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Brandywine School

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The Brandywine School was a style of illustration —as well as an artists colony in Wilmington, Delaware and in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania , near the Brandywine River —both founded by artist Howard Pyle (1853–1911) at the end of the 19th century. The works produced there were widely published in adventure novels, magazines, and romances in the early 20th century. Pyle’s teachings would influence such notable illustrators as N.C. Wyeth , Maxfield Parrish , Harvey Dunn , and Norman Rockwell . Pyle himself would come to be known as the "Father of American Illustration." Many works related to the Brandywine School may be seen at the Brandywine River Museum of Art , in Chadds Ford.

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67-836: Pyle, one of the foremost illustrators in the United States at the time, began teaching art classes at Drexel University in 1895. However, he was dissatisfied with the confines of formal art education, and beginning in 1898, he began teaching students during the summers at the Turner Mill in Chadds Ford. The mill, alongside the Brandywine, provided views of a scenic landscape to inspire the artists. Pyle also hosted artists' gatherings at his residence at Painter's Folly . In 1900, he left Drexel and opened his own school attached to his personal art studio. Pyle created this school so that he might train

134-424: A Philadelphia financier and philanthropist. The original mission of the institution was to provide educational opportunities in the "practical arts and sciences" for women and men of all backgrounds. Drexel can now trace its roots to 1812 as in 2011 Drexel took over the management of what is now named Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University which Academy was formed in the winter of 1812. In April 1817,

201-610: A B.A. program in entrepreneurship and innovation, while graduate students a combined Master of Science degree in biomedicine and entrepreneurship. Minors in entrepreneurship are also offered to undergraduate students. Housed within the Close School is the Baiada Institute for Entrepreneurship. The institute serves as an incubator for Drexel student startups, providing resources and mentorships to students and some post-graduates who are starting their own business while enrolled in one of

268-561: A LeBow College of Business program. The LeBow College of Business has been ranked as the 38th best private business school in the nation. Its online MBA program is ranked 14th in the world by the Financial Times ; the publication also ranks the undergraduate business program at LeBow as 19th in the United States. The part-time MBA program ranks 1st in academic quality in the 2015 edition of Business Insider's rankings. Undergraduate and graduate entrepreneurship programs are ranked 19th in

335-604: A for-profit venture, but rather become an internal division within the university to better serve its online student population. Although headquartered in Philadelphia, Drexel announced a new Washington, D.C., location in December 2012 to serve as both an academic and outreach center, catering to the online student population. Drexel University Online founded the National Distance Learning Week, in conjunction with

402-485: A generation of illustrators who were artistically and financially successful. He hoped that through this, he would foster an American style of painting, something he felt the country lacked. In order to develop that intrinsically American style, Pyle believed that his students must spend time outdoors, taking in the scenery and the history of their country. To help facilitate this, Pyle frequently brought his students to Chadds Ford, where he would tell his students stories about

469-523: A research output of more than 1000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area ( Times Higher Education World University Rankings ) . The QS World University Ranking for 2021 included 1002 research universities. The region with the highest number was Europe , with 39.8%, followed by Asia /Pacific with 26.7%, the US and Canada with 15.6%, Latin America with 10.8% and

536-524: A similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions in 2020 coming from Europe, 161 from the Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and five from Africa. All regions except Africa are represented in the top 100, although the Americas are represented solely by universities from the United States and Canada. In 2024, the US has the most universities in the top 500 from a single country, 114, followed by China with 103,

603-638: Is classified among " R1: Doctoral Universities – Very High Research Activity" . The university was ranked 51st in the 2018 edition of the "Top 100 Worldwide Universities Granted U.S. Utility Patents" list released by the National Academy of Inventors and the Intellectual Property Owners Association . USNWR graduate school rankings USNWR departmental rankings In its 2024 rankings, U.S. News & World Report ranked Drexel tied for 98th among national universities in

670-582: Is a private space-grant research university with its main campus in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania. Drexel's undergraduate school was founded in 1891 by Anthony J. Drexel , a financier and philanthropist . Founded as Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry , it was renamed Drexel Institute of Technology in 1936, before assuming its current name in 1970. As of 2020 , more than 24,000 students were enrolled in over 70 undergraduate programs and more than 100 master's, doctoral, and professional programs at

737-668: Is located in the East Falls neighborhood of northwest Philadelphia and is primarily utilized by first- and second-year medical students, and researchers. A free shuttle is available, connecting the Queen Lane Campus to the Center City Hahnemann and University City Main campuses. The Center City Campus is in the middle of Philadelphia, straddling the Vine Street Expressway between Broad and 15th Streets. Shuttle service

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804-608: Is located just west of the Schuylkill River in the University City district of Philadelphia . It is Drexel's largest and oldest campus; the campus contains the university's administrative offices and serves as the main academic center for students. The northern, residential portion of the main campus is located in the Powelton Village section of West Philadelphia. The two prominent performing stages at Drexel University are

871-475: Is named; and Paul Baran , inventor of the packet-switched network. Today, Drexel University's College of Engineering, which is home to 19 percent of the undergraduate student body, is known for creating the world's first engineering degree in appropriate technology . The college is also one of only 17 U.S. universities to offer a bachelor's degree in architectural engineering, and only one of five private institutions to do so. The engineering curriculum used by

938-603: Is offered between the Center City Campus and both the University City and Queen Lane campuses of the university. In 2011, The Academy of Natural Sciences entered into an agreement to become a subsidiary of Drexel University. Founded in 1812, the Academy of Natural Sciences is America's oldest natural history museum and is a world leader in biodiversity and environmental research. On January 5, 2009, Drexel University opened

1005-676: Is one of the largest and oldest in the United States. Drexel has a fully internet -based job database, where students can submit résumés and request interviews with any of the thousands of companies that offer positions. Students also have the option of obtaining a co-op via independent search. A student graduating from Drexel's 5-year degree program typically has a total of 18 months of co-op with up to three different companies. The majority of co-ops are paid, averaging $ 18,720 per 6-month period, however this figure changes with major. About one third of Drexel graduates are offered full-time positions by their co-op employers right after graduation. Drexel

1072-773: Is ranked in the top 15 such programs in the United States; its anesthesia programs and physical therapy programs are, respectively, ranked as top-50 programs nationwide. Established in 1892, the department now known as the College of Professional Studies has focused exclusively on educational programs and pursuits for nontraditional adult learners. Today, the Goodwin College of Professional Studies offers several options designed for adult learners at all stages of career and educational development. Bachelor of Science degree completion programs are offered in part-time evening or weekend formats; graduate programs and doctoral programs are offered at

1139-735: Is to "provide education, conduct research, and partner with communities and organizations to improve the health of populations". To that end, the school offers both a B.S. and a minor in public health for undergraduate students as well as several options for students pursuing graduate and doctoral degrees in the field. At the graduate level, the Dornsife School offers both a Master of Public Health and an Executive Master of Public Health, as well as an M.S. in biostatistics and an M.S. in epidemiology. Two Doctor of Public Health degrees are also offered, as isa Doctor of Philosophy in epidemiology. The school's graduate and doctoral students are heavily invested in

1206-568: The Middle East and Africa with 7%. All regions except the Middle East and Africa were represented in the top 100. The largest number of new entrants to the rankings were from East Asia and Eastern Europe , followed by Southern Europe . By individual country, the US has the most institutions with 151, followed by the UK with 84, China with 51, and Germany with 45. The top 200 shows a similar pattern with

1273-517: The University of California , have served as models for research universities around the world. Having one or more universities based on the American model (including the use of English as a lingua franca ) is a badge of "social progress and modernity " for the contemporary nation-state . The Americans' continued dominance into the early 21st century has forced their European counterparts to confront

1340-771: The 2008 Democratic presidential candidate debate in Philadelphia, televised by MSNBC . In 2002, Drexel University acquired and assumed management of the former MCP Hahnemann University, creating the Drexel University College of Medicine . In 2006, the university established the Thomas R. Kline School of Law , and in 2011 the School of Law achieved full accreditation by the American Bar Association . Constantine Papadakis died of pneumonia in April 2009 while still employed as

1407-472: The American military–industrial complex and developing artificial intelligence , and Berkeley and Stanford played a central role in the development of Silicon Valley . The "most prestigious group of research universities" in the United States is the Association of American Universities . Since the 1960s, American research universities, especially the leading American public research university system ,

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1474-518: The American context, as having values of intellectual freedom, initiative and creativity, excellence, and openness, with such additional characteristics as: Global university rankings use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities. Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties ( QS World University Rankings ), or teaching undergraduates, having

1541-710: The Center for Graduate Studies in Sacramento, California . Eventually renamed Drexel University Sacramento upon the addition of an undergraduate program in business administration, the campus also offered an Ed.D. program in Educational Leadership and Management and master's degree programs in Business Administration, Finance, Higher Education, Human Resource Development, Public Health, and Interdepartmental Medical Science. On March 5, 2015, Drexel University announced

1608-527: The Close School's degree programs or academic minors. Drexel University launched its first Internet-based education program, a master's degree in Library & Information Science, in 1996. In 2001, Drexel created its wholly owned, for-profit online education subsidiary, Drexel e-Learning, Inc., better known as Drexel University Online. It was announced in October 2013 that Drexel University Online would no longer be

1675-513: The College of Medicine offers more than 40 graduate programs in its Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies. The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional studies offers both Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy degree programs in fields like biochemistry, biotechnology, clinical research, and forensic science. The school also serves as the center for biomedical research at Drexel University. Founded in 1961 as

1742-487: The College of Medicine, Drexel's College of Nursing and Health Professions offers more than 25 programs to undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of nursing, nutrition, health sciences, health services, and radiologic technology. The college's research into matters of nutrition and rehabilitation have garnered approximately $ 2.9 million in external research funding on an annual basis. The physician assistant program at Drexel's College of Nursing and Health Professions

1809-569: The Department of Computer Science, and the Computing and Security Technology program. Undergraduate and graduate programs in computer science, software engineering, data science, information systems, and computer security are offered by the college. The Drexel University College of Medicine was added to the colleges and schools of the university in 2002, having been formed upon the acquisition of MCP Hahnemann University. In addition to its M.D. program,

1876-536: The Earle Mack School of Law, was the first law school founded in Philadelphia in more than three decades. The School of Law offers L.L.M. and Master of Legal Studies degrees, in addition to the flagship Juris Doctor program, and uniquely offers cooperative education as part of its curriculum across all programs. In 2015, Bloomberg Business ranked the Kline School of Law as the second most underrated law school in

1943-635: The Mandell Theater and the Main Auditorium. The Main Auditorium dates back to the founding of Drexel and construction of its main hall. It features over 1000 seats, and a pipe organ installed in 1928. The organ was purchased by Saturday Evening Post publisher Cyrus H. K. Curtis after he had donated a similar organ, the Curtis Organ , to nearby University of Pennsylvania and it was suggested that he do

2010-771: The Northeast. In 2016, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked the undergraduate business program 78th in the country. In 2014, Business Insider ranked Drexel's graduate business school 19th in the country for networking. Drexel University's programs are divided across three Philadelphia-area campuses: the University City Campus , the Center City Campus and the Queen Lane College of Medicine Campus . The 77-acre (31 ha) University City Main Campus of Drexel University

2077-681: The UK with 35 and Germany with 35. The top 200 shows the similar pattern: the US with 59 followed by China with 37 and the UK with 20. The 2024 Times Higher Education only gives a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this again has the U.S. at the top with 56, followed by the UK with 25, Germany with 21, and China with 13. The top 200 features one university from Africa, the University of Cape Town in South Africa , but none from Latin America . The U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking 2021 gives numbers by country for

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2144-516: The US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12. By comparison, the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (2015) identifies 115 US universities as "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" and a further 107 as "Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013. The Academic Ranking of World Universities shows

2211-605: The United States Distance Learning Association, in 2007. In September 2010, Drexel University Online received the Sloan-C award for institution-wide excellence in online education indicating that it had exceptional programs of "demonstrably high quality" at the regional and national levels and across disciplines. Drexel University Online won the 2008 United States Distance Learning Association's Best Practices Awards for Distance Learning Programming. In 2007,

2278-438: The United States and Japan also have well-known private research institutions. Institutions of higher education that are not research universities or do not aspire to that designation, such as liberal arts colleges , instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, whereas research university faculty members, in contrast, are under more pressure to publish or perish . The concept of

2345-422: The United States' first Biomedical Engineering and Science Institute, the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems focuses on the emerging field of biomedical science at the undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels. Primary research areas within the school include bioinformatics , biomechanics , biomaterials , neuroengineering , and cardiovascular engineering. Formed in 2002 along with

2412-759: The United States, tied for 18th in the "Most Innovative Schools" category, 95th in "Best Value Schools", and tied for 273rd in "Top Performers on Social Mobility. The Wall Street Journal ranked Drexel 54th among 400 institutions in the United States. In its 2018 rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings and The Wall Street Journal ranked Drexel 74th among national universities and 351st-400th among international universities. In its 2018 rankings, Forbes ranked Drexel 24th among STEM universities. In 2019, it also ranked Drexel 226th among 650 national universities, liberal arts colleges and service academies, 120th among research universities, 154th among private universities, and 96th among universities in

2479-537: The United States. One of the oldest schools within Drexel University, the modern School of Education dates back to the 1891 founding of the school. Originally, the Department of Education offered teacher training to women as one of its original, career-focused degree programs. Today, the School of Education offers a coeducational approach to teacher training at the elementary and secondary levels for undergraduates. Other undergraduate programs include those focused on

2546-977: The University community". Research university A research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. They are "the key sites of knowledge production ", along with "intergenerational knowledge transfer and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of doctoral degrees , and continue to be "the very center of scientific productivity". They can be public or private , and often have well-known brand names. Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than vocational and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental life skills such as critical thinking . Globally, research universities are overwhelmingly public institutions , while some countries like

2613-576: The area’s revolutionary history while they painted landscapes. Pyle advocated against studying in Europe, hoping that his students would find fame and success through an American education. The school and studio, which are still standing, are located a short walk from the Brandywine Park , a stretch of riverside park designed by Frederick Law Olmsted . Of the 500 students who applied to attend Pyle's school in its first year, only twelve were accepted. It

2680-427: The best in the world for its extensive research into matters of international trade. Drexel's College of Engineering is one of its oldest and largest academic colleges and served as the original focus of the career-oriented school upon its founding in 1891. The College of Engineering is home to several notable alumni, including two astronauts; financier Bennett S. LeBow , for whom the university's College of Business

2747-488: The closure of the Sacramento campus, with an 18-month "phase out" period designed to allow current students to complete their degrees. The Graduate Student Association "advocates the interests and addresses concerns of graduate students at Drexel; strives to enhance graduate student life at the University in all aspects, from academic to campus security; and provides a formal means of communication between graduate students and

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2814-808: The college earn full accreditation from the National Association of Schools of Art and Design , the National Architectural Accrediting Board , and the Council for Interior Design Accreditation. The Bennett S. LeBow College of Business history dates to the founding in 1891 of the Drexel Institute, that later became Drexel University, and of its Business Department in 1896. Today LeBow offers thirteen undergraduate majors, eight graduate programs, and two doctoral programs; 22 percent of Drexel University's undergraduate students are enrolled in

2881-511: The college provides these students with access to unique cultural and social activities and a unique guest speaker series. Students are also involved in the university's Honors Student Advisory Committee and have the opportunity to take part in Drexel's "Alternative Spring Break", an international study tour held each spring. Upon its founding in 2006, the Thomas R. Kline School of Law, originally known as

2948-721: The country by the Princeton Review . Economics programs at the LeBow College of Business are housed within the School of Economics. In addition to the undergraduate program in economics, the school is home to an M.S. in Economics program as well as a PhD program in economics. Faculty members in the School of Economics have been published in the American Economic Review , RAND Journal of Economics , and Review of Economics and Statistics . The school has been ranked among

3015-399: The engineering student. The College of Engineering hasn't used the tDEC curriculum since approximately 2005. The College of Computing and Informatics is a recent addition to Drexel University, though its programs have been offered to students for many years. The college was formed by the consolidation of the former College of Information Science & Technology (often called the "iSchool"),

3082-601: The establishment of American hegemony by the end of the 20th century. Most importantly, Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, and Princeton (along with Birmingham and Cambridge in the UK) directly participated in the creation of the first nuclear weapons (the Manhattan Project ). Besides that, Columbia and Harvard were instrumental in the early development of the American film industry (Hollywood), MIT and Stanford were leaders in building

3149-426: The form of its cooperative education program, was introduced in 1919. Participating students alternate periods of classroom-based study with periods of full-time, practical work experience related to one's academic major and career interests. Between 1995 and 2009, Drexel University underwent a period of significant change to its programs, enrollment, and facilities under the leadership of Dr. Constantine Papadakis ,

3216-463: The graduate level, as are self-paced "continuing education" courses and nearly a dozen self-paced certification programs. The Pennoni Honors College , named for Drexel alumnus and trustee Dr. C.R. "Chuck" Pennoni '63, '66, Hon. '92, and his wife Annette, recognizes and promotes excellence among Drexel students. Students admitted to the Honors College live together and take many of the same classes;

3283-534: The intersection between learning and technology, teacher certification for non-education majors, and a minor in education for students with an interest in instruction. Graduate degrees offered by the School of Education include those in administration and leadership, special education, higher education, mathematics education, international education, and educational creativity and innovation. Doctoral degrees are offered in educational leadership and learning technologies. The School of Public Health states that its mission

3350-580: The late 19th century, when these fifteen institutions began to graft graduate programs derived from the German model onto undergraduate programs derived from the British model. At Johns Hopkins, president Daniel Coit Gilman led the development of the American research university by setting high standards for recruiting faculty and admitting students, and insisting that faculty members had to commit to both teaching and research. Research universities were essential to

3417-617: The legislature of Commonwealth of Pennsylvania incorporated the organization under the name "Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia". In 1936, the institution was renamed as the Drexel Institute of Technology. It eventually gained university status and was finally named Drexel University in 1970. Despite changes during its first century, the university has remained a privately controlled, non-sectarian, coeducational center of higher learning committed to practical education and hands-on experience in an occupational setting. The central aspect of Drexel University's focus on career preparation, in

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3484-459: The movement's "concern for human values, . . . delight in the exercise of the pictorial imagination, the feeling that design should follow the behest of content and the conviction that the illustrator has a power over and a responsibility to his audience." The style was a source of inspiration for, and used extensively by Disney previsualization artists for the animated film, Treasure Planet . Drexel University Drexel University

3551-519: The next 63 years, and in 1942 he used it to open his own school, where he taught artists such as Ellen du Pont Wheelwright. After Pyle's death, Arthurs purchased the Pyle studio and continued the school from 1912 to 1950. Wyeth stayed in his Wilmington studio for a time before moving to Chadds Ford, where he taught his own children, including artist Andrew Wyeth . In his study The Brandywine Tradition (1968), author and illustrator Henry Clarence Pitz wrote of

3618-443: The online education subsidiary had a revenue of $ 40 million. In March 2013, Drexel Online had more than 7,000 unique students from all 50 states and more than 20 countries pursuing a bachelor's, master's, or certificate. As of December 2013 , Drexel University Online offers more than 100 fully accredited master's degrees, bachelor's degrees and certificate programs. Drexel's longstanding cooperative education, or "co-op" program

3685-405: The research activities of the Dornsife School of Public Health, which has helped the school attract annual funding for its four research centers. The Center for Hospitality and Sport Management was formed in 2013, in an effort to house and consolidate academic programs in hospitality, tourism management, the culinary arts, and sport management. Academic programs combine the unique skills required of

3752-476: The research university first arose in early 19th-century Prussia in Germany, where Wilhelm von Humboldt championed his vision of Einheit von Lehre und Forschung (the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities , rather than on the previous goals of the university education, which

3819-441: The same for Drexel. The 424-seat Mandell Theater was built in 1973 and features a more performance-oriented stage, including a full fly system , modern stage lighting facilities, stadium seating, and accommodations for wheelchairs. It is used for the semiannual spring musical, as well as various plays and many events. The Queen Lane Campus was purchased by Drexel University as part of its acquisition of MCP Hahnemann University. It

3886-613: The school was originally called E4 (Enhanced Educational Experience for Engineers) which was established in 1986 and funded in part by the Engineering Directorate of the National Science Foundation . In 1988, the program evolved into tDEC (the Drexel Engineering Curriculum) which is composed of two full years of rigorous core engineering courses which encompass the freshman and sophomore years of

3953-412: The sports and hospitality industries with the principles and curriculum espoused by the management programs within Drexel's LeBow College of Business. Focusing specifically on the skills required to successfully start and launch a business, The Charles D. Close School of Entrepreneurship is the first and only freestanding school of entrepreneurship in the United States. Undergraduate students take part in

4020-529: The ten years he ran his school in Wilmington. The Brandywine School continued on in Pyle's students even after his death in 1911. Several of his students, inspired by Pyle's example, taught the next generation of the school's students. In 1905, Wilmington philanthropist Samuel Bancroft constructed a set of buildings to house and provide studios for four of Pyle's most successful students: Wyeth, Schoonover, Dunn, and Ashley. Schoonover remained in his studio for

4087-403: The university's president during that time. Papadakis oversaw Drexel's largest expansion in its history, with a 471 percent increase in its endowment and a 102 percent increase in student enrollment. He oversaw improved performance in collegiate rankings, the implementation of a more selective approach to admissions, and a more rigorous academic program at all levels. In 2007, Drexel was the host of

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4154-662: The university's president. His successor, John Anderson Fry , was previously the president of Franklin & Marshall College and executive vice president of the University of Pennsylvania . Under Fry's leadership, Drexel has continued its expansion, including the July 2011 acquisition of The Academy of Natural Sciences . In 2024, Drexel has acquired Salus University which has multiple programs in health related fields. John Anderson Fry has announced his resignation [1] effective on appointment of his successor to become President of Temple University The College of Arts and Sciences

4221-429: The university. Drexel's cooperative education program (co-op) is a unique aspect of the school's degree programs, offering students the opportunity to gain up to 18 months of paid, full-time work experience in a field relevant to their undergraduate major or graduate degree program prior to graduation. Drexel University was founded in 1891 as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry by Anthony J. Drexel ,

4288-540: The urgent need for reform to avoid "declining into an advanced form of feeder colleges for the best American universities." John Taylor, Professor of Higher Education Management at the University of Liverpool , defines the key characteristics of successful research universities as: Philip Altbach defines a different, although similar, set of key characteristics for what research universities need to become successful: A 2012 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report defined research universities, in

4355-495: Was formed in 1990 when Drexel merged the two existing College of Sciences and College of Humanities together. The College of Media Arts and Design "fosters the study, exploration and management of the arts: media, design, the performing and visual". The college offers 18 undergraduate programs and nine graduate programs, in modern art and design fields that range from architecture, graphic design and dance to fashion design and television management. Its wide range of programs has helped

4422-665: Was through the absorption of Pyle's particular style and teaching that the tradition known as the "Brandywine School" emerged. Pyle continued to operate the school until 1910, during which time he was mentor to such successful artists as N. C. Wyeth , Frank E. Schoonover , Stanley M. Arthurs , William James Aylward , Thornton Oakley , Violet Oakley , Clifford Ashley , Anna Whelan Betts , Ethel Franklin Betts , Ellen Bernard Thompson Pyle , Jessie Willcox Smith , Olive Rush , Blanche Grant , Philip R. Goodwin , Allen Tupper True , and Harvey Dunn . In all, 75 artists were trained by Pyle during

4489-737: Was to develop an understanding of truth, beauty, and goodness . Roger L. Geiger , "the leading historian of the American research university," has argued that "the model for the American research university was established by five of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution ( Harvard , Yale , Pennsylvania , Princeton , and Columbia ); five state universities ( Michigan , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Illinois , and California ); and five private institutions conceived from their inception as research universities ( MIT , Cornell , Johns Hopkins , Stanford , and Chicago )." The American research university first emerged in

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