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44-593: The Brandberge covers an area of 90.54 hectares (223.7 acres) in the northwest of Halle, between Kröllwitz and Heide Nord, on the edge of the Hercynian strike ; cold south-southwest winds channelled by the area have an important influence on local weather. The area is characterised by multiple groups of porphyry hillocks, with flat areas near the Saale. In the centre of the porphyry is a less hilly area with remnants of early Tertiary kaolin crusts and Tertiary sediments. Between

88-422: A geologic map . A feature's orientation can also be represented by dip and dip direction , using the azimuth of the dip rather than the strike value. Linear features are similarly measured with trend and plunge , where "trend" is analogous to dip direction and "plunge" is the dip angle. Strike and dip are measured using a compass and a clinometer . A compass is used to measure the feature's strike by holding

132-542: A botanic habitat, the Brandberge is characterised by arid and semi-arid grassland and heathland vegetation on the porphyry hillocks, in addition to ponds and reedbeds, wet woodland and boggy areas in the central region, semi-bare areas and sparse arable land. The flora includes some worthy of protection such as Polygala vulgaris , Pulsatilla vulgaris , Lychnis flos-cuculi and Ranunculus aquatilis , and also some extremely endangered plant communities . The heathland

176-424: A central arena surrounded by perimeter seating tiers. The seating tiers were pierced by entrance-ways controlling access to the arena floor, and isolating it from the audience. Temporary wooden structures functioning as amphitheaters would have been erected for the funeral games held in honour of deceased Roman magnates by their heirs, featuring fights to the death by gladiators , usually armed prisoners of war, at

220-425: A feature with a dip of 45° and a dip direction of 75°, the strike and dip can be written as 345/45 NE, 165/45 NE, or 075,45. The compass quadrant direction for the strike can also be used in place of the azimuth, written as S15E or N15W. Strike and dip are measured in the field using a compass and with a clinometer . A compass is used to measure the azimuth of the strike, and the clinometer measures inclination of

264-412: A few conventions geologists use when measuring a feature's azimuth. When using the strike, two directions can be measured at 180° apart, at either clockwise or counterclockwise of north. One common convention is to use the "right-hand rule" (RHR) where the plane dips down towards the right when facing the strike direction, or that the dip direction should be 90° clockwise of the strike direction. However, in

308-466: A parabolic amphitheatre (rather than the oval of most of the Nazi arenas). The stage area was on three levels and extended into and was easily reachable from the audience area; the upper stage area was formed by a building, whose rounded rear wall extended into the field like an apse so that it could also serve as a speaker's tribune for gatherings there. Within this building were the dressing rooms and also in

352-719: A particular rock formation naturally amplifies or echoes sound, making it ideal for musical and theatrical performances. An amphitheatre can be naturally occurring formations which would be ideal for this purpose, even if no theatre has been constructed there. Notable natural amphitheatres include the Drakensberg Amphitheatre in South Africa , Slane Castle in Ireland , the Supernatural Amphitheatre in Australia , and

396-470: A smith and an ironworker, and an eternal flame for which a gas line was specially installed. The stage above was also defined by two pillars resembling altars and surmounted by braziers which were ignited during performances. Moshamer's original design, prepared in January 1934, had been for 5,500 seats; this was reduced to 5,050, in the form of benches. Amplification was not installed, but was temporarily added for

440-412: A structure's orientation can lead to inferences about certain parts of an area's history, such as movement, deformation, or tectonic activity . When measuring or describing the attitude of an inclined feature, two quantities are needed. The angle the slope descends, or dip, and the direction of descent, which can be represented by strike or dip direction. Dip is the inclination of a given feature, and

484-406: Is a measurement convention used to describe the plane orientation or attitude of a planar geologic feature . A feature's strike is the azimuth of an imagined horizontal line across the plane, and its dip is the angle of inclination (or depression angle ) measured downward from horizontal. They are used together to measure and document a structure's characteristics for study or for use on

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528-539: Is an open-air venue used for entertainment, performances, and sports. The term derives from the ancient Greek ἀμφιθέατρον ( amphitheatron ), from ἀμφί ( amphi ), meaning "on both sides" or "around" and θέατρον ( théātron ), meaning "place for viewing". Ancient Greek theatres were typically built on hillsides and semi-circular in design. The first amphitheatre may have been built at Pompeii around 70 BC. Ancient Roman amphitheatres were oval or circular in plan, with seating tiers that surrounded

572-457: Is being encroached upon by bushes, but this process can be kept in check by cutting. The fauna is unusually varied, including the European hare , the European stonechat , the shrike , the diving bell spider and many kinds of amphibians and reptiles , such as the natterjack toad , northern crested newt and grass snake . Waders and songbirds use the area as a brooding site, raptors use

616-402: Is known. A feature that is completely flat will have the same dip value over the entire surface. The dip of a curved feature, such as an anticline or syncline , will change at different points along the feature and be flat on any fold axis . Strike is a representation of the orientation of a tilted feature. The strike line of a bed , fault, or other planar feature, is a line representing

660-437: Is measured from the steepest angle of descent of a tilted bed or feature relative to a horizontal plane. True dip is always perpendicular to the strike. It is written as a number (between 0° and 90°) indicating the angle in degrees below horizontal. It can be accompanied with the rough direction of dip (N, SE, etc) to avoid ambiguity. The direction can sometimes be omitted, as long as the convention used (such as right-hand rule)

704-401: Is the true dip, α is the apparent dip, and β is the angle between the strike direction and the apparent dip direction, all in degrees. The measurement of a linear feature's orientation is similar to strike and dip, though the terminology differs because "strike" and "dip" are reserved for planes. Linear features use trend and plunge instead. Plunge, or angle of plunge, is the inclination of

748-584: The GPS functionality of such devices, this allows readings to be recorded and later downloaded onto a map. When studying subsurface features, a dipmeter can be used. A dipmeter is a tool that is lowered into a borehole , and has arms radially attached which can detect the microresistivity of the rock. By recording the times at which the rock's properties change across each of the sensors, the strike and dip of subsurface features can be worked out. Amphitheatre An amphitheatre ( U.S. English : amphitheater )

792-404: The (by now demolished) Gibson Amphitheatre and Chicago International Amphitheatre . In other languages (like German ) an amphitheatre can only be a circular performance space. A performance space where the audience is not all around the stage can not be called an amphitheatre—by definition of the word. A natural amphitheatre is a performance space located in a spot where a steep mountain or

836-592: The 5th century and of staged animal hunts in the 6th, most amphitheatres fell into disrepair. Their materials were mined or recycled. Some were razed, and others were converted into fortifications. A few continued as convenient open meeting places; in some of these, churches were sited. In modern english usage of the word, an amphitheatre is not only a circular, but can also be a semicircular or curved performance space, particularly one located outdoors. Contemporary amphitheatres often include standing structures, called bandshells , sometimes curved or bowl-shaped, both behind

880-460: The Brandberge site.) Financed and built by the German Labour Front , the hall of honour opened onto the assembly field and was intended to symbolise that "art in actuality belongs to the people ". It was made of porphyry and contained six larger than life sculptures by Alfred Vocke in rhyolite from Löbejün depicting different kinds of workers: a labourer, a farmer, a researcher, a miner,

924-561: The Brandberge which had been used for military exercises had also been an assembly area for Nazis , and that and the Germanic "Thing" site led to its being selected for the first official open-air theatre, or Thingplatz , in association with the Thingspiel movement of nationalistic multi-disciplinary theatre. (In actuality, it turned out to be the Celtic burials that lay above the arena site.) Ground

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968-731: The Saale and its tributary the Hechtgraben, a dry substrate of gravel deposits has formed which breaks the surface in places. The Brandberge was declared a protected natural area on 19 June 1996 and forms part of the Naturpark Unteres Saaletal . It is registered under the European Union Habitats Directive under the name Brandberge in Halle . However, 40 hectares (99 acres) passed into private hands in September 2003. As

1012-559: The UK, the right-hand rule has sometimes been specified so that the dip direction is instead counterclockwise from the strike. Some geologists prefer to use whichever strike direction is less than 180°. Others prefer to use the "dip-direction, dip" (DDD) convention instead of using the strike direction. Strike and dip are generally written as 'strike/dip' or 'dip direction,dip', with the degree symbol typically omitted. The general alphabetical dip direction (N, SE, etc) can be added to reduce ambiguity. For

1056-491: The arable land as a source of prey, and the entire area has an extremely varied insect population including the scarce blue-tailed damselfly and small emerald damselfly . Archaeological finds from the Celtic Corded Ware and La Tène cultures and also a former Germanic "Thing" site have been located at the Brandberge. In the 1930s, the area was a popular location for winter sports. After World War II until

1100-493: The area of the Roman Empire . Their typical shape, functions and name distinguish them from Roman theatres , which are more or less semicircular in shape; from the circuses (similar to hippodromes ) whose much longer circuits were designed mainly for horse or chariot racing events; and from the smaller stadia , which were primarily designed for athletics and footraces. Roman amphitheatres were circular or oval in plan, with

1144-424: The azimuth of a horizontal line on the plane, the azimuth of the steepest line on the plane is used. The direction of dip can be visualized as the direction water would flow if poured onto a plane. While true dip is measured perpendicular to the strike, apparent dip refers to an observed dip which is not perpendicular to the strike line. This can be seen in outcroppings or cross-sections which do not run parallel to

1188-505: The central performance area, like a modern open-air stadium . In contrast, both ancient Greek and ancient Roman theatres were built in a semicircle , with tiered seating rising on one side of the performance area. Modern english parlance uses "amphitheatre" for any structure with sloping seating, including theatre-style stages with spectator seating on only one side, theatres in the round , and stadia . They can be indoor or outdoor. About 230 Roman amphitheatres have been found across

1232-470: The centre a hall of honor for workers (the erste Ehrenmal der Arbeit , first monument to labour; the arena itself was officially the erste Thingstätte des Reiches , first Thing site of the Reich). (In fact the arena at Heringsdorf was begun first, in early February 1934, and also dedicated that May Day, but the official designation of Thingplatz was withheld from it until later, perhaps so as not to overshadow

1276-474: The compass horizontally against the feature. A clinometer measures the feature's dip by recording the inclination perpendicular to the strike. These can be done separately, or together using a tool such as a Brunton transit or a Silva compass . Any planar feature can be described by strike and dip, including sedimentary bedding , fractures , faults , joints , cuestas , igneous dikes and sills , metamorphic foliation and fabric , etc. Observations about

1320-608: The dip direction. Apparent dip is always shallower than the true dip. If the strike is known, the apparent dip or true dip can be calculated using trigonometry: α = arctan ⁡ ( sin ⁡ β × tan ⁡ δ ) {\displaystyle \alpha =\arctan(\sin \beta \times \tan \delta )} δ = arctan ⁡ ( tan ⁡ α ÷ sin ⁡ β ) {\displaystyle \delta =\arctan(\tan \alpha \div \sin \beta )} where δ

1364-407: The dip line on both sides of the strike, and horizontal bedding is denoted by a cross within a circle. Interpretation of strike and dip is a part of creating a cross-section of an area. Strike and dip information recorded on a map can be used to reconstruct various structures, determine the orientation of subsurface features, or detect the presence of anticline or syncline folds. There are

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1408-540: The dip. Dr. E. Clar first described the modern compass-clinometer in 1954, and some continue to be referred to as Clar compasses. Compasses in use today include the Brunton compass and the Silva compass . Smartphone apps which can make strike and dip measurements are also available, including apps such as GeoTools . These apps can make use of the phone's internal accelerometer to provide orientation measurements. Combined with

1452-647: The end of 2007, it was used as a proving ground by the Soviet Red Army , the East German National People's Army and, after German reunification , the Bundeswehr . This was detrimental to plant and animal life but also reduced human interference with the fauna. After the Soviet withdrawal in 1990/91, there was some refuse deposition . The only current commercial use is sheep pasture . A flat area within

1496-407: The feature measured downward relative to horizontal. Trend is the feature's azimuth, measured in the direction of plunge. A horizontal line would have a plunge of 0°, and a vertical line would have a plunge of 90°. A linear feature which lies within a plane can also be measured by its rake (or pitch). Unlike plunge, which is the feature's azimuth, the rake is the angle measured within the plane from

1540-432: The first performance, of Kurt Heynicke 's Neurode . The slope into which the theatre was built originally had very few trees, but many were planted on both sides to enclose it. Neurode was presented by a cast of 1,000 to about 6,000 spectators. Later the same month, the summer solstice was celebrated using both the arena and the assembly field, with Joseph Goebbels participating and 225,000 people present. Further use

1584-640: The funeral pyre or tomb of the deceased. These games are described in Roman histories as munera , gifts, entertainments or duties to honour deceased individuals, Rome's gods and the Roman community. Some Roman writers interpret the earliest attempts to provide permanent amphitheaters and seating for the lower classes as populist political graft, rightly blocked by the Senate as morally objectionable; too-frequent, excessively "luxurious" munera would corrode traditional Roman morals. The provision of permanent seating

1628-431: The intersection of that feature with a horizontal plane. The strike of the feature is the azimuth (compass direction) of the strike line. This can be represented by either a quadrant compass bearing (such as N25°E), or as a single three-digit number in terms of the angle from true north (for example, N25°E would simply become 025 or 025°). A feature's orientation can also be represented by its dip direction. Rather than

1672-613: The stage and behind the audience, creating an area which echoes or amplifies sound, making the amphitheatre ideal for musical or theatrical performances. Small-scale amphitheatres can serve to host outdoor local community performances. Notable modern amphitheatres include the Shoreline Amphitheatre , the Hollywood Bowl and the Aula Magna at Stockholm University. The term "amphitheatre" is also used for some indoor venues, such as

1716-540: The strike line. On geologic maps , strike and dip can be represented by a T symbol with a number next to it. The longer line represents strike, and is in the same orientation as the strike angle. Dip is represented by the shorter line, which is perpendicular to the strike line in the downhill direction. The number gives the dip angle, in degrees, below horizontal, and often does not have the degree symbol. Vertical and horizontal features are not marked with numbers, and instead use their own symbols. Beds dipping vertically have

1760-668: The workers' hall of honour were removed under the German Democratic Republic and in July 1951 were installed in the Kurt Wabbel Sports Stadium ; when this was demolished and rebuilt, the exterior walls were protected as local monuments and the statues currently form part with them of the new Erdgas Sportpark . 51°30′35″N 11°55′41″E  /  51.50972°N 11.92806°E  / 51.50972; 11.92806 Strike and dip In geology , strike and dip

1804-434: Was ceremonially broken on 19 February 1934 in front of 110,000 spectators, three times the number expected. Work was hurriedly completed so that the theatre could be dedicated that May 1, on the "National Day of Work" , but the first performance did not take place until 5 June. The theatre was designed by Ludwig Moshamer and placed on a site abutting the existing assembly field, roughly extending its semi-circular shape with

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1848-572: Was made of the theatre for drama, beginning in 1935 in association with other open-air theatres in the Gau . However, by that year the Propaganda Ministry was already withdrawing support for Thingspiel performances in Halle as not worth the cost. Since the Second World War the disused theatre has largely collapsed and been overgrown, although it was made a city monument in 1995. The statues from

1892-639: Was no standard size; the largest could accommodate 40,000–60,000 spectators. The most elaborate featured multi-storeyed, arcaded façades and were decorated with marble , stucco and statuary. The best-known and largest Roman amphitheatre is the Colosseum in Rome , also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Amphitheatrum Flavium ), after the Flavian dynasty who had it built. After the ending of gladiatorial games in

1936-594: Was thought a particularly objectionable luxury. The earliest permanent, stone and timber Roman amphitheatre with perimeter seating was built in the Campus Martius in 29 BCE. Most were built under Imperial rule, from the Augustan period (27 BCE–14 CE) onwards. Imperial amphitheatres were built throughout the Roman Empire, especial in provincial capitals and major colonies, as an essential aspect of Romanitas . There

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