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47-691: The term Bregenz Forest Mountains refers to the range according to the Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps (AVE); the term Bregenz Forest , by contrast, refers to a landscape or region which is part of the Bregenzer Ache basin area. As a result, the Bregenz Forest Mountains and the Bregenz Forest are not conterminous. The Bregenz Forest region also includes the southwestern parts of

94-555: A different system: The Western Alps are commonly subdivided into the following: Within the Eastern Alps, the most widely used subdivision is the Alpine Club's 1984 classification , which divides the region into about seventy small areas. The "main chain of the Alps" follows the watershed from the Mediterranean to the Wienerwald , passing over many of the highest and most famous peaks in

141-775: Is 3,798 m (12,461 ft) high. Another 22 groups reach a height of 3,000 metres. The only group in the Northern Limestone Alps with a three-thousander is the Lechtal Alps , whose highest summit is the Parseierspitze at 3,036 m (9,961 ft). 39 groups are over 2000 metres high. Seven of the groups exceed 1000 metres—except for the Vienna Woods , whose highest mountain, the Schöpfl , just reaches an altitude of 893 m (2,930 ft). See List of mountain groups in

188-765: Is a continuation of the Southern and Swiss Alps . Unlike the previous scheme, the Salzburg Slate Alps were assigned to the Northern Limestone Alps as they are part of the greywacke zone that forms the basement of the Limestone Alps. The Ortler Alps and the Sobretta - Gavia range were grouped into the Southern Limestone Alps though, geologically, they are north of the Periadriatic Seam and ranked part of

235-581: Is south of Furka Pass near the summit of the Witenwasserenstock , at 46°31′N 8°27′E  /  46.517°N 8.450°E  / 46.517; 8.450 ; the triple watershed Rhine-Po-Danube is at Lunghin Pass , Grisons ( 46°25′N 9°39′E  /  46.417°N 9.650°E  / 46.417; 9.650 , 2645 m); the triple watershed Po-Danube-Adige is at the Swiss-Italian border, near

282-614: Is still present as a northern flysch zone in a narrow strip north of the line Dornbirn - Gütle - Andelsbuch - Sibratsgfäll , i.e. mainly in the Hochälpele-Weißenfluh group, and also as a southern flysch zone south of the line Feldkirch - Satteins - Innerlaterns - Damülser Mittagsspitze - Schoppernau , particularly in the eastern Walser ridge, in the southern Damüls mountains and in the Glatthorn group, and beyond that in individual islands in between, most clearly recognizable in

329-692: The Allgäu Alps . On the other hand, the Bregenz Forest Mountains reach, to an extent, into the landscapes of the eastern Rhine Valley , as well as to the Walgau Valley of the Ill River and the Großes Walsertal in the south. As the range is not geologically uniform, the name is rarely used outside of Alpine literature, is also not used in Vorarlberg state geography and land-use planning and belongs to one of

376-927: The Apennines , the Massif Central , the Jura , the Black Forest , the Bohemian Forest , the Carpathians , and the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula . The boundary between the Apennines and the Alps is usually taken to be the Colle di Cadibona , at 435 m above sea level, above Savona on the Italian coast. The Rhône forms a clear boundary between the tectonically -formed Alps and

423-560: The Austroalpine nappes . The Eastern Alps extend across six European countries: Germany , Italy , Liechtenstein , Austria , Switzerland and Slovenia . With 57 mountain groups, Austria has the largest share. It is followed by Italy with 23 and Switzerland with ten. There are seven mountain ranges in Germany and four in Slovenia. Liechtenstein shares one group. The only four-thousander and

470-581: The Bregenzer Ach . The summit heights throughout the Bregenzerwald mountains rise from northwest to southeast. The mountains are dominated by low mountain ranges covered with meadows and forests, with high mountains only to be found at the extreme southern edge at the transition to the Lechquellen Mountains . Due to the remoteness of some areas, there are many nature reserves that can be found in

517-797: The Dunkelsteiner Wald south of the Wachau , belong geologically to the Bohemian Forest despite being south of the Danube . The Vienna Woods near Vienna forms the north-eastern corner of the Alps, and here the Danube passes at its closest to the Alps (see Viennese Basin ). East of Vienna, only the Marchfeld , a 30-km wide flood plain separates the easternmost Alps from the Lesser Carpathians . After Vienna,

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564-650: The German and Austrian Alpine Club . The present-day division established for the German-speaking world (less Switzerland ) was compiled by the German , Austrian and South Tyrol Alpine Clubs and published in 1984 and is also used for the basic numbering of Alpine Club maps for mountaineering . The Eastern Alps are divided into four main areas: the Northern Limestone Alps , the Central Eastern Alps ,

611-528: The Hohe Tauern in central Austria, and the main ascent routes on many of the highest mountains pass over glaciers. Very few large lakes are found within the body of the Alps, but a number are situated around the edge, particularly in areas formerly covered by glacier tongues. These include Lake Geneva on the northern side of the alps, on the French/Swiss border, Lago Maggiore , Lake Como and Lake Garda on

658-632: The Pannonian Basin , a large area of steppe , meets the edge of the Alps, clearly delimiting the eastern limit of the Alps. The south-easternmost extension of the Alps is to be found in Slovenia , including Pohorje , the Kamnik Alps and the Julian Alps (the last being shared with Italy). The town of Idrija may be taken as marking the dividing line between the Alps to the north and the karst plateau to

705-701: The Southern Limestone Alps , and the Western Limestone Alps . These four main ranges are further divided into 75 sub-groups. The Northern Limestone and Central Eastern Alps are the largest with 27 groups each, while the Southern Limestone Alps have 15. The six groups of the Western Limestone Alps are also classed with the Central Eastern Alps. The classification is based principally on orographic considerations and takes into account

752-722: The Western Alps and the Eastern Alps , which uses the Splügen Pass ( Italian : Passo dello Spluga ) on the Swiss-Italian border, together with the Rhine to the north and Lake Como in the south as the defining features. While the Splügen Pass is neither the lowest nor the most important pass in the Alps, it is approximately halfway along the main chain, and makes a convenient boundary. The Eastern Alps are commonly subdivided according to

799-456: The delimitation of the Alps as a whole and of subdivisions of the range, follows the course of the main chain of the Alps and discusses the lakes and glaciers found in the region. In some areas, such as the edge of the Po Basin , the edge of the Alps is unambiguous, but where the Alps border on other mountainous or hilly regions, the border may be harder to place. These neighbouring ranges include

846-800: The 1926 Partizione delle Alpi . In 2005, a new proposal was made by the Italian Alpinist, Sergio Marazzi, to merge the competing systems of the Alpine states into the Suddivisione Orografica Internazionale Unificata del Sistema Alpino ( SOIUSA ), but this has not gained a general acceptance. Geography of the Alps The Alps form a large mountain range dominating Central Europe , including parts of Italy , France , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Slovenia , Germany and Hungary . This article describes

893-692: The Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps Up to today, there is no internationally accepted classification of the Alps. Beside the common AVE arrangement, the Swiss Alpine Club subdivides the Swiss Alps (including the East Alpine parts) along cantonal boundaries, while Austrian hydrography uses a slightly different orographic system. In Italy and France the segmentation is usually based on

940-641: The Alps, these deposits - which had now become limestone - were pushed northwards and folded several times. The hard siliceous limestone and Schrattenkalk rocks form the rock faces typical of the Bregenzerwald mountains, which are particularly evident in the Schuttannenberge, the Freschengruppe or the northern cliffs of the Damülser Berge, but also in the Winterstaudenkamm. On the other hand, there are

987-528: The Alps. The most important passes and peaks which it crosses are given below (mountains are indented, passes unindented). From the Colle di Cadibona to Col de Tende it runs westwards, before turning to the north-west and then, near the Colle de la Maddalena, to the north. Upon reaching the Swiss border, the line of the main chain heads approximately east-north-east, a heading it follows until its end near Vienna . Some of

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1034-469: The Bregenz Forest Mountains. In the Bregenzerwald mountains there are comparatively few alpine huts with overnight accommodation. This is due to the fact that the majority of the mountain tours can be undertaken as day trips from the valley valleys. Mountain huts run by the Austrian Alpine Club : There are many more huts and restaurants in this region. Therefore, it is advisable to inquire about

1081-467: The Bregenzerwald mountains runs clockwise along the line Lake Constance - Bregenzer Ach - Subersach - Schönenbach - Osterguntenbach - Stogger Sattel - Rehmerbach - Bregenzer Ach - Argenbach - Brägazbach - Faschinajoch - Faschinabach - Seebergbach - Lutz - Ill - Rhine - Lake Constance. The Faschinajoch connects the Bregenzerwald mountains with the Lechquellengebirge. The Stogger Sattel provides

1128-529: The Carpathians (see also geology of the Alps ). The Alps are a distinct physiographic province of the larger Alpine System physiographic division, but the Alps are composed of three distinct physiographic sections, the Eastern, Western and Southern Alps. While smaller groups within the Alps may be easily defined by the passes on either side, defining larger units can be problematic. A traditional divide exists between

1175-732: The Faschina Pass (Faschinajoch) that the Bregenzerwald Forest is entered. The Via Alpina , a cross-border hiking trail with five partial routes through the whole Alps, runs along the edge of the Bregenzerwald mountain range. The Red Trail of the Via Alpina runs as follows with two stages through the Bregenzerwald Mountains: Geology and geography of the Bregenzerwald Mountains are not exactly conducive to

1222-953: The Glatthorn group forms a comparatively clearly defined mountain range, which is separated from the Damüls mountains by the deep-cutting Unterdamüls Furka. From the Rhine Valley, the Schwarzach, the Dornbirner Ach (Ebniter Tal), the Frödisch and the Frutz (Laternsertal) cut striking valleys between the chains, from the Bregenzerwald it is mainly the Mellenbach and from the Großes Walsertal the Ladritschbach. With

1269-429: The Staufensee and the Sünser See there are also two larger mountain lakes in this area. With the Mittagsfluh, the Bizauer Hirschberggruppe, the Hinteregger Grat and the Winterstaudenkamm, the eastern Bregenzerwaldgebirge consists of four mountain ranges of different lengths running parallel from west to east, separated from each other by the Weißenbach, the Bizauer Bach and the Grebenbach, all of which flow westwards into

1316-420: The Western Alps, the Bregenz Forest mountains geologically extremely diverse. The largest part of it can be attributed to the Helvetic, which was formed in the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods. During this period, the Penninic Ocean lay where the Alps are today, and thick limestone deposits formed on its northern edge, the Helvetic Shelf, over the course of millions of years. During the later formation of

1363-424: The area is shaped by a Mittelgebirge character with extended forests and Alpine pastures , except for small High Alpine region in the southeast. The Bregenzerwald mountain range is located in the far northwest of the Eastern Alps , east of the lower Alpine Rhine Valley and southeast of Lake Constance . It lies entirely within the Austrian state of Vorarlberg and dominates its northern half. The perimeter of

1410-414: The area of the Lorenaberge, consist of Subalpine Molasse, which was formed - relatively late for the Alps - in the Neogene . During this geological phase, the European plate was pushed downwards by the already rising Alps, so that a sea sink, known as the Paratethys , formed between the newly forming mountains and the continental plate. Rivers transported erosion material from the young Alps into this arm of

1457-449: The border. The Black Forest is separated from the Alps by the Rhine and Lake Constance , but exact delimitation is difficult in southern Germany, where the land gently slopes up to meet the mountains (known in German as the Schwäbisch-Bayerisches Alpenvorland , the "Swabian-Bavarian pre-Alps"). In Austria, the Danube runs to the north of the Alps, separating it from the majority of the Bohemian Forest, although some small areas, such as

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1504-401: The connection to the Allgäu Alps. The Bregenz Forest Mountains are bordered by the following other Alpine ranges: The main peaks of the Bregenz Forest Mountains include the following: see Coordinates Bregenz Forest Mountains Other important and well-known peaks in the Bregenz Forest Mountains (in order of decreasing height): Due to its location on the border between the Eastern Alps and

1551-409: The construction of climbing routes. As easy-to-get-on routes of the simplest level can still apply: Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps The Alpine Club classification of the Eastern Alps ( German : Alpenvereinseinteilung der Ostalpen , AVE ) is a common division of the Eastern Alps into 75 mountain ranges , based on the Moriggl Classification (ME) first published in 1924 by

1598-407: The different lithology (rock composition) of the more central parts of the Alps and the groups at its northern and southern fringes: The border between the Central Eastern Alps and the Southern Limestone Alps is the Periadriatic Seam . The Northern Limestone Alps are separated from the Central Eastern Alps by the Grauwacken Zone . However, the geologic subdivision, based on tectonics , suggests

1645-406: The exact opening hours and the accessibility of the huts at the Alpenverein or in the valley resorts. The nordalpine long distance route (DE: Nordalpine Weitwanderweg 01) and the Limestone Alps Way (DE: Kalkalpenweg) runs through the central part of the Bregenzerwald mountain range with the following sections: The greater part of this section is still in the Lechquellen Mountains . It is only at

1692-415: The flysch zone. During the Upper Cretaceous , large quantities of sand were washed from the Central Alps , which were still below sea level at the time, into a deep-sea channel of the Pennine Ocean. This solidified into sandstone under the pressure prevailing at depth and was later pushed over the Helvetic rocks when the Alps were folded up. Today, large parts of this layer have already been eroded away. It

1739-414: The highest mountain in the Eastern Alps is the Piz Bernina at 4,046 m (13,274 ft). Thus the Bernina Range is the highest of all the groups in the Eastern Alps. Next are the Ortler Alps , whose highest peak, Mt. Ortler at 3,905 m (12,812 ft), is the highest mountain in South Tyrol. The third highest range is the Glockner Group with the highest mountain in Austria: the Grossglockner

1786-408: The highest peaks in the Alps, however, fall to one side or other of the main chain. These include: For more detailed lists of passes, please see the articles about individual areas of the Alps. Several glaciers are located in the Alps, the longest of which is the aletsch Glacier in the Bernese Alps . They may be found in all of the higher groups of mountains from the Dauphiné Alps in France to

1833-403: The largely volcanically -formed Massif Central. Moving upstream, the Rhône turns to the east near Lyon , and passes to the south of the Jura range before reaching Lake Geneva . An area of flat ground reaches from there to Lake Neuchâtel , continuing the border, with the Jura to the north-west and the Alps to the south east. From Lake Neuchâtel to its confluence with the Rhine , the Aare forms

1880-403: The most disputed mountain groups in the AVE. According to an alternative orographically and hydrologically-oriented mountain range classification (Hubert Trimmel, 1962), the mountains belong to a Rhine Valley–Walgau–Bregenz Forest group. The mountain range is part of a landscape arranged in several tiers rising from the Rhine Valley in the west up to the adjacent Lechquellen Mountains . Most of

1927-429: The regional usage in terms of the names of the mountain groups. The amendments of 1984 address a number of geological problems and have dropped many of the 1924 Morrigl groups, making more precise sub-divisions for them in other areas. These changes are evident from the missing serial numbers and sub-division letters. The Western Limestone Alps were added, an area which is not covered by the three Alpine Clubs and actually

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1974-518: The sea, where it was then deposited as sediment. In the later course of mountain formation, these rocks were also folded up. Nagelfluh is typical of this zone, but sandstone and marl also occur. Almost the entire western Bregenzerwald mountains consist of a single, star-shaped, branching mountain range. Starting from the Hoher Freschen, the mountain ranges run east (Damülser Berge), south (Walserkamm), southwest (Alpwegkopf), northwest (Kugel-Schuttannen chain) and north (First-Hochälpele-Gaißkopf chain). Only

2021-442: The softer, marly Drusberg layers, which weather easily and thus provide a favorable breeding ground for forests and alpine pastures, as can be seen particularly impressively on the Hoher Freschen. Kanisfluh and Mittagsfluh stand out in the middle of this area, consisting of Jurassic limestone and thus the oldest rocks in the Bregenzerwald mountains. To the north and south of the Helvetic zone are two geological sections known as

2068-418: The south, which then leads on to the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula. The remainder of the southern edge of the Alps is clearly delimited by the basin of the Po . This delimitation of the Alps is, however, largely subjective and open to argument. In particular, some people restrict the use of the term "Alps" to the higher mountains in the centre of the range, relegating the surrounding hills and mountains to

2115-410: The southern side of the Alps in Italy/Switzerland, and the lakes of Switzerland, southern Germany and the Austrian Salzkammergut in the north. The main drainage basins of the Alps are those of the Rhine , the Rhone , the Danube and the Po . These have as main tributaries: Other important rivers draining the Alps include the Var , Adige and Piave . The triple watershed Rhine-Rhone-Po

2162-430: The status of "pre-Alps" or foothills . This can sometimes lead to conflicting definitions, such as Mont Ventoux being considered to lie outside the Alps (there are no comparably sized mountains around it, and it is at a considerable distance from the main chain of the Alps). It is not possible to define the Alps geologically, since the same orogenous events that created the Alps also created neighbouring ranges such as

2209-446: The summit of the Hohe Kugel. Even more than the Drusberg layers, the weathered surface of the sandstone and marl of this zone forms excellent soil for trees and grasses. The mountains of the flysch zone, which are all gently shaped due to the soft rock, are therefore covered with forests and meadows, even on the steepest slopes up to the summits. The Bregenzerwald mountains north of the line Dornbirn - Egg - Hittisau , i.e. essentially

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