Bong Man-dae (born 1970) is a South Korean actor, director, and scriptwriter. He is known as a soft-core porn director.
63-501: Bong was born in 1970 in Gwangju , South Korea . Before making his mainstream feature film debut in 2003, Bong directed 15 straight-to-video films which were acknowledged for their strong narratives and stylish visuals. He also directed the TV series which was broadcast in 2004. This article about a South Korean actor is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about
126-445: A South Korean film director is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gwangju Gwangju ( Korean : 광주 ; Korean: [kwaŋ.dʑu] ), formerly romanized as Kwangju, is South Korea's sixth-largest metropolis . It is a designated metropolitan city under the direct control of the central government's Home Minister. The city was also the capital of South Jeolla Province Province until
189-521: A case of diglossia , the indigenous Samhan people, having migrated in an earlier wave from the same region, probably spoke a variety of the same language. Kōno Rokurō has argued that the kingdom of Baekje was bilingual, with the gentry speaking a Puyŏ language and the common people a Han language . Historians and linguists, such as Juha Janhunen , also argue that Baekje had been predominantly Japonic-speaking (specifically Peninsular Japonic ), before it became linguistically 'koreanized'. A similar view
252-723: A contingent of 10,000 soldiers. Before the ships from Japan arrived, his forces battled a contingent of Tang forces in Ungjin County. In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the Battle of Baekgang . The Tang dynasty also sent 7,000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations, all of which the Silla-Tang joint fleet won, that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered
315-486: A long history of voting for left-leaning politicians and is the main stronghold for the liberal Democratic Party of Korea along with its predecessors, as well as the progressive Justice Party . Gwangju held many sports events such as 2002 FIFA World Cup , 2015 Summer Universiade , 2019 World Aquatics Championships . Gwangju is divided into 5 districts ("Gu"). [REDACTED] Religion in Gwangju (2015) According to
378-564: A military alliance was forged between Silla and Baekje against Goguryeo. Most maps of the Three Kingdoms period show Baekje occupying the Chungcheong and Jeolla provinces, the core of the country in the Ungjin and Sabi periods. In 538, King Seong moved the capital to Sabi (present-day Buyeo County ), and rebuilt his kingdom into a strong state. Temporarily, he changed the official name of
441-664: A passage in the Gwanggaeto Stele to establish ideological rationale to the imperialist outcry for invasion of Korea. Other historians have pointed out that there is no evidence of this Japanese account in any part of Korea, in addition to not being in any viable text in China or Korea. Regarding the Gwanggaeto Stele, because the lack of syntax and punctuation the text can be interpreted 4 different ways. Due to this problem in interpretation, nothing can be concluded. Also complicating
504-568: A sea power and continued mutual goodwill relationships with the Japanese rulers of the Kofun period , transmitting continental cultural influences to Japan. The Chinese writing system , Buddhism , advanced pottery , ceremonial burial, and other aspects of culture were introduced by aristocrats, artisans, scholars, and monks throughout their relationship. During this period, the Han River basin remained
567-653: A small number of Jin (Hanja: 辰人) were also admitted into the polities of Baekje. According to the Samguk sagi , Baekje was founded in 18 BCE by King Onjo , who led a group of people from Goguryeo south to the Han River basin. Jumong had left his son Yuri in Buyeo when he left that kingdom to establish the new kingdom of Goguryeo. Jumong became Divine King Dongmyeong , and had two more sons with Soseono , Onjo and Biryu . When Yuri later arrived in Goguryeo, Jumong promptly made him
630-695: A unique artistic tradition. Buddhist themes are extremely strong in Baekje artwork. The beatific Baekje smile found on many Buddhist sculptures expresses the warmth typical of Baekje art. Taoist influences are also widespread. Chinese artisans were sent to the kingdom by the Liang dynasty in 541, and this may have given rise to an increased Chinese influence in the Sabi period. The tomb of King Muryeong (501–523), although modeled on Chinese brick tombs and yielding some imported Chinese objects, also contained many funerary objects of
693-428: Is a private community college offering associate degrees in humanities and social sciences, healthcare sciences, and a bachelor's degree in nursing. Gwangju has 593 schools, consisting of 234 kindergartens, 145 elementary schools, 84 middle schools, 65 high schools, 1 science high school, 7 junior colleges, 9 universities, 38 graduate schools, and 11 others (as of 1 May 2009) with a total of 406,669 students, or 28.5% of
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#1733144334700756-595: Is dominant. Other historians, such as those who collaborated on 'Paekche of Korea and the Origin of Yamato Japan' and Jonathan W. Best, who helped translate what was left of the Baekje annals, have noted that these princes set up schools in Yamato Japan and took control of the Japanese naval forces during the war with Goguryeo, taking this as evidence of them being more along the lines of diplomats with some kind of familial tie to
819-599: Is known of Baekje music, but local musicians were sent with tribute missions to China in the 7th century, indicating that a distinctive musical tradition had developed by that time. In 372, King Geunchogo paid tribute to the Jin dynasty of China , located in the basin of the Yangtze River . After the fall of Jin and the establishment of Song dynasty in 420, Baekje sent envoys seeking cultural goods and technologies. Baekje sent an envoy to Northern Wei of Northern Dynasties for
882-663: Is mainly used. Gwangju has an extensive system of public buses that traverse the city. Bus stops and buses themselves contain stop information in Korean and in English. Local buses, but not the subway or KTX, connect to the intercity Gwangju Bus Terminal known as U-Square. Gwangju is also served by the Gwangju Airport . Gwangju is twinned with: Baekje Baekje or Paekche ( Korean : 백제 ; Hanja : 百濟 ; Korean pronunciation: [pɛk̚.tɕ͈e] )
945-455: The Buddhist teaching, or Dharma , to Korea : Malananta (late 4th century) – an Indian Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Baekje in the southern Korean peninsula , Sundo – a Chinese Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Goguryeo in northern Korea and Ado monk who brought Buddhism to Silla in central Korea. Baekje artists adopted many Chinese influences and synthesized them into
1008-408: The Gwanggaeto Stele , erected in 414 by King Jangsu of Goguryeo , as describing a Japanese invasion in the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. However, Mohan claims that Goguryeo fabricated the Japanese invasion in order to justify its conquest of Baekje. If this stele was a dedication to a Korean king, it can be argued that it would logically highlight Korea's conquests and not dedicate it to
1071-534: The Special Operations Command . The situation escalated after a violent crackdown, resulting in the Gwangju Uprising , where civilians raided armories and armed themselves. By the time the uprising was suppressed 9 days later, many hundreds of civilians and several police forces / soldiers were dead. After civilian rule was reinstated in 1987, a national cemetery was established to honor the victims of
1134-539: The Three Kingdoms period . During the Imperial Japanese rule , the city was known as Kōshū. In 1929, a confrontation between Korean and Japanese students in the city turned into Gwangju Student Independence Movement , a regional demonstration, which culminated in one of the major nationwide uprisings against Imperial Japanese cruelty during the colonial period. The modern industry was established in Gwangju with
1197-505: The "Inariyama sword, as well as some other swords discovered in Japan, utilized the Korean ' Idu ' system of writing". The swords "originated in Paekche and that the kings named in their inscriptions represent Paekche kings rather than Japanese kings". The techniques for making these swords were the apparently similar to styles from Korea, specifically from Baekje. In Japan, the hostage interpretation
1260-555: The 4th century, Baekje controlled most of the western Korean peninsula, as far north as Pyongyang , and may have even held territories in China , such as in Liaoxi , though this view is controversial. It became a significant regional sea power, with political and trade relations with China and Japan . Baekje was a great maritime power; its nautical skill, which made it the Phoenicia of East Asia,
1323-715: The Baekje tradition, such as the gold crown ornaments, gold belts , and gold earrings. Mortuary practices also followed the unique tradition of Baekje. This tomb is seen as a representative tomb of the Ungjin period. Delicate lotus designs of the roof-tiles, intricate brick patterns, curves of the pottery style, and flowing and elegant epitaph writing characterize Baekje culture. The Buddhist sculptures and refined pagodas reflect religion-inspired creativity. A splendid gilt-bronze incense burner ( 백제금동대형노 Baekje Geumdong Daehyeongno ) excavated from an ancient Buddhist temple site at Neungsan-ri, Buyeo County , exemplifies Baekje art. Little
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#17331443347001386-509: The Chinese writing system, Buddhism, iron processing for weapons, and various other technologies. In exchange, Japan provided military support. According to mythical accounts in the controversial Nihon Shoki , Empress Jingū extracted tribute and pledges of allegiance from the kings of Baekje, Silla , and Goguryeo . At the height of Japanese nationalism in the early 20th century, Japanese historians used these mythical accounts along with
1449-638: The Japanese imperial family and as evidence against any hostage status. As is with many long-past histories and competing records, very little can be definitively concluded. Further research has been difficult, in part due to the 1976 restriction on the study of royal tombs in Japan (to include tombs such as the Gosashi tomb, which is allegedly the resting place of Empress Jingū ). Prior to 1976, foreign researchers did have access, and some found Korean artifacts in Japanese dig sites. Recently in 2008, Japan has allowed controlled limited access to foreign archaeologists, but
1512-552: The Korean chronicle Samguk sagi , Baekje and Silla sent some princes to the Japanese court as hostages. Whether the princes sent to Japan should be interpreted as diplomats as part of an embassy or literal hostages is debated. Due to the confusion on the exact nature of this relationship (the question of whether the Baekje Koreans were family or at least close to the Japanese Imperial line or whether they were hostages) and
1575-569: The Tang general Liu Renyuan (劉仁願) under siege in Sabi . Emperor Gaozong sent the general Liu Rengui , who had previously been demoted to commoner rank for offending Li Yifu, with a relief force, and Liu Rengui and Liu Renyuan were able to fight off the Baekje resistance forces' attacks, but were themselves not strong enough to quell the rebellion, and so for some time the armies were in stalemate. Baekje requested Japanese aid, and King Pung returned to Baekje with
1638-503: The Three Kingdoms of Korea were fully developed centralized powers with modern iron weapons and were already utilizing horses for warfare. It is very unlikely that a developing state such as Yamato had the capacity to cross the sea and engage in battles with Baekje and Silla. The Nihon Shoki is widely regarded to be an unreliable and biased source of information on early relations with Korea, as it mixes heavy amounts of supposition and legend with facts. Some Japanese scholars interpret
1701-582: The ancient Japanese text Nihonshoki , Baekje's expansion reached the Gaya confederacy to its east, around the Nakdong River valley. Baekje is first described in Chinese records as a kingdom in 345. The first diplomatic missions from Baekje reached Japan around 367 (According to the Nihon Shoki : 247). King Geunchogo (346–375) expanded Baekje's territory to the north through war against Goguryeo , while annexing
1764-618: The capital from the south to the north of the Han river, and then south again, probably all within present Seoul, under pressure from other Mahan states. King Gaeru is believed to have moved the capital north of the river to Bukhansanseong in 132, probably in present-day Goyang to the northwest of Seoul. Through the early centuries of the Common Era , sometimes called the Proto–Three Kingdoms period , early Baekje gradually gained control over
1827-586: The census of 2015, 9.5% of the population followed Buddhism and 28.7% followed Christianity (20% Protestantism and 8.7% Catholicism ) 61% of the population are irreligious. The estimated population of Gwangju is as follows: One of the largest ethnic enclaves of Koryo-saram (ethnic Koreans of the former Soviet Union) in South Korea is located in Gwangju: the Gwangju Koryoin Village . Schools in
1890-719: The city's southwesterly position in the Korean peninsula. Summers are hot and humid with abundant precipitation, particularly in the form of thunderstorms. Gwangju is one of the warmest cities in Korea in the summer due to its geographic location. Chonnam National University , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology , and Gwangju Education University are public universities in Gwangju. Honam University , Gwangju University , Gwangshin University, Gwangju Women's University, Nambu University, Chosun University , and Honam Christian University are private universities. Gwangju Health University
1953-401: The cliff. Baekje forces attempted a brief restoration movement but faced Silla–Tang joint forces. A Buddhist monk Dochim ( 도침 ; 道琛 ) and the former Baekje general Buyeo Boksin rose to try to revive Baekje. They welcomed the Baekje prince Buyeo Pung back from Japan to serve as king, with Juryu (주류, 周留, in modern Seocheon County , South Chungcheong ) as their headquarters. They put
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2016-501: The construction of a railway to Seoul . Some of the industries that took hold include cotton textiles, rice mills and breweries . Construction of a designated industrial zone in 1967 encouraged growth in industry, especially in the sectors linked to the automobile industry. In May 1980, peaceful demonstrations took place in Gwangju against Chun Doo-hwan , leader of the military coup d'état of 12 December 1979 . The demonstrations were suppressed by military forces, including elite units of
2079-492: The country as the Nambuyeo ( 남부여 ; 南扶餘 ; Korean pronunciation: [na̠m.pu.jʌ̹] ; lit. "Southern Buyeo "), a reference to Buyeo to which Baekje traced its origins. The Sabi period witnessed the flowering of Baekje culture, alongside the growth of Buddhism . Under pressure from Goguryeo to the north and Silla to the east, Seong sought to strengthen Baekje's relationship with China. The location of Sabi, on
2142-565: The crown prince. Realizing Yuri would become the next king, Soseono left Goguryeo, taking her two sons Biryu and Onjo south to found their own kingdoms with their people, along with ten vassals. She is remembered as a key figure in the founding of both Goguryeo and Baekje. Onjo settled in Wiryeseong (present-day Hanam ), and called his country Sipje (십제, 十濟, meaning "Ten Vassals"), while Biryu settled in Michuhol (present-day Incheon ), against
2205-471: The early period of Baekje, and they produced many queens over several generations. The Hae clan was probably the royal house before the Buyeo clan replaced them, and both clans appear descended from the lineage of Buyeo and Goguryeo . The " Great Eight Families " (Sa, Yeon, Hyeop, Hae, Jin , Guk, Mok, and Baek) were powerful nobles in the Sabi era, recorded in Chinese records such as Tongdian . Central government officials were divided into sixteen ranks,
2268-461: The fact that the Nihon Shoki , a primary source of material for this relationship, is a compilation of myth, makes it difficult to evaluate. The Samguk sagi , which also documents this, can also be interpreted in various ways and at any rate it was rewritten in the 13th century, easily seven or eight centuries after these particular events took place. Adding to the confusion is the discovery (in Japan) that
2331-485: The first time in 472, and King Gaero asked for military aid to attack Goguryeo . Kings Muryeong and Seong sent envoys to Liang several times and received titles of nobility. Tomb of King Muryeong is built with bricks according with Liang's tomb style. To confront the military pressure of Goguryeo to its north and Silla to its east, Baekje ( Kudara in Japanese) established close relations with Japan. According to
2394-483: The heartland of the country. In the 5th century, Baekje retreated under the southward military threat of Goguryeo, and in 475, the Seoul region fell to Goguryeo. Baekje's capital was located at Ungjin (present-day Gongju ) from 475 to 538. Isolated in mountainous terrain, the new capital was secure against the north but also disconnected from the outside world. It was closer to Silla than Wiryeseong had been, however, and
2457-474: The incident. In 1986, Gwangju separated from South Jeolla Province to become a Directly Governed City (Jikhalsi), and then became a Metropolitan City (Gwangyeoksi) in 1995. Due to a variety of factors, including the ancient rivalry between Baekje and Silla , as well as the biased priority given to the Gyeongsang Province region by political leaders in the 2nd half of the 20th century, Gwangju has
2520-549: The infamous episodes in Korean history, as countless Baekje court ladies, concubines and women of the nobility committed suicide by jumping off a cliff near Sabi rather than be captured by the Silla-Tang Alliance. To memoralize this tragic event in history, a pavilion stands at the so-called "Rock of the Falling Flowers" commemorating Baekje's defeat and the suicide of the kingdom's court ladies and concubines who jumped off
2583-452: The international community still has many unanswered questions. National Geographic has written that Japan " the agency has kept access to the tombs restricted, prompting rumors that officials fear excavation would reveal bloodline links between the "pure" imperial family and Korea – or that some tombs hold no royal remains at all. " In any case, these Koreans, diplomats and royal relatives or not, brought to Japan knowledge of
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2646-402: The land to establish the provinces of Gwangju, Ungju, Jeonju, Muju and various counties, plus the southern boundary of Goguryeo and the ancient territories of Silla" in the Samguk sagi . In the heart of the agricultural Jeolla region, the city is also famous for its rich and diverse cuisine . The city was established in 57 BC. It was one of the administrative centers of Baekje during
2709-484: The lower reaches of Geum River or Dongjin river , the Silla–Tang forces emerged victorious, and Buyeo Pung escaped to Goguryeo. The establishment of a centralized state in Baekje is usually traced to the reign of King Goi , who may have first established patrilineal succession . Like most monarchies , a great deal of power was held by the aristocracy . King Seong , for example, strengthened royal power, but after he
2772-542: The matter is that in the Nihongi a Korean named Amenohiboko is described in Nihon Shoki as a maternal predecessor of Tajima-no-morosuku ( 但馬諸助 ) , This is highly inconsistent and difficult to interpret correctly. Scholars believe that the Nihon Shoki gives the invasion date of Silla and Baekje as the late 4th century. However, by this time, Japan was a confederation of local tribes without sophisticated iron weapons, while
2835-402: The military. Geunchogo established the division of central military and local militaries. The people of Baekje usually served in the military for three years. As Baekje entered the Sabi period, the military was divided into the royal private guard, the capital central military and the local military. The royal private guard handled matters such as protecting the palace. The weapons available to
2898-451: The navigable Geum River , made contact with China much easier, and both trade and diplomacy flourished during his reign and continuing on into the 7th century. In the 7th century, with the growing influence of Silla in the southern and central Korean peninsula, Baekje began its decline. In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and Tang China attacked Baekje, which was then allied with Goguryeo. A heavily outmanned army led by General Gyebaek
2961-523: The other Mahan tribes. The Baekje Kingdom, which initially belonged to the Mahan confederacy , first integrated the Han River (Korea) basin area, then overthrew Mokji state ( 목지국 ; 目支國 ), the dominant country, and then integrated Mahan as a territorial state. During the reign of King Goi (234–286), Baekje became a full-fledged kingdom, as it continued consolidating the Mahan confederacy. In 249, according to
3024-502: The provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak in Muan County in 2005 because Gwangju was promoted to a metropolitan city and was independent of South Jeolla Province . Its name is composed of the words gwang ( Korean : 광 ; Hanja : 光 ) meaning "light" and ju ( 주 ; 州 ) meaning "province". Gwangju was historically recorded as Muju ( 무주 ; 武州 ), in which " Silla merged all of
3087-555: The reign of Geunchogo (肖古王) was it renamed as Baekje. It is also attested as 居陀羅 Kudara, meaning "great place", which could have been a possible endonym that was later on borrowed into Old Japanese . Baekje was mainly composed of the native Han (Hanja: 韓人) and the Koreanic Yemaek (Hanja: 濊貊族) from Goguryeo and Buyeo. Those from the Lelang Commandery ( Korean : Nakrang, Hanja : 樂浪) came in through trade and conquest, and
3150-415: The remaining Mahan societies in the south. During Geunchogo's reign, the territories of Baekje included most of the western Korean Peninsula (except the two Pyeongan provinces), and in 371, Baekje defeated Goguryeo at Pyongyang . Baekje continued substantial trade with Goguryeo, and actively adopted Chinese culture and technology. Buddhism became the official state religion in 384. Baekje also became
3213-513: The six members of the top rank forming a type of cabinet, with the top official being elected every three years. In the Sol rank, the first ( Jwapyeong ) through the sixth ( Naesol ) officials were political, administrative, and military commanders. In the Deok rank, the seventh ( Jangdeok ) through the eleventh ( Daedeok ) officials may have headed each field. Mundok , Mudok , Jwagun , Jinmu and Geuku from
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#17331443347003276-443: The soldiers were diverse. The first ever bone remains of Baekje people were found in the eungpyeongri tombs in buyeo, which made possible reconstructions of appearances of Baekje people possible, and the tombs seem to have no sign of being looted. Baekje was established by immigrants from Goguryeo who spoke what could be a Buyeo language , a hypothetical group linking the languages of Gojoseon , Buyeo , Goguryeo , and Baekje. In
3339-621: The total city population. The average number of students per household is 0.8. The city is served by the Gwangju Subway . An extension was completed in April 2008 with the remainder being completed in 2012. There are two KTX stations in the city: Gwangju station and Gwangju Songjeong Station . Gwangju Songjeong Station connects to the Gwangju Subway and local bus system. Now the Songjeong station
3402-483: The twelfth to the sixteenth, may have been military administrators. According to the Samguk Yusa , during the Sabi period, the chief minister ( Jaesang ) of Baekje was chosen by a unique system. The names of several candidates were placed under a rock (Cheonjeongdae) near Hoamsa temple. After a few days, the rock was moved and the candidate whose name had a certain mark was chosen as the new chief minister. Whether this
3465-430: The vassals' advice. The people of Wiryeseong lived prosperously, but the salty water and marshes in Michuhol made settlement difficult. Biryu then went to his brother Onjo, asking for the throne of Sipje. When Onjo refused, Biryu declared war, but lost. In shame, Biryu committed suicide, and his people moved to Wiryeseong, where King Onjo welcomed them and renamed his country Baekje ("Hundred Vassals"). King Onjo moved
3528-536: The vicinity of the village, such as Ha-nam Jung-ang Elementary School [ ko ] , have significant proportions of Russian speakers as a result. Gwangju has a cooler version of the humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa/Cwa ) with four distinct seasons and rainfall year-round but particularly during the East Asian Monsoon Season in the summer months. Winters, while still somewhat cold, are milder than in Seoul and cities further north due to
3591-426: Was a Korean kingdom located in southwestern Korea from 18 BCE to 660 CE. It was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea , together with Goguryeo and Silla . While the three kingdoms were in separate existence, Baekje had the highest population of approximately 3,800,000 people (760,000 households), which was much larger than that of Silla (850,000 people) and similar to that of Goguryeo (3,500,000 people). Baekje
3654-457: Was a form of selection by lot or a covert selection by the elite is not clear. This Council was called the Jeongsaamhoeui (政事巖會議, The council of rocks with state affairs). The town leaders and its subjects participated in the military of Baekje on a local level, and loot and captives were distributed among them. The subjects usually worked in the supply division. The position of Jwajang led
3717-516: Was defeated in the Battle of Hwangsanbeol near Nonsan. The capital Sabi fell almost immediately thereafter, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by Tang China . Tang government set up Ungjin Commandery for the purpose of governing the Baekje area . King Uija and his son Buyeo Yung were sent into exile in China while at least some of the ruling class fled to Japan . The fall of Sabi resulted in one of
3780-404: Was founded by Onjo , the third son of Goguryeo's founder Jumong and Soseono , at Wiryeseong (present-day southern Seoul ). Baekje, like Goguryeo, claimed to succeed Buyeo , a state established in present-day Manchuria around the time of Gojoseon 's fall. Baekje alternately battled and allied with Goguryeo and Silla as the three kingdoms expanded control over the peninsula. At its peak in
3843-456: Was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan. In 660, it was defeated by the Tang dynasty and Silla , and ultimately submitted to Unified Silla . The most common name used by most historians is Baekje ( 백제 ), meaning "hundred counties", but was originally founded by Onjo as 十濟, which figuratively means "tens of counties". Only during
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#17331443347003906-527: Was proposed by Alexander Vovin , who also noted that Japonic languages were spoken in the Tamna Kingdom on modern-day Jeju before the arrival of Koreanic, noting the presence of a Japonic substratum in the Jeju language . Buddhism , a religion originating in what is now India , was transmitted to Korea via China in the late 4th century. The Samguk yusa records the following 3 monks among first to bring
3969-445: Was slain in a disastrous campaign against Silla, the nobles took much of that power away from his son. The ruler titles of Baekje were *eraγa ( 於羅瑕 ), mostly used by the nobility, and *k(j)ə-n kici ( 鞬吉支 ), as he would be called by the commoners. The queen consort was called *oluk ( 於陸 ) and pasɨkasɨ (벗〯갓) meaning "woman companion". The Hae clan and the Jin clan were the representative royal houses who had considerable power from
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