by the BriSCA Management Board, comprising three members of the association of promoters (BriSCA) and three members of the BSCDA (British Stock Car Drivers Association) together with an independent secretary. Rules and regulations relating to car specifications, race procedures, track requirements and all other aspects of
7739-524: The new driver. Championship winners are designated specific roof colours: gold for the world champion, silver for the national points champion, black and white checks for the British champion, and red and yellow checks for the European champion. If one driver wins more than one title, roof colours will be a combination of whatever titles have been won. In stock car terminology, the roof colour will also be known as
7848-454: The newly named L-76 version, and 375 hp (280 kW) for the fuel injected L-84 , making the L-84 the most powerful naturally aspirated , single-cam, production small-block V8 until the appearance of the 385 hp (287 kW), 395 lb⋅ft (536 N⋅m) Generation III LS6 in 2001. This block is one of three displacements that underwent a major change in 1968 when the main journal size
7957-523: The one-lap qualifying record of 241.428 miles per hour (388.541 km/h) at California Speedway . Even on tight non-oval street circuits such as the Grand Prix of Toronto , open-wheel Indy Cars attain speeds of 190 miles per hour (310 km/h). Regardless of top speeds, Formula One open-wheel race cars hold the outright lap record at the circuits where they race due to their combination of top speed, acceleration, and cornering abilities. For example, at
8066-473: The open-wheel configuration. A typical open-wheeler has a minimal cockpit, sufficient only to enclose the driver's body, with the head exposed to the air. In the Whelen Modified Tour and other short track modified series, the driver's head is contained in the car. In modern cars, the engine is often located directly behind the driver and drives the rear wheels; except in asphalt modified cars, such as
8175-438: The optional Rochester mechanical fuel injection (FI) and a Duntov high-lift camshaft , it was one of the first production engines to produce 1 hp (0.7 kW) per 1 cu in (16.4 cc). The 283 was adopted by other Chevrolet models, replacing the 265 V8s. A high-performance 327 cu in (5.4 L) variant followed, turning out as much as 375 hp (280 kW) (SAE gross power, not SAE net power or
8284-473: The other car will be set up for tarmac or asphalt ovals. However, a few drivers with limited budgets may optimise just one car for both surface types, changing various components for each different track and surface. Each driver is graded according to past results, their roof or wing painted accordingly. Red roofs with amber flashing lights are known as 'superstar' grade; then red (star), blue ('A' grade), yellow ('B' grade) and white ('C' grade). Every month during
8393-481: The positive crankcase ventilation system (PCV) over to the cross-ram induction system to retain emissions compliance mandated for U.S.-produced cars beginning in 1967, that also provided full-throttle crankcase pressure venting to the intake air to burn its vapors. Engines prepared for competition use were capable of producing 465 hp (347 kW) with little more than the eight-barrel induction, ported heads with higher pressure valvesprings, roller rocker arms, and
8502-720: The reigning world champion is entitled to start at the rear of the grid if they have not already qualified. The UK drivers are joined by stock car drivers from the Netherlands, and by invited drivers in the nearest equivalent motorsport formulas from other countries often including Australia, New Zealand , South Africa and the USA. The most successful driver in world final races is John Lund , who has won eight. Other notable multiple winners include 391 Stuart Smith (six), 391 Andy Smith (five), Tom Harris (five), 33 Peter Falding (four), 252 Dave Chisholm (three), 103 Johnny Brise (three), 515 Frankie Wainman Junior (three). The National Points Championship
8611-474: The rod-journal size was increased from the 2 in (50.8 mm) diameter small-journal to a 2.1 in (53.3 mm) large-journal and a main-journal size that was increased from 2.3 in (58.4 mm) to 2.45 in (62.2 mm). DZ 302. The large-journal connecting rods were thicker (heavier) and used 3 ⁄ 8 in (9.5 mm) diameter cap-bolts to replace the small-journal's 11/32. 1968 blocks were made in 2-bolt and 4-bolt versions with
8720-409: The same block dimensions and sometimes even the same casting number; the latter meaning engines were of the same block, but with different strokes (e.g., the casting number 3970010 was used by all three engines: 302, 327, and 350). This engine family was updated in 1968 for the use of 2.45 in (62.2 mm) medium-sized journals . The first engine in this family was the small journal 327 in 1962 and
8829-496: The same firing order of 1-8-4-3-6-5-7-2. The first generation of Chevrolet small-blocks began with the 1955 Chevrolet 265 cu in (4.3 L) V8 offered in the Corvette and Bel Air . The engine quickly gained popularity among stock car racers, and was nicknamed the " Mighty Mouse ," after the then-popular cartoon character, later abbreviated to "Mouse". By 1957 the engine had grown to 283 cu in (4.6 L). Fitted with
8938-530: The same in 1977. The 1978 saw 175 hp (130 kW) for California or high altitude areas and 185 hp (138 kW) everywhere else. Power increased to 195 hp (145 kW) in 1979 but decreased to 190 hp (142 kW) in 1980. The 1970 model year Camaro had a 250 hp (186 kW) high-performance two-barrel Rochester carburetor. In 1971, it dropped to 245 hp (183 kW), and net performance further dropped to 165 hp (123 kW) for 1972 and 145 hp (108 kW) for 1973–1976. It
9047-476: The season, the list is recompiled based on points scored at that month's meetings, and drivers move up and down according to their latest position. There are restrictions on movement down the grades based on limited meetings raced at, and the previous highest grade reached. Novice drivers for their first three meetings are allowed to start at the back of the grid and show a black saltire on the rear cab panel, so that other drivers know to avoid deliberate contact with
9156-403: The single-seater (i.e. monoposto) racecar design. Harroun has also been credited by some as pioneering the rear-view mirror which appeared on his 1911 Indianapolis 500 winning car, though he himself claimed he got the idea from seeing a mirror used for a similar purpose on a horse-drawn vehicle in 1904. Prior to World War II , street automobiles generally had wheels that protruded beyond
9265-521: The sport are updated annually by the BriSCA Management Board. All drivers wishing to race at a BriSCA F1 meeting have to be registered in advance by the BSCDA. All venues that stage BriSCA F1 racing must be licensed by BriSCA. BriSCA F1 Stock Car racing can trace its roots to the first stock car race in United Kingdom, which was held at New Cross Stadium in London on Good Friday, 16 April 1954, promoted by
9374-524: The start of the 2020 Bahrain Grand Prix , Romain Grosjean collided with Daniil Kvyat in which his car broke in two and burst into flames as it split the barrier. The halo helped protect Grosjean from possible decapitation while it allowed him to escape from the fire. Chevrolet V8 engine The Chevrolet small-block engine is a series of gasoline -powered V8 automobile engines , produced by
9483-425: The start. We started in second, and even then there was so much torque , you'd get wheelspin through third and fourth gears." Prepared with a Lucas-McKay mechanically-timed individual-stack magnesium fuel-injection induction system that was paired with ported production car double-hump iron heads, a rev-kit fitted roller lifter camshaft, roller bearing rocker arms , and a virtually stock production crankshaft, it had
9592-419: The start/finish line who issues instructions to competing drivers via a system of flags. Additionally, traffic light signals are placed at suitable positions around the raceway. The World Championship is an annual competition and the premier stock car championship. The winner is granted the honour of racing with a gold roof and wing until the next World Final and may choose to race under number 1. The World Final
9701-581: The time. This was the third U.S.-built production V8 to produce one horsepower per cubic inch, after the 1956 Chrysler 300B and Desoto adventure . Besides being available in the Chevrolet line, it was optional in Checker Taxis beginning in 1965. A version of it that was built by GM Canada was also available in Studebaker vehicles produced in Canada for 1965 and 1966. A 307 cu in (5.0 L) version
9810-465: The valve train design scheduled to be used at the time in the Pontiac V8 . Internal GM rules at the time stated that once an automotive division had introduced a technological innovation, no other GM division could use it for a period of two years. The stud-mounted independent ball rocker arm design patented by Pontiac engineer Clayton Leach, was scheduled for introduction in the Pontiac 1955 V8. GM forced
9919-410: The vehicle's main body, though they were typically covered with mudguards to protect the car body and following traffic from water and mud spray. With the advent of unibody vehicle construction, the desire to maximise interior space, to improve aerodynamics, and aircraft-inspired styling trends of the era, by the end of the 1950s the majority of new road-registerable vehicles had wheels that were under
10028-985: The winner of the National Series. In 2010, the number of competing drivers was increased to twelve. From 2012, the National Series Shootout was rebranded the National Points Championship Shootout. The most successful driver in National Points Championships and National Series is 515 Frankie Wainman Junior , who has won fourteen. Other notable multiple winners include 391 Stuart Smith (thirteen), 53 John Lund (six), 38 Fred Mitchell (three), 391 Andy Smith (three) and 212 Frankie Wainman (three). Cars, drivers and their pit crews can be accessed, approached and watched while they prepare or repair cars between races, with drivers generally being happy to allow children to sit on or in their cars for photographs as well as to discuss how their racing
10137-445: The winner of the final, if racing, given a one-lap handicap. If the number of cars racing is lower, around 40 cars, they can split the cars into a two-thirds format. Each driver races in two heats, with a compilation of points deciding who races in the final. The grand national is an all-season competition with the points collected resulting in a one-off race at the end of the season for the 'grand national champion' Stock car racing in
10246-430: The world final) are held over 25 laps. The race line up is unique in that best drivers start at the rear of the field. The lowest, 'C' graded, drivers start each race at the front, then 'B', 'A' and 'star', while the 'superstars' start each race from the rear of the field. Championship races are usually gridded in qualifying order, with the highest qualifiers starting at the front of the grid. The number of competitors at
10355-552: Was also an agreement that BriSCA would only use drivers of the drivers' association. From the initial explosion in 1954 things started to settle down, tracks opened and closed but racing rules were introduced and the cars became more refined, while star drivers started to emerge. BriSCA has raced continuously since 1954 and held over 5,500 meetings across the United Kingdom. In 1975, about 30 southern based drivers broke away from BriSCA and formed their own association called SCOTA (Stock Car Oval Track Association). They were disappointed at
10464-412: Was around 376 hp (280 kW) with 1.625 in (41.3 mm) primary x 3 in (76.2 mm) collector Sanderson tubular headers that came in the trunk when ordered with a 1967 Z/28, and associated carburetor main jet and ignition timing tuning. In 1968, the last year for factory headers, they had 1.75 in (44.5 mm) primaries x 3 in (76.2 mm) collectors. A stock 1968 Z/28 with
10573-632: Was because the Buick division lobbied GM to postpone the release of Pontiac's engine, as it affected Buick's release of its new OHV V8 engine . A pushrod engine with hydraulic lifters , the small-block was available with an optional four-barrel Rochester carburetor , increasing engine output to 180 hp (134 kW), or 195 hp (145 kW) in the Corvette. The short-stroke 3.75 in × 3 in (95.25 mm × 76.20 mm) bore × stroke engine's 4.4 in (111.8 mm) bore spacing would continue in use for decades. Also available in
10682-555: Was built for GMH for the final run of the HK GTS327 by the Canadian McKinnon Industries. It was a lower compression version of the 1968 engine first used on the HK GTS327, and was dressed as a 1969 engine sporting all 1969 parts. The 327 was replaced in the mid-1969 HT Monaro by the 350 L48 developing 300 hp (224 kW). The 350 cu in (5.7 L), with a 3.48 in (88.39 mm) stroke, first appeared as
10791-456: Was increased from 2.3 to 2.45 in (58.4 to 62.2 mm). In 1965, Chevrolet released the now-legendary L-79 , which was nothing more than an L-76 (11.0:1 forged pop-up pistons, forged steel rods and crank, 2.02 Corvette heads), but with the 30-30 Duntov cam replaced by the No. 151 hydraulic cam. In 1966, Checker began offering the 327 as an option. The Avanti II and its successors were powered by
10900-546: Was introduced for the Z/28 that the 350 cu in (5.7 L)/370 hp 1970 LT1 also used. Unlike the Corvette, the exhaust manifolds were the more restrictive rear outlet 'log' design to clear the Camaro chassis's front cross-member. It had a chrome oil filler tube in the front of the intake manifold next to the thermostat housing from 1967 to 1968. The first year had unique chrome valve covers with Chevrolet stamped into them without an engine displacement decal pad. In 1968,
11009-743: Was lowered to 8.5:1 in 1971. In 1972, the L48 (four-barrel V8) option for the Nova was part of the SS package. This is indicated by the fifth digit in the VIN being a K . 1972 was the only year the SS package could be verified by the VIN. The L48 engine was exported to Australia, where it appeared in the Holden Monaro from 1969 through 1974, and in the Statesman from 1971 through 1974. Towards
11118-567: Was produced from 1968 through 1973. Engine bore and stroke was 3.875 in × 3.25 in (98.4 mm × 82.6 mm). All 307s had large 2.45-inch (62.2 mm) journals to accept the 327's crankshaft . Pistons used with the 307 share the same pin height as the 327 but retaining the 283's bore size. Originally intended as the performance block, this engine family through the 350 cu in (5.7 L) became an all-purpose engine that saw use in many applications from Corvettes to commercial vehicles. All engines in this family share
11227-636: Was sent airborne after being hit from behind by the Renault of Nico Hülkenberg and struck the halo of Sauber driver Charles Leclerc , thereby saving the Monegasque driver from a visor strike. In 2019 , the newly-formed FIA Formula 3 Championship introduced a halo to their new chassis which was unveiled at the 2018 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix . In 2020 , the IndyCar Series adopted a halo combined with an aeroscreen, built by Red Bull Advanced Technologies. At
11336-415: Was the 307 cu in (5.0 L), which was a stroked 283 with a medium journal. The 265 cu in (4.3 L) V8 engine was bored out to 3.875 in (98.43 mm) in 1957, giving it a 283 cu in (4.6 L) displacement . The first 283 motors used the stock 265 blocks. However, the overbore to these blocks resulted in thin cylinder walls. Future 283 blocks were cast to accept
11445-514: Was the Chevrolet 305 and 350 cu in (5.0 and 5.7 L) small-block that became the GM corporate standard. Over the years, every GM division in America, except Saturn and Geo , used it and its descendants in their vehicles. Finally superseded by the GM Generation III LS in 1997 and discontinued in 2003, the engine is still made by a General Motors subsidiary in Springfield, MO as
11554-431: Was the product of placing the 283 cu in (4.6 L) 3 in (76.2 mm) stroke crankshaft into a 4 in (101.6 mm) bore 327 cu in (5.4 L) cylinder-block. The 1967 302 used the same crankshaft stroke as the 283, but was forged steel for high-performance duty. This block is one of three displacements, 302/327/350, that underwent a crankshaft bearing diameter transformation for 1968 when
11663-457: Was the second Chevrolet small-block; the first Chevrolet V8 was produced in 1917. The 265 cu in Turbo Fire engine was designed by Ed Cole's group at Chevrolet to provide a more powerful engine for the 1955 Corvette than the model's original " Blue Flame" in-line six , the 162 hp (121 kW) 2-barrel debut version went from drawings to production in just 15 weeks. Cole's design borrowed
11772-399: Was transferred from it to the National Series. In 2009, the National Series was amended. This time, the top ten points-scoring drivers over the first two-thirds of the season were entered in the National Series Shootout, beginning with no points except for a small number of meeting attendance points. The drivers raced over ten designated shootout rounds, with the points scored in them deciding
11881-402: Was used in almost all car lines—Camaros, Caprices, Impalas, El Caminos, Chevelles, and Novas. The 1969 L48s use a hydraulic cam, 4bbl Quadrajet carburetor, cast pistons, 4-bolt main casting number 010 blocks and casting number 041 or 186 heads. Power output was 300 hp (224 kW) SAE and 380 lb⋅ft (515 N⋅m) torque. Compression ratio was 10.25:1. The compression ratio of the L48
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