Misplaced Pages

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65-499: Large walking draglines , operating twenty-four hours a day in surface mines, excavate raw pebble phosphate mixed with clay and sand (known as matrix ). The matrix contains a number of chemical impurities, including naturally occurring uranium at concentrations of approximately 100 ppm . The matrix is then dropped into a pit where it is mixed with water to create a slurry , which is then pumped through miles of large steel pipes to washing plants. These plants crush, sift, and separate

130-429: A Tarong BE1370. Since draglines are typically large, complicated and very expensive, training new operators can be a tricky process. In the same way that flight simulators have developed to train pilots, mining simulator software has been developed to assist new operators in learning how to control the machines. UDD stands for universal dig-dump . It represents the first fundamental change to draglines for almost

195-500: A bucket capacity of 110–160 cu yd (84–122 m ) and boom lengths ranging from 325–425 ft (99–130 m); working weights vary between 7,539 and 8,002 tons. Draglines fall into two broad categories: those that are based on standard, lifting cranes, and the heavy units which have to be built on-site. Most crawler cranes, with an added winch drum on the front, can act as a dragline. These units (like other cranes) are designed to be temporarily dismantled and transported over

260-455: A century, since the invention of the 'miracle hitch'. Instead of using two ropes (the hoist rope and the drag rope) to manipulate the bucket, a UDD machine uses four ropes, two hoist and two drag. This allows the dragline operator to have much greater selectivity in when to pick up the bucket, and in how the bucket may be dumped. UDD machines generally have higher productivity than a standard dragline, but often have greater mechanical issues. Within

325-728: A company also associated with drainage pumping engines. Electric drive systems were only used on the larger mining machines, most modern machines use a diesel-hydraulic drive, as machines are seldom in one location long enough to justify the cost of installing a substation and supply cables. The basic mechanical technology of draglines, unlike that of most equipment used in earth-moving, has remained relatively unchanged in design and control functions for almost 100 years. Some advances, however, have been made (such as hydraulic, then electro-hydraulic, controls (including joysticks ) and using simulation software to train new operators), are being pursued (such as improved automation systems), or are arguable as

390-521: A controlling interest and the joint company became known as Bucyrus-Monighan until the formal merger in 1946. The first walking dragline excavator in the United Kingdom was used at the Wellingborough iron quarry in 1940. Ransomes & Rapier was founded in 1869 by four engineers to build railway equipment and other heavy works. In 1914 they started building two small steam shovels as a result of

455-411: A customer request. The rope-operated crowd system they built for this was patented and later sold to Bucyrus. After WWI, demand for excavators increased and in 1924 they reached an agreement to build Marion draglines from 1 to 8 cubic yards capacity. In 1927, they built Type-7 1-yard and Type-460 1.5-yard models. The deal to build Marion machines ended in 1936. R&R began building their own designs with

520-424: A decline from 8 million tons in 2017. Phosphate product intended for domestic use is assembled into unit trains of covered hopper cars for northbound movement. When the narrow gauge Florida Southern Railway reached Arcadia in 1886, it was a sleepy little town and the builders paused only briefly before pushing the railroad south to Punta Gorda . Unknown to the railroad and the general public at this time,

585-556: A few diesel-electric excavators rather over 1/10th its size, the largest in Europe in the 1960s at 1400-1800 tons. One, named SUNDEW , was used in a quarry from 1957 to 1974. After its working life at the first site in Rutland wrapped it walked 13 miles (21 km) in 9 weeks to Corby , where it continued on till being scrapped from January to June 1987. Smaller draglines were also commonly used before hydraulic excavators came into common use,

650-676: A great discovery had been made in 1881 by Captain Francis LeBaron of the United States Army Corps of Engineers , who was surveying the lower Peace River area for a canal to connect the headwaters of the Saint Johns River to Charlotte Harbor . Here he found and shipped to the Smithsonian Institution nine barrels of prehistoric fossils from the sand bars prevalent on the lower Peace River . He also noticed that there

715-678: A large, frame vernacular architecture , pioneer home. It was constructed of heart yellow pine . Micajah T. Singleton (1850-1923) was from a prominent North Georgia family and came to Arcadia in 1888 to operate the Peace River Phosphate Company. When the phosphate boom busted, the Singleton family left Arcadia in 1893. This article about a property in DeSoto County, Florida on the National Register of Historic Places

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780-534: A mine site. Some of these ponds can measure thousands of acres. Rain drains slower through these clay-laden ponds than typical soil. Critics argue that this, in turn, reduces baseflow to the Peace River. Some studies have indicated that reclaimed lands actually provide a more consistent baseflow because the sandier soils of the reclaimed land provide faster baseflow, while the clay provides a slower steady flow, creating more flow during dry periods than native land. Since

845-440: A phosphogypsum stack was overwhelmed by hurricane rains and the levees were breached, sending over 18,000 US gal (68,137 L) of acidic process water into Tampa Bay . Cargill Crop Nutrition, who owned the stack, added lime into the affected areas in an attempt to neutralize the highly-acidic runoff. Due to the extraordinary amount of runoff created by the hurricane, the spill was quickly diluted and environmental damage

910-533: A proper elliptical motion and was used until 1988. Page modernized its draglines further with the 700 series in 1954. Page's largest dragline was the Model 757 delivered to the Obed Mine near Hinton, Alberta in 1983. It featured a 75-yard bucket on a 298-foot boom and an operating weight of 4,500 tons. In 1988, Harnischfeger Corporation ( P&H Mining Equipment ) purchased Page Engineering Company. Harnischfeger Corporation

975-620: A representative to Arcadia who made several large purchases along the Peace River. Colonel T.S. Moorhead of Pennsylvania, who had also learned about the deposits from Captain LeBaron, but not the secret of their location, traveled to Arcadia where he stumbled onto the famous sand bars. Mr. Moorhead formed the Arcadia Phosphate Company, with the Scott Mfg. Co. quickly agreeing to purchase the entire output. The first shipment of Florida phosphate

1040-481: A simple single-crank mechanism in 1939. Its largest dragline was the 8950 sold to Amax Coal Company in 1973. It featured a 150-cubic yard bucket on a 310-foot boom and weighed 7,300 tons. Marion was acquired by Bucyrus in 1997. Bucyrus Foundry and Manufacturing Company entered the dragline market in 1910 with the purchase of manufacturing rights for the Heyworth-Newman dragline excavator. Their "Class 14" dragline

1105-516: A step forward (as is "universal dig-dump" ( UDD )): Researchers at CSIRO in Australia have a long-term research project into automating draglines. Mining automation teams at QCAT, a CSIRO division; have been developing the automation technology since 1994. Automated systems include cruise control and Digital Terrain Mapping . Working solutions include the proof-of-concept dragline swing cruise control on

1170-448: A walking dragline of 31-yard bucket capacity. HEC makes up to a 44-yard bucket. For comparison, this would be comparable to Caterpillar's Small Draglines 8000 series with a 42-yard bucket. HEC has supplied fifteen draglines to the Indian mining industry. In a typical cycle of excavation, the bucket is positioned above the material to be excavated. The bucket is then lowered and the dragrope

1235-421: Is a heavy-duty excavator used in civil engineering and surface mining . It was invented in 1904, and presented an immediate challenge to the steam shovel and its diesel and electric powered descendant, the power shovel . Much more efficient than even the largest of the latter, it enjoyed a heyday in extreme size for most of the 20th century, first becoming challenged by more efficient rotary excavators in

1300-418: Is a long-lived story that, back in the 1970s, if all seven draglines at Peak Downs Mine (a very large BHP coal mine in central Queensland , Australia) turned simultaneously, they would black out all of North Queensland . However even now, if they have been shut down, they are always restarted one at a time due to the immense power requirements of startup. In all but the smallest of draglines, movement

1365-406: Is accomplished by "walking" using feet or pontoons , as caterpillar tracks place too much pressure on the ground, and have great difficulty under the immense weight of the dragline. Maximum speed is only at most a few metres per minute, since the feet must be repositioned for each step. If travelling medium distances (about 30–100 km), a special dragline carrier can be brought in to transport

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1430-468: Is done in the Peace River watershed . Phosphate mining companies use draglines to remove surface soils up to 60 feet (18 m) deep over thousands of contiguous acres. Once land is mined, state law requires that it be reclaimed . Wetlands are reclaimed on an acre for acre, type for type basis. Most modern mining permits actually require companies to recreate more wetlands than were initially present on

1495-559: Is limited by the length of rope the dragline can utilize. Inherent with their construction, a dragline is most efficient excavating material below the level of their base. While a dragline can dig above itself, it does so inefficiently and is not suitable to load piled up material (as a rope shovel or wheel loader can). Despite their limitations, and their extremely high capital cost, draglines remain popular with many mines, due to their reliability, and extremely low waste removal cost. The coal mining dragline known as Big Muskie , owned by

1560-529: Is slightly radioactive, its use is banned in most situations. Phosphate processing produces significant amounts of silicon tetrafluoride and hydrogen fluoride gas, which must be treated by filtering through special scrubbers. Much of the final product (known within the industry as 'dryrock') is transported by rail to facilities along Tampa Bay , where they are transloaded onto ships destined for countries such as China . Port Tampa Bay handled 3.9 million tons of phosphate in 2021, though this figure represents

1625-406: Is so great that they have a direct connection to the high-voltage grid at voltages of between 6.6 and 22 kV. A typical dragline weighing 4000 to 6000 tons, with a 55-cubic-metre bucket, can use up to 6 megawatts during normal digging operations. Because of this, many (possibly apocryphal ) stories have been told about the blackout-causing effects of mining draglines. For instance, there

1690-414: Is then drawn so that the bucket is dragged along the surface of the material. The bucket is then lifted by using the hoist rope . A swing operation is then performed to move the bucket to the place where the material is to be dumped. The dragrope is then released causing the bucket to tilt and empty. This is called a dump operation. On crane-type draglines, the bucket can also be 'thrown' by winding up to

1755-530: The Chicago Canal . By 1912, Page realized that building draglines was more lucrative than contracting, so he created the Page Engineering Company to build draglines. Page built its first crude walking dragline in 1923. These used legs operated by rack and pinion on a separate frame that lifted the crane. The body was then pulled forward by chain on a roller track and then lowered again. Page developed

1820-514: The open pit mining industry costs approximately US$ 50–100 million. A typical bucket has a volume ranging from 40 to 80 cubic yards (30 to 60 cubic metres), though extremely large buckets have ranged up to 220 cubic yards (168 cubic meters). The length of the boom ranges from 45 to 100 metres (148 to 328 ft). In a single cycle, it can move up to 450 tons of material. Most mining draglines are not diesel-powered like most other mining equipment. Their power consumption on order of several megawatts

1885-420: The 1950s, then superseded by them on the upper end from the 1970s on. The largest ever walking dragline was Big Muskie , a Bucyrus-Erie 4250-W put online in 1969 that swung a 220 cu yd (170 m ), 325 ton capacity bucket, had a 310 feet (94 m) boom, and weighed 13,500 tons. The largest walking dragline produced as of 2014 was Joy Global ’s digital AC drive control P&H 9020XPC, which has

1950-415: The 1960s, the average annual flow of the middle Peace River has declined from 1,350 cubic feet (38.23 m) to 800 cubic feet (22.65 m) per second (38.23 to 22.65 m/s). Each holding pond has been perceived as a risk that threatens water quality, public health, wildlife, and the regional economy. Dams restraining the ponds have overflowed or burst, sending a slurry of clay into the river, and coating

2015-529: The 800 ton 650-B which used a 15-yard bucket. Bucyrus' largest dragline was Big Muskie built for the Ohio Coal Company in 1969. This machine featured a 220-yard bucket on a 450-foot boom and weighed 14,500 tons. Bucyrus was itself acquired by heavy equipment and diesel engine maker, Caterpillar, in 2011. Caterpillar's largest dragline is the 8750 with a 169-yard bucket, 435-foot boom, and 8,350 ton weight. The market for draglines began shrinking rapidly after

Bone Valley - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-567: The Central Ohio Coal Company (a division of American Electric Power ), was the world's largest mobile earth-moving machine, weighing 13,500 tons and standing nearly 22 stories tall. It operated in Muskingum County , in the U.S. state of Ohio from 1969 to 1991, and derived power from a 13,800 volt electrical supply. It was dismantled for $ 700,000 worth of recycled metal in 1999. The British firm of Ransomes & Rapier produced

2145-680: The Florida Southern. When the railroad converted its Charlotte Harbor Division to standard gauge in 1892, both the Peace River Phosphate Co. and Comer & Hull operations converted their respective railroads. Joseph Hull of Comer & Hull purchased 50% interest in the Peace River Phosphate Co. about this time. In December 1894, Joseph Hull consolidated the Arcadia Phosphate Co., Charlotte Harbor Phosphate Co., Desota Phosphate & Mining Co. & Peace River Phosphate Co. into

2210-535: The Monighan Machine Company. In 1913, a Monighan engineer named Oscar Martinson invented the first walking mechanism for a dragline. The device, known as the Martinson Tractor, was installed on a Monighan dragline, creating the first walking dragline. This gave Monighan a significant advantage over other draglines and the company prospered. The cam mechanism was further improved in 1925 by eliminating

2275-551: The Peace River Phosphate Mining Co. Peter Bradley of New York was one of the fertilizer capitalists (Bradley Fertilizer Co.) that Captain LeBaron had first approached about the sand bars. In May 1899, he was involved in the merger of 22 fertilizer companies into the American Agricultural Chemical Co., becoming vice president and a director of the new corporation. AACC began buying the stock of

2340-515: The Peace River Phosphate Mining Co. from June 1899 until January 1902. The Peace River Phosphate Mining Company Railroad consisted of a mainline running south from Arcadia to Liverpool . A few short branches connected the railroad to the Florida Southern (later the Plant System in 1896 and the ACL after 1902) at Arcadia , Hull and Liverpool . At Hull sand was removed by a washing plant. Liverpool housed

2405-512: The Ridgewood facility located at Bartow , and the massive Pierce complex south of Mulberry . In the 1967 Seaboard Coast Line merger the rivalry was ended, SCL was later absorbed into CSX Transportation . Phosphate is a declining export to China. Previously, significant amounts of rock were shipped to China, where it was processed into phosphate fertilizer. The majority of phosphate mining in Florida

2470-520: The Type-4120 followed by the 4140 of 3.5 cubic yards. In 1958 the Ramsomes & Rapier division was sold to Newton, Chambers & Co. of Sheffield, which was combined with their NCK Crane & Excavator division. This became NCK-Rapier. The walking dragline division of NCK-Rapier was acquired by Bucyrus in 1988. The Marion Power Shovel Company (established in 1880) built its first walking dragline with

2535-494: The above-water sand bars were mined by hand. The material was carried on barges to the nearby drying works. Soon suction dredges were employed and the mining spread along the lower Peace River . Moorhead soon sold his Arcadia Phosphate Co. to Hammond & Hull of Savannah, Georgia a large fertilizer operation in that city. Moorhead returned to Pennsylvania, where he developed a phosphate mine in Juniata County, PA and formed

2600-592: The area exclusively and is seeking to mine properties further south, in Hardee and Manatee Counties. With renewed interest in corn -based ethanol fuel , the demand for fertilizer is expected to increase. Throughout most of the 20th century, the Bone Valley region received service from two major railroads, the Atlantic Coast Line and Seaboard Air Line . Many plants and mines were served by both railroads, such as

2665-428: The boom of the 1960s and 1970s which led to more mergers. P&H's acquisition of Page in 1988 along with Bucyrus' acquisition of Ransomes & Rapier in 1988 and Marion in 1997 cut the number of worldwide suppliers of heavy draglines by more than half. Today, P&H and Caterpillar are the only remaining manufacturers of large draglines. Heavy Engineering Corporation Limited was the first Indian company to manufacture

Bone Valley - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-410: The bucket and hoist-coupler assembly from the boom. The dragrope is used to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By skillful maneuver of the hoist and the dragropes the bucket is controlled for various operations. A schematic of a large dragline bucket system is shown below. The dragline was invented in 1904 by John W. Page (as a partner of the firm Page & Schnable Contracting) for use in digging

2795-417: The drag chains for the shoes and changing to a cam wheel running in an oval track. This gave the shoe a proper elliptical motion. The first dragline using the new mechanism was the 3-W available in 1926. So popular were these machines that the name Monighan became a generic term for dragline. In the early 1930s, Bucyrus-Erie began purchasing shares of Monighan stock with Monighan's approval. Bucyrus purchased

2860-415: The dragline. Above that distance, disassembly is generally required. But mining draglines due to their reach can work a large area from one position and do not need to constantly move along the face like smaller machines. The primary limitations of draglines are their boom height and boom length, which limits where the dragline can dump the waste material. Another primary limitation is their dig depth, which

2925-409: The drying plant and barge loading facilities. A branch running north for about 3 miles (4.8 km) upstream from Arcadia served many load-outs along the river. In the early years, phosphate from the Peace River area was barged to Punta Gorda , or shipped by rail to Port Tampa . Other important ports were later established at Seddon Island , Boca Grande , and Rockport . Today Mosaic Inc. mines

2990-708: The effects of heavy rainfall have created sinkholes beneath the settling ponds. In August 2016, a sinkhole opened up under a gypsum stack at the Mosaic’s New Wales fertilizer plant in Mulberry, Florida. 215 million gallons of containment water dumped into the Floridan Aquifer. Most recently in March 2021, millions of gallons of industrial wastewater from the former Piney Point fertilizer processing plant in Manatee County

3055-425: The first diesel engines exclusively for dragline application in 1924. Page also invented the arched dragline bucket, a design still commonly used today by draglines from many other manufacturers, and in the 1960s pioneered an archless bucket design. With its walking mechanism badly behind that of competitor Monighan (see below), Page updated their mechanism to an eccentric drive in 1935. This much improved mechanism gave

3120-447: The jib and then releasing a clutch on the drag cable. This would then swing the bucket like a pendulum . Once the bucket had passed the vertical, the hoist cable would be released thus throwing the bucket. On smaller draglines, a skilled operator could make the bucket land about one-half the length of the jib further away than if it had just been dropped. On larger draglines, this is not a common practice. A large dragline system used in

3185-447: The journey to the drying plants at Arcadia and Hull. Hammond dropped out around 1890 and the new firm was known as Comer & Hull. The Peace River Phosphate Co. had built a narrow gauge railroad north of Arcadia to their load-outs along the Peace River. Like the Comer & Hull operations, the ore was hauled to the drying plant at Arcadia where it was loaded into the narrow gauge boxcars of

3250-441: The land. More than 180,000 acres (728 km) have already been mined and reclaimed in the Peace River watershed. As reserves in the northern portion of the bone valley are depleting, mining companies are now seeking permits for another 100,000 acres (405 km), which will replace reclaimed mines to the north. One byproduct of the extraction process is clay , which is stored in settling ponds and eventually comprises 30%-40% of

3315-432: The largest mobile land machines ever built, weighing up to 13,500 tons, while the smallest and most common of the site-erected type weigh around 8,000 tons. A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a large truss -like boom (or mast) with wire ropes . The bucket is maneuvered by means of a number of ropes and chains. The hoist rope, powered by large diesel or electric motors , supports

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3380-651: The mining industry, there is still much debate as to whether UDD improvements justify their costs. Peace River Phosphate Company The Micajah T. Singleton House is an historic 1891 residence in DeSoto County, Florida . It is located in Arcadia, Florida at 711 West Hickory Street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 6, 2013. The home is one of the few remaining examples in Arcadia of

3445-507: The narrow gauge Tuscarora Valley Railroad . Hammond & Hull also owned the Charlotte Harbor Phosphate Co. which had their works at Hull, connecting with the Florida Southern by a short branch line. To connect the two plants, Hammond & Hull built a narrow gauge railroad between Arcadia and Hull circa 1890. The railroad served various load-outs along the river, where the barges carrying pebble were unloaded into ore cars for

3510-585: The phosphate from the sand, clay, and other materials, and mix in more water to create a granular rock termed wetrock . The wetrock, which is typically of little use in raw form, is then moved largely by rail to fertilizer plants where it is processed. The final products include, but are not limited to, diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and trisodium phosphate (TSP). Waste byproducts are stored in large phosphogypsum stacks and settling ponds, often hundreds of acres in size, and up to 200 feet (60.96 m) tall. Because this phosphogypsum

3575-465: The riverbed for many miles with a toxic clay slime that suffocates flora and fauna . One such incident in 1971 killed over three million fish when 2 million US gallons (7,600 m) of phosphate waste swept into the river, causing an estimated 5-foot-tall (1.5 m) tide of slime that spread into adjacent pastures and wetlands. Since the 1971 spill, clay settling areas are now constructed as engineered dams. In 2004, during Hurricane Frances ,

3640-490: The road on flatbed trailers. Draglines used in civil engineering are of this smaller, crane type. These are used for road , port construction, pond and canal dredging, and as pile driving rigs. These types are built by crane manufacturers such as Link-Belt and Hyster . The much larger type which is erected on site is commonly used in strip-mining operations to remove overburden above coal and more recently for oil sands mining. The largest heavy draglines are among

3705-525: The samples to a laboratory for analysis. The tests showed high quality bone phosphate of lime. LeBaron tried to interest investors in New York, Boston and Philadelphia , but none would invest in the project. Frustrated, he left the United States for the ill-fated Nicaraguan Canal Project . The test results became known to Colonel G.W. Scott who owned the G.W. Scott Manufacturing Co. of Atlanta and he sent

3770-505: The smaller draglines are now rarely used other than on river and gravel pit works. The small machines were of a mechanical drive with clutches. Firms such as Ruston and Bucyrus made models such as the RB10 which were popular for small building works and drainage work. Several of these can still be seen in the English Fens of Cambridgeshire , Lincolnshire and parts of Norfolk . Ruston's are

3835-523: The works on the river to the interchange with the Florida Southern. This company and its railroad were the first direct ancestor of the future Charlotte Harbor & Northern. The Peace River Phosphate Co. began mining in the Winter of 1889, and most of the ore was shipped to Punta Gorda via the Florida Southern , where it was loaded onto ships for export to Europe. Early mining was with pick and shovel where

3900-411: Was a phosphatase quality to the fossils and the deposit they were found in was very valuable. The Smithsonian wanted him to return and lead an expedition for prospecting more fossils, but Captain LeBaron was unable to return due to important duties at Fernandina where he was put in charge of harbor improvements. In December 1886, LeBaron returned to the Peace River where he dug some test pits and sent

3965-640: Was established as P&H Mining in 1884 by Alonzo Pawling and Henry Harnischfeger . In 1914, P&H introduced the world's first gasoline engine powered dragline. In 1988, Page was acquired by Harnischfeger which makes the P&;H line of shovels , draglines, and cranes . P&H's largest dragline is the 9030C with a 160-yard bucket and up to a 425-foot boom. In 1907, Monighan's Machine Works of Chicago became interested in manufacturing draglines when local contractor John W. Page placed an order for hoisting machinery to install one. In 1908, Monighan changed its name to

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4030-466: Was introduced in 1911 as the first crawler mounted dragline. In 1912 Bucyrus helped pioneer the use of electricity as a power source for large stripping shovels and draglines used in mining. An Italian company, Fiorentini , produced dragline excavators from 1919 licensed by Bucyrus. After the merger with Monighan in 1946, Bucyrus began producing much larger machines using the Monighan walking mechanism such as

4095-769: Was made in May 1888 when the first ten car loads were dispatched to Scott's Fertilizer Works in Atlanta, Georgia. Soon after, G.W. Scott formed the Desoto Phosphate Co. at Zolfo where the Florida Southern Railway crossed the Peace River. The biggest player was the Peace River Phosphate Company (formed in January 1887) which was located in Arcadia by M.M. Knudson of New York and they built a narrow gauge railroad from

4160-694: Was minimal. In a consent agreement with the Department of Environmental Protection, Cargill greatly increased its water treatment capacity at the facility. The facility is a no discharge facility and was overwhelmed by the above normal rainfall in 2004, in addition to being affected by three hurricanes. On occasion, clay slime spills have prevented the Peace River Manasota Water Supply Authority from using river flows for drinking water, forcing municipalities to seek water supplies elsewhere, or rely on stored supplies. On several occasions,

4225-720: Was released into Tampa Bay in response to the facility’s second leak in a decade. DEP permitted the controlled release into the Port of Manatee waters in Manatee Harbor to prevent such a failure. Environmental advocates are concerned about the effect that releasing nutrient-rich water once again will have on wildlife in Tampa Bay, and if red tide blooms, over the potential for economic impact. 27°55′03″N 81°42′49″W  /  27.9175°N 81.7136°W  / 27.9175; -81.7136 Dragline excavator A dragline excavator

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