A seigneur ( French pronunciation: [sɛɲœʁ] ) or lord is an originally feudal title in France before the Revolution , in New France and British North America until 1854, and in the Channel Islands to this day. The seigneur owned a seigneurie , seigneury , or lordship—a form of title or land tenure —as a fief , with its associated obligations and rights over person and property. In this sense, a seigneur could be an individual—male or female, high or low-born—or a collective entity, typically a religious community such as a monastery , seminary , college , or parish . In the wake of the French Revolution , seigneurialism was repealed in France on 4 August 1789 and in the Province of Canada on 18 December 1854. Since then, the feudal title has only been applicable in the Channel Islands and for sovereign princes by their families.
20-842: Brenne has the following meanings: An historical region in the south of the Berry (province) of France A regional natural park, the Parc naturel régional de la Brenne in the Indre département of France Brenne (river) , tributary of the Armançon, of the Seine basin Brenne (Cisse) , tributary of the Cisse , of the Loire basin Topics referred to by
40-500: A corporation such as religious order, a monastery, a parish. In English, seigneur is used in historical scholarship to discuss the French seigneurial system. It is also frequently calqued as " lord ", the analogous term in the English feudal system. The term grand seigneur has survived in English and French. Today this usually means an elegant, urbane gentleman . Some even use it in
60-422: A seigneur is a seigneurie or lordship , the rights that the seigneur was entitled to is called seigneuriage , and the jurisdiction exercised over the fief was seigneur justicier . The bearers of these titles, rights, and jurisdiction were generally but not exclusively male. A female seigneur was generally known as a seigneuresse or lady. The seigneur could be a noble or a roturier (commoner) as well as
80-530: A stricter sense to refer to a man whose manners and way of life reflect his noble ancestry and great wealth. In addition, Le Grand Seigneur had long been the name given by the French to the Ottoman sultan . Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ is the French equivalent of the English Our Lord Jesus Christ . The English word seignorage is also derived from seigneur . The title is still used in
100-421: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Berry (province) The Duchy of Berry ( French pronunciation: [beʁi] ; Occitan : Barric ; Latin : Bituria ) was a former province located in central France. It was a province of France until departments replaced the provinces on 4 March 1790, when Berry became divided between
120-437: Is now a protected natural area ( Parc naturel régional de la Brenne ) as well called Pays des mille étangs , because of its many ponds created since the 8th c. by the monks of the local abbeys for pisciculture . Seigneur The English seigneur is borrowed from the French seigneur , which descends from Middle French seigneur , from Old French seignor (oblique form of sire ), from Latin seniōrem ,
140-512: The Allier , Creuse , Loiret , and Loir-et-Cher departments as well. The governors of French provinces during the Ancien Régime were typically military commanders and provided military oversight in the region. This included recruitment, movement of troops, and – if needed – dealing with civil disobedience. Below is a list of the governors of Berry during its time as a province. In October 1360,
160-721: The Channel Islands , self-governing territories in the English Channel which swear fealty to the British Crown as the successor to the Duke of Normandy . In particular, it refers to the Seigneur of Sark , the hereditary ruler of Sark , a jurisdiction of the Bailiwick of Guernsey . The Seigneur of Saint Ouen and the Seigneur of Samarès are titles in the Bailiwick of Jersey . According to
180-612: The départements of Cher (Upper Berry) and Indre (Lower Berry). Berry is notable as the birthplace of several kings and other members of the French royal family, and was the birthplace of the knight Baldwin Chauderon , who fought in the First Crusade . In the Middle Ages , Berry became the center of the Duchy of Berry 's holdings. It is also known for an illuminated manuscript produced in
200-550: The 14th–15th century called Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry . In later times, the writer George Sand spent much of her life at her Berry estate in Nohant , and Berry's landscape and specific culture figure in much of Sand's writings. The Duchy was governed by the Duke/Duchess of Berry , who after 1601 was a senior member of the French royal family . The title of 'Duke of Berry'
220-639: The County of Bourges was reduced to a Viscounty as the Viscomte de Bourges , and in 1101 was annexed by France. In 1360, the county was raised to a duchy as the Duchy of Berry. In 1221, the Seigneuries of Châteauroux and Issoudun were annexed into the duchy. The first governor of the province appears to have been appointed on 14 March 1698, when Adrien Maurice de Noailles , Duke of Noailles became military governor when he
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#1732854902128240-882: The Feudal Dues Law of 1980 of Guernsey, the style of Dame or Seigneur is legally authorized for use by Seigneurs and Dames of Fiefs of the Crown Dependency of Guernsey. Guernsey or the Bailiwick of Guernsey is one of the Channel Islands that is a Crown Dependency . Guernsey still has feudal law and legal fiefs in existence today. Each fief has a Seigneur and/or Dame that owns the fief. The Guernsey fiefs and seigneurs have long existed before baronies and are part of Normandy . While nobility has been outlawed in France and Germany, noble fiefs still exist by law in Guernsey. The owners of
260-672: The Gaulish tribe of the Bituriges , who settled in the area before the Roman armies of Julius Caesar conquered Gaul. The name of the tribe gave name to the region, often mentioned in Medieval Latin sources as: Bituria . La Brenne, located west of Châteauroux and east of Tournon-Saint-Martin in the Indre department, is a region which of old straddled on the former provinces of Berry and Touraine , and
280-513: The accusative singular of senior ("elder"), the comparative form of senex ("old, elderly"). It is a doublet of the English words senior , sir , sire , seignior, sieur , and monsieur and shares the same provenance as the Italian signore , Portuguese senhor , and Spanish señor , which—like mister —referred to feudal lords before becoming general words of respectful address towards men. The noble title and land title of
300-409: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Brenne . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brenne&oldid=1056049904 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
320-455: The title 'Duke of Berry' was created by King John II of France for his third-born son, John of Poitiers . The duke was followed by several members of the senior royal family, establishing a tradition of the duke being a member of the House of Valois . In 1505 however, the last Duchess of Berry Joan of France died of natural causes and the title was merged into the royal domain . In 1527, the title
340-454: The title in 1765 when he became Dauphin . In 1778, Louis XVI once again re-created the title for his nephew Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry . In 1820, the title was finally dissolved once more when the last duke was assassinated. While Berry was a province, the Duke of Berry was de jure leader of the area. The dukes included: The name of Berry , like that of its capital, Bourges, originated with
360-702: Was by this period divested of territorial significance, and instead held by princes of the royal house, the last of which was Charles Ferdinand d'Artois . In c.750, the Counties of Berry and Bourges were created by the King of the Franks . In 843, the County of Berry became part of the Royal domain or crown lands controlled by the king. From 878 to 892, the county was part of the County of Auvergne , but became independent once more in 893. In 972,
380-599: Was only 19 years old. In 1778, Louis XVI convened the provincial assemblies of Berry, and considered expanding the assembly to other provinces, but abandoned this idea after experiencing the opposition of the privileged classes in Berry. In 1790, when the former provinces were dissolved, the Duchy of Berry was split between two departments: Cher in Upper (eastern) Berry and Indre in Lower (western) Berry. Some communes also became part of
400-430: Was re-created for Marguerite de Navarre until the title was once again dissolved in 1601 following the death of Duchess Louise of Lorraine . In 1686, King Louis XIV re-created the title for his third grandson Charles de Bourbon , however the title was dissolved following the death of the Duke in 1714. In 1754, Louis XV re-created the title for his grandson Louis-Auguste de Bourbon (later King Louis XVI), who dropped
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