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58-584: In the words of CIA historian Dino Brugioni : The lens was designed in 1947 by Dr. James Baker for installation in a camera designed by the Boston University Optical Research Laboratory . The camera weighed about three tons, and eight hundred pounds of lead shot were required to balance it. Supposedly, it was first installed and test-flown in an RB-36 , then installed as a left-looking oblique camera in an RC-97 . The first photo which Arthur Lundahl and I observed from this project

116-534: A higher altitude. It was also used on reconnaissance missions along the borders of Eastern European nations. The camera made an 18 x 36 inch negative and was so powerful a photo interpreter could detect a golf ball from an altitude of 45,000 feet (14,000 m). Dr. James Baker of Harvard University designed the camera. Technical Notes: Shutter Speed: 1/400 sec Weight: 6,500 lbs (3 metric ton ) (camera and aircraft mount) Dino Brugioni Dino Antonio Brugioni (December 16, 1921 – September 25, 2015)

174-640: A new class of frigate ( the Admiral Gorshkov class ), as well as new classes of amphibious ships and support vessels. In 2019, total tonnage of the Russian Navy stood at 1,216,547 tonnes. In 2022, the Russian Navy took part in the Russian invasion of Ukraine , starting with the attack on Snake Island at the beginning of the war, at which the Ukrainian defenders told the Russian cruiser  Moskva , flagship of

232-443: A plan to build 51 modern ships and 24 submarines by 2020. Of the 24 submarines, 16 were to be nuclear-powered. On 10 January 2013, the Russian Navy finally accepted its first new Borei-class SSBN ( Yury Dolgorukiy ) for service. A second Borei ( Aleksandr Nevskiy ) was undergoing sea trials and entered service on 21 December 2013. A third Borei -class boat ( Vladimir Monomakh ) was launched and began trials in early 2013, and

290-537: A reduction had been inevitable in any event. The situation was exacerbated by the impractical range of vessel types which the Soviet military-industrial complex , with the support of the leadership, had forced on the navy—taking modifications into account, the Soviet Navy in the mid-1980s had nearly 250 different classes of ship. The Kiev- class aircraft carrying cruisers and many other ships were prematurely retired, and

348-689: A time were being maintained on station, from the Northern and Pacific Fleets. The decline culminated in the loss of the Oscar II-class submarine Kursk during the Northern Fleet summer exercise that was intended to back up the publication of a new naval doctrine. The exercise was to have culminated with the deployment of the Admiral Kuznetsov task group to the Mediterranean. As of February 2008,

406-934: Is a fact that by the time the Soviet Army reached Auschwitz on January 27, 1945, the Allies had photographed the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex at least 30 times. Brugioni was an authority on contrived or altered photography, described in his book Photo Fakery . His interest in the Civil War in the West is chronicled in The Civil War in Missouri and his interest in reconnaissance in From Balloons to Blackbirds . Brugioni has written more than 90 articles, mainly on

464-559: Is no plan to make the Russian Navy a carrier navy again. The 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a severe decline in the Russian Navy. Defence expenditures were severely reduced. Many ships were scrapped or laid up as accommodation ships at naval bases, and the building program was essentially stopped. Sergey Gorshkov 's buildup during the Soviet period had emphasised ships over support facilities, but Gorshkov had also retained ships in service beyond their effective lifetimes, so

522-685: The Cold War , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Vietnam War and the Yom Kippur War . In a video interview by Doug Horne (actually a digest of excerpts from 9 interviews by Peter Janney and Doug Horne), Dino Brugioni says that he and his team examined the 8mm Zapruder film of the John F. Kennedy assassination the evening of Saturday November 23, 1963, and into the morning of Sunday November 24, 1963, when he

580-673: The IISS assessed there were 142,000 personnel in the Russian Navy. This personnel number includes the Naval Infantry (Marines) and the Coastal Missile and Artillery Troops. As of 2008 the conscription term was reduced to one year and a major downsizing and reorganization were underway. In 2008, plans were announced to move the headquarters to the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg , the historic location of

638-787: The Russian Armed Forces . It has existed in various forms since 1696. Its present iteration was formed in January 1992 when it succeeded the Navy of the Commonwealth of Independent States (which had itself succeeded the Soviet Navy following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late December 1991). The Imperial Russian Navy was established by Peter the Great (Peter I) in October 1696. The symbols of

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696-584: The enlargement of NATO and the beginning of the Russo-Ukrainian War . As of September 2024 the non-operational aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov is the Russian Navy's only carrier leaving the Russian Navy without an operational aircraft carrier. Further, reports that the Admiral Kuznetsov' s crew of ca. 1500 has been reassigned to the Russian Army for combat duty in Ukraine indicates that there

754-460: The photo interpretation field. And you must admit that we have not led you astray on anything that we have reported to you previously." And the President said "Okay."" Brugioni's book, although a general history, deals extensively with the role of imagery intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis . A selection of the actual photographs, as well as supporting data such as the chart of CIA photo are at

812-730: The 66th Bomb Squadron and a number of reconnaissance missions in World War II over North Africa, Italy, Germany, Yugoslavia and France. He received the Purple Heart , 9 Air Medals and a Distinguished Unit Citation . In 1949, Brugioni married Theresa Harich (d. 2004), and they had two children. He died at his home in Fredericksburg, Virginia , on September 25, 2015, aged 93. After the war, Brugioni received BA and MA degrees in Foreign Affairs from George Washington University. He joined

870-719: The Aerospace Forces ( Главнокомандующий Воздушно-космическими силами Российской Федерации ) (Начальник штаба — первый заместитель Главнокомандующего ВМФ ) ( Начальник Главного штаба Сухопутных войск — первый заместитель главнокомандующего Сухопутными войсками ) Chief of the Main Staff and First Deputy Commander of the Aerospace Forces ( Начальник Главного штаба — первый заместитель Главнокомандующего Воздушно-космическими силами ) ( Заместитель Главнокомандующего ВМФ ) Lieutenant general (Marines and Naval Aviation) ( Заместитель Главнокомандующего СВ ) Deputy Commander of

928-502: The Black Sea; " Russian warship, go fuck yourself ", before subsequently being captured by Russian forces. Moskva sunk on 14 April 2022 after a fire broke out and forced the crew to evacuate. The Ukrainian military reported that they hit the ship with Neptune anti-ship missiles , however the Russian military did not confirm this. The ship subsequently capsized and sank while the Russian Navy

986-522: The CIA Director who would in turn provide a set to the Secret Service. Each set was consisted of two boards, hinged in the middle, and contained between 12 and 15 prints of frames from the film, with the frame number indicated on the board. Brugioni prepared identical one sheet of notes that accompanied each set the briefing boards, which included the name of each person who had seen the film and worked on

1044-498: The CIA in March 1948 and became an expert in Soviet industries. In 1955, he was selected as a member of the cadre of the newly formed Photographic Intelligence Division that would interpret U-2, SR-71 and satellite photography. The American U-2 spy plane began flights over Russia in 1956. Under the cover of an abandoned Washington car dealership, the first CIA analysts were assembled to review

1102-533: The Coastal Troops (consisting of the Naval Infantry and the Coastal Missile and Artillery Troops). The Russian navy suffered severely with the collapse of the Soviet Union due to insufficient maintenance, lack of funding, and subsequent effects on the training of personnel and timely replacement of equipment. Another setback was attributed to Russia's domestic shipbuilding industry, which was in decline due to

1160-706: The Fleets and played a defensive role supporting the Main Command of the Troops of the Southern Direction in Baku . With the end of the Cold War a significant reduction in forces followed. Before the 2008 Russian military reform , the four fleets were ranked as equal in status to the six Military Districts. With the reform measures going into force the number of Military Districts was reduced and became new Joint Strategic Commands and

1218-646: The George Washington University National Security Archive . Another source on technique, discussing the obscure technique of " crateology ", or recognizing the characteristic ways in which the Soviets crated military equipment, is Hilsman's To Move a Nation . A photograph analyzed using the crateology technique is shown in. Later assignments included finding chemical and nuclear weapons, missile sites and test blast areas. He provided intelligence to policymakers during World War II,

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1276-801: The Main Command of the Troops of the South-Western Direction in Chișinău ). These two fleets were armed with shorter-range weapon systems than the main fleets (diesel-electric submarines, Sukhoi Su-24 fighter-bombers and a larger quantity of frigates and corvettes ). Due to the closed nature of the Caspian Sea (still connected to the Baltic and Black Seas through the Volga River and the system of rivers and canals and navigable for ships of corvette size) its Caspian Flotilla had an even more limited role than

1334-503: The Mediterranean. Naval Aviation declined as well from its height as Soviet Naval Aviation , dropping from an estimated 60,000 personnel with some 1,100 combat aircraft in 1992 to 35,000 personnel with around 270 combat aircraft in 2006. In 2002, out of 584 naval aviation crews only 156 were combat ready, and 77 ready for night flying. Average annual flying time was 21.7 hours, compared to 24 hours in 1999. Training and readiness also suffered severely. In 1995, only two missile submarines at

1392-621: The National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), as a part of the CIA Directorate of Science and Technology. Brugioni was a key deputy to Lundahl. His first assignments included counting Russian bombers, finding new Soviet airbases and assessing Russian naval readiness. He then was intimately involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis (see below) U-2 photographs taken on October 14, 1962, by some of

1450-498: The Russian Navy had 44 nuclear submarines with 24 operational; 19 diesel-electric submarines, 16 operational; and 56 first and second rank surface combatants, 37 operational. Despite this improvement, the November 2008 accident on board the Akula -class submarine attack boat Nerpa during sea trials before lease to India represented a concern for the future. The strength and quality of

1508-413: The Russian Navy started to improve during the 2010s. From 2010-2014 Russian officials negotiated the purchase of four Mistral -class landing helicopter docks . On 3 September 2014, French President announced that due to Russia's " recent actions in Ukraine ", the two ships would not be delivered. In November 2014, François Hollande placed a hold on the delivery of the first Mistral to Russia in view of

1566-747: The Russian Navy, the St. Andrew 's ensign (seen to the right), and most of its traditions were established personally by Peter I. The Russian navy possesses the vast majority of the former Soviet naval forces, and currently comprises the Northern Fleet , the Pacific Fleet , the Black Sea Fleet , the Baltic Fleet , the Caspian Flotilla , the permanent task force in the Mediterranean , Naval Aviation , and

1624-552: The Sherman Kent Award, the CIA's top award for outstanding contributions to intelligence. However, he remains most proud of the commendation he received from President John F. Kennedy for contributions during the Cuban Missile Crisis. On April 13, 2005, he was inducted into the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Hall of Fame. Russian navy The Russian Navy is the naval arm of

1682-527: The U-2 photographs, the low-level Navy photographs also streamed into NPIC, where Brugioni and colleagues analyzed them around the clock. Klein (2002) described Lundahl's presenting the October 14 photographs and their interpretation to President John F. Kennedy : "Mr. Lundahl, when Kennedy was shown the photographs, he turned his head, looked at Lundahl, and said, "Are you sure?" And Mr. Lundahl said, "I'm as sure of this, Mr. President, as we can be sure of anything in

1740-532: The U-2's photos. The founding analysts included Dino Brugioni and small team of World War II photo interpreters, under the direction of Art Lundahl . Analysis of U-2 photography dispelled the "bomber gap" in 1956 and the "missile gap" in 1961. Analysis was also conducted on U-2 photography taken during the Suez, Lebanon, Chinese Off-Shore Islands, Middle East and Tibetan crises. In January 1961, Lundahl's CIA group acquired military imagery intelligence capabilities to form

1798-640: The U.S. 8th Air Force bemoaned the lack of aerial photographic coverage of the complex. In fact, such photos were readily available at the Allied Central Interpretation Unit at Royal Air Force Station Medmenham, 50 miles outside London and at the Mediterranean Allied Photo Reconnaissance Wing in Italy. The ultimate irony was that no search for the aerial photos was ever instituted by either organization. In retrospect, it

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1856-427: The absence of modern hardware and technology. In 2013, a rise in gas and oil prices enabled a sort of renaissance of the Russian Navy due to increased available funds, which may have allowed Russia to begin "developing the capacity to modernize". In August 2014, Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu said that Russian naval capabilities would be bolstered with new weapons and equipment within the next six years in response to

1914-627: The application of overhead imagery to intelligence and other fields. He has helped with and appeared in over 75 news and historical television programs. Brugioni has received numerous citations and commendations, including the CIA Intelligence Medal of Merit, the CIA Career Intelligence Medal and the prestigious U.S. Government Pioneer in Space Medal for his role in the development of satellite reconnaissance. He twice received

1972-539: The backbone of the Navy. The submarines form part of dedicated submarine squadrons and flotillas or part of squadrons and flotillas of mixed composition together with major surface combatants. The Russian Navy retains a rigid structure, whose levels of command could, according to military regulations, be directly equalled to the corresponding ground and air forces counterparts: ( Главнокомандующий Военно-морским флотом Российской Федерации ) ( Главнокомандующий Сухопутными войсками Российской Федерации ) Commander-in-Chief of

2030-443: The conflict in east Ukraine. Hollande set two conditions for delivery: the observation of a ceasefire in Ukraine and a political agreement between Moscow and Kiev. On 5 August 2015 it was announced that France was to pay back Russia's partial payments and keep the two ships initially produced for Russia. The ships eventually were sold to Egypt. In 2012, as part of an ambitious rebuilding effort, President Vladimir Putin announced

2088-611: The death camps, and only in the seventies did researchers learn the significance of the camp photographs. Brugioni explains why Allied intelligence knew little about the targets, even after the President asked that the camps be bombed. When the bombing specialists were ordered to formulate plans for bombing the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex, officials of the Air Ministry, the Royal Air Force Bomber Command and

2146-482: The display placard: This camera, manufactured for the US Air Force by Boston University in 1951, is the largest aerial camera ever built. It was installed in an RB-36D in 1954 and tested for about a year. Later it was used in a C-97 aircraft flying along the air corridor through communist East Germany to Berlin, but a 10,000 ft. (3,000 m) altitude restriction imposed by the communists made the camera less useful than at

2204-527: The early morning of Monday November 25, by a completely different team. Apparently the team that worked on the second examination was given 16mm film and made up another, and possibly larger, series of frame prints, and that another set of briefing boards was also created. Brugioni thought the Zapruder Film in the National Archives today, and available to the public, has been altered from the version of

2262-525: The film he saw and worked with on November 23–24. Specifically, the version of the Zapruder Film Brugioni recalls seeing had more than one frame of the fatal head shot to Kennedy with its resulting "spray" of brain matter that he referred to as a "white cloud", three or four feet above Kennedy's head. The version of the Zapruder film available to the public depicts the fatal head shot on only one frame of

2320-536: The film, frame 313. Additionally, Brugioni is adamant that the set of briefing boards available to the public in the National Archives is not the set that he and his team produced on November 23–24, 1963. As more and more intelligence photographs are declassified, essentially all from World War II and a great many from the CORONA , ARGON , LANYARD and GAMBIT satellites, Brugioni became active in guiding historians to use these collections in historical research. Brugioni

2378-613: The first U-2 aircraft piloted by US Air Force members rather than CIA personnel, brought back photographs, in which the NPIC analysts found visual evidence of the placement of Soviet SS-4 medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBM), capable of hitting targets, in the continental United States, with nuclear warheads. This triggered the Cuban Missile Crisis , sending the US intelligence community into maximum effort and triggering an unprecedented military alert. The October 14 high-altitude photographs, taken from

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2436-497: The four fleets and one flotilla were subordinated to them with status equal to the Ground Forces and the Air Forces armies. Due to Russia's increased interests in the Arctic region and the importance of Russia's western/northwestern maritime defence the Northern Fleet, originally part of the Joint Strategic Command West (Western Military District), on 12 December 2014 became the basis for the newly formed fifth Northern Fleet Joint Strategic Command . The submarine and surface forces form

2494-445: The headquarters of the Imperial Russian Navy. The Navy Staff finally relocated there in November 2012. The Russian Navy is organised into four combat services - the Surface Forces, the Submarine Forces, the Naval Aviation and the Coastal Troops. Additionally the navy also includes support units afloat and ashore. It does not include special forces. The Naval Spetsnaz brigades are part of the Main Intelligence Directorate attached to

2552-407: The high seas and for that reason included strategic surface, submarine and air forces, including the country's naval nuclear deterrent. Due to the limited geography of the Baltic and the Black Seas the respective Baltic and Black Sea Fleets were given a more circumscribed role in support of adjacent ground formation (the Main Command of the Troops of the Western Direction in Legnica ( Poland ) and

2610-413: The incomplete second Admiral Kuznetsov -class aircraft carrier Varyag was eventually sold to the People's Republic of China by Ukraine. Funds were only allocated for the completion of ships ordered prior to the collapse of the USSR, as well as for refits and repairs on fleet ships taken out of service since. However, the construction times for these ships tended to stretch out extensively: in 2003 it

2668-446: The periphery of Cuba, led to the US taking the additional risk of direct overflights of Cuba, at the orders of Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara . McNamara, Chief of Naval Operations George Whelan Anderson Jr and Lundahl concurred that the US Navy's Light Photographic Squadron VFP-62, flying F8U -1P Crusader fighters in a reconnaissance role, were best qualified to take low-level photographs, flying directly over Cuba. As well as

2726-407: The production of the prints and briefing boards. When the work was complete, Dino Brugioni reviewed the briefing boards and notes with his superior, Arthur Lundahl, whom he had called and requested come to the facility. The briefing boards and notes were then turned over to Arthur Lundahl. Brugioni said he was not aware of a second examination of the film at NPIC, the night of Sunday November 24 and

2784-400: The respective fleets and the Counter-Diversionary Forces and Assets ( ПДСС ) (which are units, protecting the Navy from incursions of enemy special forces) fall within the Coastal Forces. During the Cold War the Soviet Armed Forces made the distinction between the various naval commands. The main fleets were the Northern and the Pacific Fleet . They were tasked with independent operations on

2842-428: The same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian Landing ship Tsezar Kunikov . On 5 March, the patrol boat Sergei Kotov was also lost to sea drones. Since 2012 the headquarters of the Russian Navy (Russian Navy Main Staff) is once again located in The Admiralty in Saint Petersburg . Russian naval manpower is a mixture of conscripts serving one-year terms and volunteers (Officers and Ratings). In 2006

2900-455: The two members of the Secret Service, it was the first time they had viewed the film. After creating the required duplicate negatives from the desired frames, the film was returned the two members of the Secret Service, and that at approximately 3 AM they left the NPIC facility. He and his team then made up two identical sets of briefing boards, one set for CIA Director John McCone and one for the Secret Service, but both were eventually delivered to

2958-443: The world's foremost imagery intelligence analyst. After retirement, he was active in encouraging the use of declassified photographic intelligence for historical research. His book, Eyeball to Eyeball is an extensive unclassified history of US imagery intelligence. Brugioni, the son of Italian immigrants, was born in Bevier, Missouri on December 16, 1921, and grew up there and in Jefferson City, Missouri . Brugioni flew in

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3016-401: Was an American intelligence analyst. He was a senior official at the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), working as an imagery analyst and also serving as NPIC's Chief of Information. During his 35-year career, Brugioni helped establish imagery intelligence (IMINT) as a national asset to solve intelligence problems. Even after retirement, Brugioni was considered to be

3074-439: Was attempting to tow her into port. The sinking of Moskva is the most significant Russian naval loss in action since World War II. In December 2023, the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk was also destroyed after being hit by Ukrainian cruise missiles. On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink. Two weeks later on 14 February,

3132-411: Was commissioned in late 2014. As of early 2022, five Borei-class boats are in service, along with three Yasen-class nuclear attack submarines. More vessels of these classes are building along with additional Lada and Improved-Kilo-class conventional attack submarines. The surface fleet is also being modernized, principally by introducing at least six new classes of corvette/offshore patrol vessels ,

3190-419: Was of New York City. The aircraft was seventy-two miles away, and yet we could see people in Central Park . The Boston Camera was plagued with problems that caused it to vibrate and produce smearing on the newspaper-sized negative, so that photo interpreters would see several smeared frames along with several clear ones. It is currently displayed at the National Museum of the US Air Force in Dayton, Ohio. From

3248-436: Was one of the first historians to present photographic evidence of Auschwitz . A photographic plane was photographing an I.G. Farben factory in the general area, and didn't turn off its camera until after it had passed over the Monowitz camp. The factory was the main interest, and World War II interpreters just marked Auschwitz as an unidentified installation. No one in that organization knew about human intelligence reports of

3306-473: Was reported that the Akula -class submarine Nerpa had been under construction for fifteen years. Storage of decommissioned nuclear submarines in ports near Murmansk became a significant issue, with the Bellona Foundation reporting details of lowered readiness. Naval support bases outside Russia, such as Cam Ranh Bay in Vietnam, were gradually closed, with the exception of the modest technical support base in Tartus , Syria to support ships deployed to

3364-417: Was the weekend duty officer at the CIA's National Photographic Interpretation Center. Dino and his team projected the film for two members of the Secret Service several times, and they indicated which frames they wanted prints made from, which in turn should be included on the briefing boards. Dino indicated in the interview that he was positive that they had the original film, and that when they projected it for

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