63-506: Booderee National Park and Botanic Gardens , formerly Jervis Bay National Park and Jervis Bay Botanic Gardens , are located in the Jervis Bay Territory of Australia. The reserve is composed of two sections: What is now a national park was declared as a nature reserve in 1971. In 1992, Jervis Bay National Park was declared. The local Aboriginal community was offered two seats on the park's Board of Management and declined as part of
126-477: A moojingarl or do not know their family's spiritual connection due to dispossession and assimilation. Yuin have a spiritual connection (but not a "totem" one) with Mount Gulaga , believed to be the origin of the Yuin. From Gulaga, Merriman Island is visibly duck-shaped. Genealogist and researcher Dave Tout, a relative of King Merriman , has identified at least four groups and their spiritual connection: In 1904,
189-675: A "a strong element" of contemporary Yuin kinship. To the extent that they are known, family spiritual connections are inherited, and there are still some Yuin families associated with certain animals. Yuin typically do not marry people with connections to the same personal or family beings (see below, Relationship with the natural world). Multiple Yuin have described a system of "skin groups" (subsets of language groups) that would "govern social behaviours and interaction, determining those with whom individuals can (and cannot) talk, marry, trade, as well as identifying their natural enemies". However, most Yuin these days are "not familiar with this level of
252-447: A "medicine man" bestowing a "second totem" (additional to a family "totem") on a Yuin man at his initiation. Contemporary Yuin describe the process as a "discussion" between elder and initiand about which animal is personally significant, rather than a bestowal, and variously describe the spiritual connection as a "secret" or "ceremonial" one, or as a "personal" one. Donaldson says that ceremonial connections are earned by Yuin who "attain
315-473: A 2016 New South Wales native title application for land overlapping Yuin country, "South Coast people" is used. The name is also spelt Djuwin and Juwin. The native title application depends on establishing the South Coast Aboriginal people as a distinct and continuing group that has existed since colonisation. South Coast Aboriginal people have identified 59 apical ancestors that lived during
378-630: A Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Bega, Eden and Merrimans Local Aboriginal Land Councils, the Native Title Holders and the Bega Valley Shire Council . The Yuin at Twofold Bay near Eden had mutual cooperation with the killer whales of Eden . The Yuin are considered as the traditional owners of Wallaga Lake land. The former Wallaga Lake National Park is incorporated into Gulaga National Park . Gulaga Mountain , in
441-429: A certain ritual status". Many ceremonial relationships are with fish. Ceremonial connections are associated to the "specialised powers" that "clever people" have, such as Umbarra 's power to turn into a whirlwind. Yuin women may receive up to four new names during their spiritual training. The first two level names are open but the third and fourth are secret. However, unlike other kinship relationships described here,
504-562: A close association with the Thaua and Dharawal people. The ethnonym Yuin ("man") was selected by early Australian ethnographer, Alfred Howitt , to denote two distinct Nations of New South Wales, namely the Djiringanj and the Thaua . In Howitt's work, the Yuin were divided into northern (Kurial-Yuin) and southern (Gyangal-Yuin) branches. The term "Yuin" is commonly used by South Coast Aboriginal people to describe themselves, although in
567-618: A protest over land rights issues. In 1995, the park was transferred to the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community . At this time, the name of the park was changed to "Booderee". The name, meaning "bay of plenty" or "plenty of fish" in the Dhurga language , was chosen by the local Aboriginal community. It is now co-managed with Parks Australia . In 1995, the park was transferred to the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community, when
630-593: Is a group of Australian Aboriginal peoples from the South Coast of New South Wales . All Yuin people share ancestors who spoke, as their first language, one or more of the Yuin language dialects . Sub-groupings of the Yuin people are made on the basis of language and other cultural features; groups include the Brinja or Bugelli-manji , , Wandandian, Jerrinja, Budawang , Yuin-Monaro , Djiringanj , Walbunja , and more. They have
693-589: Is a grouping of buildings known on the eastern foreshore of Sussex Inlet known as the Christian's Minde Settlement, which contain 6 separate parcels of land, four of which are leaseholds. The historical, heritage-listed Christian's Minde (Block 14) was founded in the mid-1880s by the Ellmoos family from Denmark. Christian's Minde was promoted as the first guesthouse on the NSW south coast between Port Hacking and Twofold Bay when it
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#1732844741258756-795: Is a legal mechanism that makes Defence personnel subject to the Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), the Criminal Code Act 1995 (Cth) and offences against the criminal law of the ACT, as military law, even if the offence is committed elsewhere outside Australia. The Commonwealth contracts the ACT government to provide various services like courts, education and welfare, the Government of New South Wales for rural fire services and community health, Shoalhaven City Council for waste collection and library services, and commercial providers for electricity and water supplies. At
819-522: Is a natural harbour 16 km (10 mi) north to south and 10 km (6 mi) east to west, opening to the east onto the Pacific Ocean . The bay is situated about 198 km (123 mi) south of the city of Sydney , on the southern coast of New South Wales . The nearest city is Nowra , about 40 km (25 mi) on the Shoalhaven River to the north. The majority of Jervis Bay embayment
882-467: Is adjacent, operated by the RAN to support its BAE Systems Kalkara (Storm Petrel) pilotless target aircraft. Kalkaras are launched from the airfield and later recovered by parachute into the water and thence by boats maintained at HMAS Creswell , after target-towing exercises off the coast with ships or aircraft. Control equipment is sited at Bherwerre Ridge overlooking the sea to the east. Jervis Bay Territory
945-571: Is an internal federal territory of Australia. It was established in 1915 from land ceded by the state of New South Wales , in order to give the federal government access to the sea in the vicinity of the landlocked Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The territory was administered by the Department of the Interior (and later by the Department of the Capital Territory ) as if it were part of
1008-458: Is named Umbarra after it, and a duck-shaped island in Wallaga Lake is named Merriman Island . Umbarra was believed to communicate with black ducks, who would warn him of danger. In 2003, Rose, James and Watson identified six levels of "interacting beings" spoken of by the Yuin, also described as "families within families" by Yuin woman Mary Duroux. The six families described (and, in brackets,
1071-597: Is part of Jervis Bay Marine Park (NSW State) but the waters within Jervis Bay Territory are part of Booderee National Park (Commonwealth). Booderee National Park was formerly known as Jervis Bay National Park (Commonwealth). A wide variety of flora and fauna are native to the Booderee ( Aboriginal: bay of plenty ) National Park with approximately 206 species of birds, 27 species of mammals, 15 species of amphibians, 23 species of reptiles and 180 species of fish native to
1134-792: Is part of Christian's Minde Settlement, the Railway, Tram and Bus Union (RTBU) Holiday Park (Block 37) and The Cove (former Bay of Plenty Lodges) (Block 28). Within the Booderee National Park is HMAS Creswell, the Royal Australian Navy College named after Sir William Rooke Creswell , the Director of the Commonwealth Naval Forces which later became the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). The Jervis Bay Airfield
1197-734: Is the central place of significance in Biamanga National Park , and is known for its importance in men's initiation ceremonies. On 6 May 2006 the freehold titles to Gulaga and Biamanga National Parks were handed back to the Yuin people by the New South Wales Government . Freehold title of Gulaga National Park are held in trust for the Aboriginal owners by Merrimans and Wagonga Local Aboriginal Land Councils , while that of Biamanga are held in trust by Merrimans and Bega Local Aboriginal Land Councils. Both parks are co-managed by
1260-608: The Matilda entered the bay to undertake repairs. Survivors of the Sydney Cove shipwreck in 1797 reached the area by foot, heading to Port Jackson . Explorer George Bass entered the bay on 10 December, 1797. He named Bowen Island . John Oxley , an English explorer and surveyor, travelled from Sydney by sea to explore the bay in 1819. During the negotiations that led to Federation , three major agreements were reached regarding proposed federal territories, including (in particular)
1323-442: The 2021 census , 310 people lived in the territory, the majority working and living at the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) base HMAS Creswell . Vincentia is the nearest town, roughly 3 km (2 mi) north of the border. Having 65.7 km (25 sq mi) of land and 8.9 km (3 sq mi) marine reserve, Jervis Bay Territory is the smallest of all the mainland states and territories of Australia. Jervis Bay
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#17328447412581386-581: The Dreamtime by an ancestral creator , although not all spiritual animals have Dreamtime stories associated with them (or those stories have been lost). Dreamtime stories for the creation of the diving birds and the black swan are recorded by Susan Dale Donaldson. The best known Yuin spiritual animals are the Pacific black duck ( Umbarra ) and the Black swan . The Black Duck was the moojingarl of King Merriman , who
1449-535: The Gulaga National Park , is described by Aboriginal people as the place of ancestral origin for Yuin people. Gulaga itself symbolises the mother, and has several sacred sites relating to places where the women went for storytelling and to participate in ceremonies and to give birth. Umbarra, aka Merriman Island , in Wallaga Lake is a particularly sacred place for the Yuin people. On 25 November 1977, it
1512-486: The Ojibwe term "totem" to describe these spiritual connections, as they saw commonalities between Aboriginal Australian spiritual connections to animals and those of First Nations and Native Americans. The term is not widely used by Yuin and the term "totemism" is not well-regarded by them, but Yuin authors often use the term "totem" in works for wider audiences. Yuin believe these spiritual animals to have been made in
1575-564: The Shoalhaven River and inland to the Great Dividing Range . Their descendants claim rights to be recognised as the traditional owners of the land and water from Merimbula to the southern head of the sea entrance of the Shoalhaven River. The Yuin people consisted of 12 clans at the time of European arrival in the area. The Yuin groups include: The Yuin are set out as follows by Howitt (1904): Contemporary sources report that
1638-696: The traditional owners and the NPWS. Barunguba / Montague Island ( dual-named in November 2021 ) is known to the Yuin people as Barunguba (sometimes spelt Barranguba). Barunguba is regarded as being the son of Gulaga , along with Najanuga ; Barunguba being the oldest son and allowed out to sea, whereas Najanuga had to stay close to his mother. This is a Djiringanj , version Barunguba Story, as told by Ruby Henry when looking after Reid children in Vulcan St. Moruya Dyillagongarmi, pronounced Dilly gone gar me. Brooidore,
1701-594: The ACT judicial system, but are not represented in the Legislative Assembly . Although they are subject to ACT law and some services are contracted by the Australian Government to nearby councils in New South Wales, Jervis Bay Territory residents do not vote in either ACT or New South Wales elections, nor does Jervis Bay have its own elected council, though Aboriginal persons who are registered members of
1764-880: The ACT's representation in the Senate ; it forms part of the Division of Fenner (also in the ACT) for House of Representatives purposes. However, it is not represented in the ACT Legislative Assembly . For most purposes, the territory is governed under the laws of the Australian Capital Territory , by the Jervis Bay Administration, which handles matters normally concerned with local or state government. The ACT also provides primary school teachers and Australian Federal Police staffing. Residents have access to
1827-597: The ACT, although it has always been a separate Commonwealth territory. The perception that it is part of the ACT stems from the fact that under the terms of the Jervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915 , the laws of the ACT apply to the Jervis Bay Territory. In 1989, when the ACT achieved self-government , the Department of the Arts, Sport, the Environment, Tourism and Territories took over responsibility for
1890-599: The Black Duck, can have spiritual connections with Yuin at any of these levels. Yuin typically do not eat animals with which they have a spiritual connection, which are considered part of their extended family – restrictions which may extend to related animals (all ducks, for example, because of the Black Duck connection). Yuin elder Randall Mumbler describes the significance of the different levels of connection: There are personal, family, tribal, and ceremonial totems. The ceremonial totem gives you status if you've been through
1953-563: The Brinja-Yuin people's traditional lands extended along the "Lagoon Coast", south of the Moruya River to South Kianga , or further south to the Wagonga Inlet at Narooma . The Bugelli-manji people lived around Moruya . During the push in the late 1970s and early 1980s to protect Mumbulla Mountain , Wallaga Lake people led by Guboo Ted Thomas described the Yuin tribe as "shar[ing]
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2016-510: The Burgali. Barunguba, the Brinja elder, saw this with his own eyes, and as Brooidore was watching Barunguba, Brooidore called out to him, "Why are you watching?" Did you tell Dyillagongarmi I was watching Darama when he made the coastline. Then Dyillagongarmi spoke from the sky (darel) like thunder (mirribi). I will call the stone turtles Barunguba. You, Barunguba the elder, will continually watch over
2079-616: The JBT's administration. Jervis Bay has a long history of Aboriginal Australian settlement. Booderee, the name of the national park that covers the majority of the Jervis Bay Territory, means 'bay of plenty' or 'plenty of fish' in the local Aboriginal language. The Yuin people have a strong and continuing connection to the Jervis Bay area and in December 2016, applied for recognition of their native title , in part to recognise this. Jervis Bay
2142-550: The Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council have voting rights both at meetings of the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council, and to elect the executive of that Council. Section 61 of the Defence Force Discipline Act (DFDA) makes all Australian Defence Force members and "Defence Civilians" subject to the criminal laws of the Jervis Bay Territory regardless of where the offence occurred. This
2205-488: The alternative terms used by Yuin elder Randall Mumbler) are: A Yuin's responsibilities to these beings, and their responsibilities to that Yuin, varied depending on the level of the relationship. For example, while a Yuin is expected to protect animals of their moojingarl , Guboo Ted Thomas described no obligation to protect the black duck as his relationship with it was only on a "nation" level. Donaldson also briefly mentions "gender totems". Some animals, including
2268-559: The area. The park itself encompasses approximately 90% of the territory of Jervis Bay and covers the overlap between Australia's northern and southern climatic zones. Ancient sand dunes overlay the sedimentary bedrock formations formed from upheaval of the surrounding marine environment 280–225 million years ago. There are three small lakes within the territory: Lake Windermere, the largest, with an area of 31 ha (77 acres); Lake Mckenzie, 7 ha (17 acres); as well as Blacks Waterhole measuring 1.4 ha (3.5 acres). Bowen Island, at
2331-408: The capital and the port would be in separate, non-contiguous areas, inasmuch as any contiguous path from Canberra to the coast would have required New South Wales to surrender a great deal of territory. Ownership of Crown land in the Jervis Bay area was transferred from the NSW government to the federal government in 1909 (at the same time that ownership of the site of Canberra and the surrounding area
2394-431: The capital city of the proposed federation. First, it was decided that a new, purpose-built city, located within the borders of New South Wales (NSW), should become the federal capital. Second, to allay fears that such a location would give NSW too much influence on federal politics, it was also agreed that an area including the new city would be exclaved from NSW – to become a small, separate federal territory. Third, it
2457-458: The case of Coorall had 14 wives and Kian had 12 wives, including bush wives. The main reason was death came quickly if you sustained an injury and marriage was more about survival of the tribe than the present days view. A bush wife is a wife given to an elder at a major ceremonially event. Marriage should be exogamous between family groups, as determined by the spiritual connections of those families. However, these family connections are no longer
2520-426: The coastline to make sure turtles only travel up and down the coast and never come ashore again while you, Barunguba the great elder, are alive. Then Dyillagongarmi said, Barunguba, you will always find turtles in your fresh waterways, and Brooidore will never be able to turn turtles into stone again while you watch over the shores. The principle could be said to be “someone is always watching,” but I have never heard
2583-519: The dreamtime story of Barunguba referred to this way. This is the Brinja story, Barunguba is on Brinja country The exact arrangement of Yuin kinship before colonisation is not clear, although early ethnographers reported that they did not have a moiety or section system (where a people are split into two or four intermarrying groups). Instead, Yuin kinship would have involved "extensive networks of relatedness within and between exogamous intermarrying country groups". Yuin men had more than one wife in
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2646-516: The entrance to the bay 230 m (750 ft) north of Governors Head, is 51 ha (130 acres) in area. It has rookeries for the little penguin Eudyptula minor . There are two villages in the Jervis Bay Territory. They are both covered by postcode 2540. Listed from north to south, they are: There are several private leasehold properties in the Jervis Bay Territory, within but not part of Booderee National Park . Among these leasehold properties
2709-648: The ethnologist Howitt described Yuin "totems" as patrilineal (i.e. inherited from the father), and gave budjan , mura and jimbir as Yuin terms for these "totems". Errors in Howitt's account that have been identified by contemporary Yuin include his use of budjan for "totem" (it just means "bird") and that inheritance was only patrilineal, as there is also matrilineal inheritance of family connections. There are still some Yuin families associated with certain animals. Many family connections are with birds – in which case they may be called "family birds". Howitt described
2772-480: The figure Darhumulan , a marine-based economy, sacred sites that continue to be recognised, exogamous marriage rules, and a male initiation ceremony called Bunan (remembered, but not practised since the 1920s). Dialects of the Yuin language group include the Djiringanj , Thaua , Walbanga , Wandandian and Dhurga languages , from north of Moruya River to Nowra . The country the Yuin ancestors occupied, used, and enjoyed reached across from Cape Howe to
2835-450: The great sky spirit who was watching, then intervened. Brooidore took the two turtles from the shore, then turned them into stones, placed them offshore with the two turtles facing each other, and pushed them together with only one head. Barunguba, the great Brinja elder, saw this with his own eyes. Brooidore then placed water around the two turtles that were head to head and would not allow sea turtles ever again to come ashore or lay eggs in
2898-518: The highest in New South Wales and among the highest anywhere on the east coast of Australia, peaking at Steamers Head which rises to 130 m. The Cape St George Lighthouse ruin is considered the most significant European heritage site in the park and was listed on the Register of the National Estate in 1981. The beach at Greenpatch is a popular destination, and is said to have the whitest sand in
2961-468: The law, the tribal totem connects you with everyone in your tribe, the family totem connects you with your family and the personal totem is your best mate Susan Dale Donaldson has assembled a preliminary list of Yuin spiritual connections, consisting of 20 birds, two marine animals ( bream and whale), seven terrestrial mammals and three reptiles. The black duck is the symbol for the Yuin people, and may be particularly significant for Yuin who may not have
3024-462: The lighthouse was built in the wrong spot and it came to be regarded as a navigational hazard. The park is managed as an Indigenous Protected Area . The reserve is composed of two sections: There are hundreds of kilometres of walking tracks. Cave Beach with its unspoiled beaches and abundant flora and fauna, the park, located just three hours from the cities of Sydney and Canberra , is extremely popular with tourists. The park's sea cliffs are
3087-516: The majority of land in the Territory, it exercises certain governance and representation functions for its community under the Aboriginal Land Grant (Jervis Bay Territory) Act 1986 The Jervis Bay Territory is administered by the federal Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts . Nonetheless, it is counted as part of the ACT for the purpose of
3150-530: The name was changed to "Booderee". The name, meaning "bay of plenty" or "plenty of fish" in the Dhurga language, was chosen by the local Aboriginal community. It is now co-managed with Parks Australia. In 2010 the park won international award in the Virgin Holidays' Responsible Tourism Awards. The lighthouse was built during the 19th century because of the number of the shipwrecks that happened nearby. Unfortunately,
3213-448: The names are not those of animals; examples include plant names, sacred place names, spirit women names and the word for "female warrior". The Yuin word for a personal spiritual connection with an animal, moojingarl , literally means "my friend" (from moodji , friend, and gaarl , my) and involves reciprocity with that animal and a place or places where it is commonly found. Yuin typically do not marry people with connections to
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#17328447412583276-473: The one walkabout from Mallacoota in the south to the Shoalhaven River in the north". In 2016, 12 applicants representing South Coast Aboriginals lodged a native title claim in the Federal Court for Yuin country in New South Wales. The claim is made by 52 family groups and was approved by more than 500 Aboriginal people. The claim extends into the ocean and includes traditional fishing rights. In 2018,
3339-495: The registration was accepted. The population before 1788 has been estimated at about 11,000 between Cape Howe and Batemans Bay . The population was reduced to only 600 by the mid nineteenth century due to smallpox epidemics in 1789 and 1830, as well as tribal battles and the spread of venereal disease from whalers . The Eurobodalla Shire Council signed a Local Agreement with the Northern Yuin people in 1998. In 2001,
3402-543: The settlement of the region in 1810–1830; current South Coast Aboriginal people are either descended from these ancestors or integrated into families that descend from these ancestors. In 2018, the National Native Title Tribunal ruled that the South Coast people represent a "single cohesive kinship population" going back to colonisation, governed by shared rules, with a "single system of religion" centred on
3465-596: The system". Yuin people had, and in many cases still have, spiritual, mutual relationships with an aspect of the natural world. These spiritual connections are represented by animals, and these connections come with obligations and relationships, not just to the animal but to other humans and to places and things associated with that animal. Anthropologist Alfred William Howitt briefly described Yuin spiritual connections with animals in 1904, in The native tribes of south-east Australia . Howitt , and other early ethnographers, used
3528-503: The world. In addition there are abundant surf breaks on the ocean sides of the Park, most notably South Coast Pipe . Although not accessible to the public, a little penguin rookery exists on Bowen Island . Murrays beach lies just to the west of the southern headland, facing Bowen Island and is one of the most beautiful in the park. Jervis Bay Territory The Jervis Bay Territory ( / ˈ dʒ ɜːr v ɪ s , ˈ dʒ ɑːr -/ ; JBT )
3591-421: Was also considered desirable, at the time, that the responsibilities and powers of the federal government should include direct control of, and jurisdiction over, at least one port and, therefore, an area of coastline. Although the site of the capital city was not decided until 1908, all of the seriously considered sites were substantial distances inland; thus it was also acknowledged (if only implicitly) that
3654-491: Was also relinquished by NSW). In 1915, jurisdiction over the Jervis Bay Territory was also transferred from New South Wales to the Commonwealth. To reduce the practical difficulties presented by the physical separation of the two territories, the government of NSW also agreed, in principle, that the federal government could build and take full control of a proposed rail corridor between Canberra and Jervis Bay, although this
3717-432: Was established in the 1890s. Descendants of the Ellmoos family lived at Christian's Minde (Block 14), Ellmoos (Block 9) and Ardath (Block 11) for over 130 years, and continue to live at Kullindi (Block 10) today. Members of the extended family are buried in a cemetery, which is surrounded by dense bush and is managed by the local Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community. Other leaseholds in Jervis Bay Territory are Pamir (Block 12) which
3780-520: Was never implemented. The area of land and water owned by the Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council in the JBT is approximately 68 km (26 sq mi), which is about 90% of the land. The remaining land in the JBT is managed by the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities . There is an Aboriginal community at Wreck Bay Village in Booderee National Park . The Wreck Bay Aboriginal Community Council not only holds
3843-493: Was sighted by Lieutenant James Cook aboard HMS Endeavour on 25 April, 1770 (two days after Saint George's Day ), and he named the southern headland Cape St George. In August 1791, the bay was entered and named by Lieutenant Richard Bowen aboard the convict transport ship Atlantic of the Third Fleet in honour of Admiral John Jervis , under whom he had served. In November 1791, Master Matthew Weatherhead aboard
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#17328447412583906-504: Was the first place in New South Wales to be declared an Aboriginal Heritage site by the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS). The island was named after Umbarra , aka King Merriman, leader of the Yuin, who died in 1904. His wife was Queen Narelle. Mumbulla Mountain , located in the middle of Bega Valley Shire , was named after "King" Jack Mumbulla, a leader of the Yuin people. Mumbulla Mountain
3969-497: Was the proposed location for a nuclear power plant . The project, which was to be on the south east corner of the bay near Murray's Beach , was cancelled in 1971. This was after preparatory excavation and levelling had been done and an access road constructed between the site and the territory border. The levelled area is now the car park for Murray's Beach and its adjacent boat ramp. Yuin The Yuin nation, also spelt Djuwin ,
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