135-716: The Bombay Army was the army of the Bombay Presidency , one of the three presidencies of British India . It was established in 1668 and governed by the East India Company until the Government of India Act 1858 transferred all presidencies to the direct authority of the British Crown . On 1 April 1895 the army was incorporated into the newly created Indian Army , and became known as the Bombay Command until 1908. In
270-723: A Lazarist mission in Hamasien , at the edge of Tewodros's realm; they were the only country known to have responded. A former diplomat points out more was involved than simple indifference: The letter was in Amharic and was sent to Germany for translation. Tewodros's letter to Queen Victoria appealed to Christian solidarity in the face of the Islamic expansion occurring throughout the region but this garnered little sympathy. The British Empire's interests in Northeast Africa were not geared towards
405-482: A British Army through your country, bear in mind, People of Abyssinia, that the Queen of England [ sic ] has no unfriendly feelings towards you, and no design against your country or your Liberty. Your religious establishments, your persons and your property shall be carefully protected. All supplies required for my soldiers shall be paid for. No peaceable inhabitant shall be molested. The sole object for which
540-511: A British missionary. Stern had also mentioned the Emperor's humble origins in a book he had published; although the reference was not intended to be insulting ("the eventful and romantic history of the man, who, from a poor boy, in a reed-built convent became...the conqueror of numerous provinces, and the Sovereign of a great and extensive realm" ) it proved to be a dangerous mistake. At the time Tewodros
675-696: A Christian "crusade" against Islam but instead, the British sought to cooperate politically, strategically and commercially with the Ottoman Empire , Egypt and the Sudan. This was not only to protect the route to India but also to ensure that the Ottoman Empire continued to act as a buffer against Russia's plans for expansion into Central Asia. Moreover, as a result of the American Civil War , deliveries of cotton from
810-468: A District Collector (officially styled, Deputy Commissioner). The districts were further divided into sub-divisions each under the charge of a Deputy Collector or Assistant Collector, each sub-division comprising a few taluks or tehsils each administered by a tahsildar . The East India Company had raised armies in each of the Presidencies, Bombay, Bengal and Madras . The Bombay Army consisted of
945-470: A chancellor, vice-chancellor and fellows. The governor of Bombay was ex-officio chancellor. The education department was under a director of public instruction, who was responsible for the administration of the department in accordance with the general educational policy of the state. The native states generally adopted the government system. Baroda and the Kathiawar states employed their own inspectors. In 1905
1080-582: A commercial crisis and the failure of the Bank of Bombay (1866). But the peasantry gained on the whole more than they lost, and the trade of Bombay was not permanently injured. Sir Bartle Frere encouraged the completion of the great trunk lines of railways , and with the funds obtained by the demolition of the town walls (1862) he began the magnificent series of public buildings that now adorn Bombay ( Mumbai ). During this period, parts of Bombay presidency were devastated by two great famines: Great Famine of 1876–78 and
1215-524: A factory there. At the time of the transfer, powers for the island's defence and for the administration of justice were also conferred on the company; a European regiment was enrolled; and fortifications were erected which in 1673 proved sufficient to deter the Dutch from an intended attack. As English trade in Bombay increased, Surat (which had been sacked by Shivaji in 1670) began its relative decline. In 1687, Bombay
1350-457: A funeral plaque placed to his memory by Queen Victoria. After the withdrawal of the British, fighting for the succession to Tewodros's throne raged in Ethiopia from 1868 to 1872. Eventually, it was Dajamach Kassai of Tigray, not least because of the British weapons given to him by the withdrawing Magdala expedition, who was able to expand his power and prevail over his rivals. In July 1871, he won
1485-646: A garrison in Aden. During the remainder of the 19th century Bombay Army units participated in the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia , the Second Afghan War of 1878–80, and the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885–87. In 1895 the three separate Presidency Armies were abolished and the Army of India was divided into four commands, each commanded by a lieutenant-general. These comprised Madras (including Burma), Punjab (including
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#17328439921051620-778: A new life for their families there. The German observer Josef Bechtinger, who accompanied the expedition, wrote: Most of them, instead of thanking Providence for their final rescue – were not all happy with the new turn of events. They were indignant, upset, at having to leave Abyssinia. "What" they said, "are we supposed to do in Europe now, what are we supposed to do now with our wives and children back in our homeland – which has become alien to us? How are we supposed to live now among people who have [become] alien to us and whom we no longer like? What are we supposed to live on? Bechtinger reported that many of them eventually returned to their adopted country from Suez by way of Massawa. In London, Napier
1755-732: A number of infantry regiments, sapper and miner units and irregular cavalry. A number of these continue to exist today in the Indian Army ; examples being the Mahar Regiment , Maratha Light Infantry and the Grenadiers , amongst others, in the case of infantry, the Bombay Sappers as engineers and the Poona Horse amongst the cavalry. Under Lord Kitchener 's re-arrangement of the Indian army in 1904
1890-485: A numerous staff of clerks. The administration of justice throughout the Presidency was conducted by a High Court at Bombay, consisting of a chief justice and seven puisne judges, along with district and assistant judges throughout the districts of the Presidency. Each of the four divisions were administered by a senior Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer of the rank of Commissioner while the districts were each administered by
2025-480: A regimental plate and buckskin breeches. Studies of two British officers: one mounted, in service dress, the other in cold weather uniform; an officer from a grenadier company in full dress; two sepoys in cold weather dress; two sepoys in hot weather dress; a sepoy's blue soft cap and three sketches of grenadier uniform details can be seen at the National Army Museum. In addition, a surviving officers uniform to
2160-415: A second gate, through which we passed without meeting resistance. About a hundred paces beyond it lay the half-naked body of the Emperor himself, who had taken his own life with a pistol shot. A strange smile was on the remarkably young and attractive-looking face, and I was struck particularly by the finely drawn, boldly aquiline nose. Tewodros's body was cremated and his ashes buried inside a local church by
2295-482: A small cluster of independent zamindaris , situated in the wild and hilly tracts at the northern extremity of the Sahyadri range, and certain. principalities which, from their history or geographical position, are to some extent isolated from the rest of the presidency. Baroda State (Vadodara), one of the residencies of British India , was combined in the 1930s with the residencies of the princely states (agencies) of
2430-503: The Amhara people ; however Tewodros had won it back from them some years earlier. Two rival Oromo queens, Werkait and Mostiat, had both allied themselves with the British and claimed control of the conquered fortress as a reward. Napier much preferred to hand Magdala over to the Christian ruler of Lasta , Wagshum Gobeze , because if Gobeze were in control of the fortress, he would be able to halt
2565-700: The Bani Bu Ali in 1821 , in North-Western India, notably the 1st Afghan War of 1838–1842, the Sind War of 1843, the 2nd Sikh War of 1848–49 and the Persian War of 1856-57 . The Bombay Army had acquired responsibility for garrisoning Aden, and The 1st Bombay European Regiment, The Bombay Marine Battalion and the 24th Bombay Native Infantry all saw service there in 1839. As of 1 January 1842 the Bombay Army's disposition
2700-886: The British Museum or the Bodleian Library in Oxford , while a few went to the Royal Library in Windsor Castle and to smaller British collections. Other looted objects ended up in the Victoria and Albert Museum , the Museum of Mankind and the National Army Museum . The National Army Museum agreed to return a lock of Tewodros' hair in 2019 which was taken during the expedition. All the scientific acquisitions and expropriated articles of
2835-535: The Confederate States of America to the British textile industry were declining, making the British increasingly dependent on Egyptian-Sudanese cotton. In the view of these interests, the British Foreign Office did not look favourably on supporting Tewodros. The letter was preserved but not answered. The first European to cross Tewodros' path after this lack of a response happened to be Henry Stern ,
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#17328439921052970-695: The Dominion of India . When provinces were replaced with states when the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, the day India became the first republic in the Commonwealth of Nations , Bombay Province became Bombay State , a Part-A state. The Bombay Presidency was bounded on the north by Baluchistan , the Punjab and Rajputana ; on the east by Indore , the Central Provinces and Hyderabad ; on
3105-555: The Indian Civil Service . For making laws there was a legislative council, consisting of the Governor and his executive council, with certain other persons, not fewer than eight or more than twenty, at least half of them being non-officials. Each of the members of the executive council had in his charge one or two departments of the government; and each department had a secretary, an under-secretary , and an assistant secretary , with
3240-520: The Indian famine of 1896–97 . British India's Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, enacted in 1921, expanded the Legislative Council to include more elected Indian members, and introduced the principle of dyarchy , whereby certain responsibilities, including agriculture, health, education, and local government, were transferred to elected ministers. However, the important portfolios like finance, police and irrigation were reserved with members of
3375-658: The Khandesh Agency , Surgana and Jawhar ; South Konkan and Dharwar, comprising Janjira , Sawantwadi and Savanur , as well as the territories under the Deccan States Agency , including the Deccan Satara Jagirs, Ichalkaranji , Sangli Akkalkot , Bhor , Aundh , Phaltan , Jath and Daphalapur, the southern Maratha states, comprising Kolhapur , among other states, and Khairpur in Sindh. The native states under
3510-497: The Royal Engineers as they blew up the gates of the fortress at 4pm. British infantry then poured in and opened fire, and advanced with fixed bayonets, forcing the defenders to retreat to the second gate. The British then advanced and took the second gate, where they found Tewodros dead inside. Tewodros had committed suicide with a pistol that had originally been a gift from Queen Victoria, rather than face captivity. When his death
3645-577: The Talpur dynasty in the Battle of Hyderabad . At its greatest extent, the Bombay Province comprised the present-day state of Gujarat , the western two-thirds of Maharashtra state, including the divisions of Konkan , Desh & Kandesh , and also northwestern Carnataca ; it also included Pakistan 's Sindh Province (1847–1935) and Aden of present-day Yemen (1839–1932). The districts and provinces of
3780-461: The dowry by way of his marriage treaty with princess Catherine De Braganza , daughter of John IV of Portugal . The English East India Company transferred its Western India headquarters from Surat in the Gulf of Cambay after it was sacked , to the relatively safe Bombay Harbour in 1687. The province was brought under direct rule along with other parts of British India through Pitt's India Act , after
3915-622: The nationalisation of the East India Company. Major territorial acquisitions were made by the company after Anglo-Maratha Wars when the whole of the Peshwa 's dominions and much of the Gaekwad 's sphere of influence were annexed to the Bombay Presidency in stages up until 1818. Aden including Socotra were placed under Bombay in 1839, Sind was annexed by the company in 1843 after defeating
4050-404: The "supervision" of the government of Bombay were divided, historically and geographically, into two main groups. The northern or Gujarat group includes the territories of the Gaekwad of Baroda , with the smaller states which form the administrative divisions of Kutch , Palanpur , Rewa Kantha, and Mahi Kantha. These territories, with the exception of Kutch, have a historical connection, as being
4185-618: The 16th century, due to the colonial era of the Portuguese in Goa and Bombay-Bassein . While in the Belgaum area of the Carnatic region , Lingayatis dating to the 12th century, was accepted by nearly 45% of the population. The Marathas were the predominant caste numbering 3,650,000 (1901), 1,900,000 Kunbis and other 350,000 Konkanis , and another 1,400,000 Marathas not specified. The chief languages of
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4320-489: The 1750s on had however been expanded to include a majority of indigenous sepoys, initially employed as irregulars for particular campaigns. The first two regular sepoy battalions were raised in 1768, a third in 1760 and a fourth ten years later. The non-Indian (mostly British but also including Swiss and German mercenaries) element was organized in a single Bombay European Regiment. In 1796 the Bombay Native Infantry
4455-445: The 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry Regiment can also be seen at the NAM, the uniform with provenance to John Grant Malcolmson VC. For a brief time after January 1856, the Bombay infantry regiments transitioned to tunics with Carman denoting tunics were for those 'who are at the present without dress coatee'. 1856 pattern officers tunics were scarlet with light yellow facings and gold braid. Following
4590-536: The Arogye battle was far more bloody and consequential than the subsequent day's siege of the hill-top fort at Magdala. After repelling the Ethiopian attack, the British force moved onto Magdala the following day. As the British approached, Tewodros released two hostages on parole to offer terms. Napier insisted on release of the hostages and an unconditional surrender. Tewodros refused to unconditionally surrender, but released
4725-524: The Battle of Assam, near Adwa , even though he had far fewer troops defeated his old rival Wagshum Gobeze of Lasta. Kassai had himself crowned Emperor of Ethiopia, taking the name Yohannes IV . The success of the expedition led to the institution of a battle honour , Abyssinia, which was awarded to units of the British Indian Army that had participated in the campaign. The units that participated from
4860-555: The Bombay Presidency into a regular province, and made Sind a separate province, with relations with the princely state of Khairpur managed by Sindh. It enlarged the elected provincial legislature and expanded provincial autonomy vis a vis the central government. In the 1937 elections , the Indian National Congress won the elections in Bombay but declined to form the government. The Governor Sir George Lloyd invited Sir Dhanjishah Cooper , to form an interim ministry which
4995-458: The British Army, thus transforming an apparent invasion of Abyssinia into a conquest of a single mountain fortress defended by only a few thousand warriors in the employ of an unpopular ruler. Additionally, the British secured the support of two Oromo Queens, Werkait and Mostiat, to block all escape routes from Magdala. At the same time the British marched south to Magdala, Tewodros advanced from
5130-469: The British Envoy Rassam and many others, in violation of the laws of all civilized nations. All friendly persuasion having failed to obtain their release, my Sovereign has commanded me to lead an Army to liberate them. All who befriend the prisoners or assist in their liberation shall be well rewarded, but those who may injure them shall be severely punished. When the time shall arrive for the march of
5265-519: The British Force has been sent to Abyssinia is the liberation of Her Majesty's subjects. There is no intention to occupy permanently any portion of the Abyssinian Territory, or to interfere with the government of the country. The three most powerful Ethiopian princes in the north, Dajamach Kassai of Tigray , Wagshum Gobeze of Lasta and Menelik II of Shewa pledged to cooperate and aid
5400-509: The British Museum, to carry out an excavation in nearby Adulis , the harbour of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum . Several artifacts were uncovered including pottery, coins and stone columns. This marked the first archaeological excavation of the ancient city of Adulis, a key African port of antiquity which served as a hub for trade along the Red Sea. By 2 June, the base camp was dismantled and as
5535-660: The British and the Marathas was the First Anglo-Maratha War which began in 1774 and resulted in the 1782 Treaty of Salbai , by which the island of Salsette , adjacent to Bombay island, was ceded to the British, while Bharuch was ceded to the Maratha ruler Scindia . The British annexed Surat in 1800. British territory was enlarged in the Second Anglo-Maratha War which ended in 1803. The East India Company received
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5670-547: The British in response required the transportation of a sizeable military force hundreds of kilometres across mountainous terrain lacking any road system. The formidable obstacles to the action were overcome by the commander of the expedition, General Robert Napier , who captured the Ethiopian capital, and rescued all the hostages. Historian Harold G. Marcus described the action as "one of the most expensive affairs of honour in history." By October 1862 Emperor Tewodros 's position as ruler had become precarious: much of Ethiopia
5805-529: The British positions. The British quickly deployed to meet the charging mass, and poured devastating fire into their ranks, including rockets from the Naval Brigade and Mountain gun artillery fire, as well as rifle fire. Of the rocket fire, Captain Hozier remarked "Many a charred mass and mangled heap showed how terrible was the havoc, how awful the death". During the fighting, an advance guard unit overpowered some of
5940-588: The British responsible for their external affairs. Relations between British India and the states were managed by British agents placed at the principal native capitals; their exact status varied in the different states according to the relations in which the principalities stood with the paramount power. The principal groups of states were North Gujarat , comprising Kutch , Kathiawar Agency , Palanpur Agency , Mahi Kantha Agency , Ambliara Rewa Kantha Agency and Cambay ; South Gujarat, comprising Dharampur , Bansda and Sachin ; North Konkan, Nasik and Khandesh, of
6075-524: The British troops in the Presidency to Bengal, while the Bombay sepoy and sowar (cavalry) units held the southern districts of the North-West Frontier. Some Bombay units saw active service during the repression of the rebellion in Central India. Following the transfer from East India Company rule to that of the British government in 1861 the Bombay Army underwent a series of changes. These included
6210-409: The British until Queen Victoria announced the decision to send a military expedition to rescue the hostages 21 August 1867. In the eyes of Alan Moorehead , "There has never been in modern times a colonial campaign quite like the British expedition to Ethiopia in 1868. It proceeds from first to last with the decorum and heavy inevitability of a Victorian state banquet, complete with ponderous speeches at
6345-407: The Company took over control of the city of Bombay. The Mahars served in both Bombay Army and Marine battalions. Prior to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 they were heavily recruited and constituted between a fifth and a quarter of the entire Bombay Army. By 1783 the Bombay Army had grown to 15,000 men, a force that was still significantly smaller than the other two Presidency armies. Recruitment from
6480-410: The Ethiopian artillery crews and captured their artillery pieces. After a chaotic 90-minute battle, the defeated Ethiopians retreated back to Magdala. Altogether, about 700 to 800 Ethiopian warriors were killed and 1,200 to 1,500 wounded, most of them seriously, while on the British side there were only twenty casualties, two fatally wounded men, nine seriously wounded, and nine lightly wounded. As such,
6615-412: The European hostages over the next two days, while the native hostages had their hands and feet amputated before being thrown over the edge of the precipice surrounding the plateau. The British continued their advance on 13 April, and laid siege to the fortress of Magdala. The British attack began with a bombardment with mortars, rockets, and artillery. Infantry units then opened fire to provide cover for
6750-474: The Governor's Executive Council. Some of the prominent Indian members of the Executive Council were Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad , R. P. Paranjpye , Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah , Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlavi , Rafiuddin Ahmed , Siddappa Totappa Kambli , Shah Nawaz Bhutto and Sir Cowasji Jehangir . In 1932, Aden was separated from Bombay and made a separate province, and Sindh became a separate province on 1 April 1936. The Government of India Act 1935 made
6885-404: The Great Indian Peninsula, Indian Midland, Bombay, Baroda & Central India, and the Rajputana , Malwa & Southern Mahratta systems. In 1905 the total length of railway under the Bombay government open for traffic was 7,980 miles (12,840 km), which did not include the railway system in Sindh . The University of Bombay was established in 1857, and had an administration consisting of
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#17328439921057020-411: The King's indecisiveness, and continuing confusion about the envoy's instructions" delayed Rassam's arrival at Tewodros's camp until January 1866. At first, it looked as if Rassam might succeed in the release of the hostages: the Emperor showed him great favour, establishing him at Qorata , a village on the south-eastern shores of Lake Tana , and sending him numerous gifts, and having Cameron, Stern, and
7155-417: The North West Frontier) and Bengal. In 1903 the separately numbered regiments of the Bombay, Madras and Bengal Armies were unified in a single organisational sequence and the presidency affiliations disappeared. As with many of the Indian infantry fighting regiments, the Bombay Native Infantry mostly adhered to British army regulations - the officers prior to 1856 having worn coatees with gold lace, shakos with
7290-413: The North West Frontier), Bengal and Bombay (including Aden). In 1895 the three separate Presidency Armies began a process of unification which was not to be concluded until the Kitchener reforms of eight years later. As an initial step the Army of India was divided into four commands, each commanded by a lieutenant-general. These comprised Bombay (including Aden), Madras (including Burma), Punjab (including
7425-469: The Norton tube well technology, were so successful at providing groundwater for the British forces that they became known as "Abyssinian wells" and were widely adopted in England and elsewhere for providing reliable water supplies From Senafe, Merewether sent out two letters from Lieutenant-General Napier: one to Emperor Tewodros, demanding the release of the hostages (which Rassam intercepted and destroyed, afraid this ultimatum might enrage Tewodros against
7560-423: The Oromos' advance and assume responsibility for over 30,000 Christian refugees from Tewodros's camp. Yet as Gobeze was unresponsive to these overtures, much preferring to acquire Tewodros's cannons, and the two Oromo queens could not reach an arrangement, Napier decided to destroy the fortress. Following the destruction of Magdala, the British began to retrace their steps back to Zula, "an imposing procession, with
7695-408: The Portuguese. In 1661 Bombay was ceded to the Kingdom of England as part of the dowry of the infanta Catherine of Braganza on her marriage to King Charles II . So lightly was the acquisition esteemed in England, and so unsuccessful was the administration of the crown officers, that in 1668 Bombay was transferred to the East India Company for an annual payment of £10, and the company established
7830-439: The Presidency known as Western Presidency was begun in 1618 at Surat in present-day Gujarat , when the East India Company established a factory , protected by a charter obtained from the Mughal Emperor Jahangir . In 1626 the Dutch and the English made an unsuccessful attempt to gain possession of the island of Bombay in the coastal Konkan region from Portugal , and in 1653 proposals were suggested for its purchase from
7965-434: The Red Sea, about 30 miles (48 km) south of Massawa, and began to construct a port in mid-October 1867. By the end of the first month they had completed a pier, 700 yards (640 m) long; they completed a second one by the first week of December. The railway was already reaching into the interior, with eight iron girder bridges built. At the same time an advance guard, under Sir William Lockyer Merewether , had pushed up
8100-410: The Yejju, who were coming to him to offer their submission, upon hearing Tewodros's savagery promptly turned around. On 9 April, the lead elements of the British force reached the Bashilo, "and on the following morning, Good Friday, they crossed the stream barefooted, stopping to fill their water-bottles on the way." On the afternoon of that Good Friday, the decisive Battle of Magdala began outside
8235-458: The allies or tributaries of the Gaekwad until 1805, when final engagements were included between that prince and the British government . The southern or Maratha group includes Kolhapur, Akalkot, Sawantwari, and the Satara and southern Mahratta Jagirs, and has a historical bond of union in the friendship they showed to the British in their final struggle with the power of the peshwa until 1818. The remaining territories may conveniently be divided into
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#17328439921058370-420: The armed forces of the British Empire against the Ethiopian Empire (also known at the time as Abyssinia). Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia , then often referred to by the anglicized name Theodore, imprisoned several missionaries and two representatives of the British government in an attempt to force the British government to comply with his requests for military assistance. The punitive expedition launched by
8505-433: The army reached Lake Ashangi , 100 miles (160 km) from their goal, and here, to further lighten their loads, the troops were put on half-rations. At this point, Emperor Tewodros's strength had already been dissolving. At the beginning of 1865 he controlled little more than Begemder , Wadla , and Delanta (wherein the fortress of Magdala lay). He struggled to keep up the size of his army—which Sven Rubenson points out
8640-796: The bands playing and the flags leading the way, but the army soon learned that they had earned no gratitude in Ethiopia; they were treated as simply another warlike tribe on the move, and now that they were going away like weak and defeated men they were an obvious target for attack." At Senafe, the British rewarded Ras Kassai, Yohannes IV , for his services with a formidable quantity of supplies, which Marcus estimates were worth "approximately £500,000": six mortars, six howitzers, about 900 muskets and rifles, stocks of ammunition which included 585,480 percussion caps , and other goods and supplies. These later aided his rise to Emperor against such talented rivals as Wagshum Gobeze and Menelik of Shewa . At Zula, Napier assigned Captain Charles Goodfellow , on behalf of
8775-496: The beginning of the Indian film industry. Around one year before, Ramchandra Gopal (known as Dadasaheb Torne ) had filmed a stage drama called Pundalik and shown it in the same theatre. However, the credit for making the first Indian feature film is attributed to Dadasaheb Phalke. Other producers at Bombay during the presidency era were Sohrab Modi , Himanshu Rai , V. Shantaram , Shashadhar Mukherjee , and Ardeshir Irani . Ever since production of films took place, there started
8910-432: The campaign belonged, with the exception of the Madras Sappers , to the Bengal and Bombay Presidency armies . The British Museum sent a member of staff as part of the expedition. After the Magdala expeditions ended, many looted objects, cultural artefacts and art objects found their way into state and private collections, family possessions, and the hands of ordinary soldiers. Most of the books and manuscripts went to
9045-414: The capital. The four divisions were Sind, the northern or Gujarat, the central or Deccan and the southern or Carnatic . The government of Bombay was administered by a Governor-in-Council , consisting of the Governor as president and two ordinary members. The Governor was appointed by the British Crown on the advice of the Secretary of State for India . The members of his council were appointed from
9180-425: The class of goods produced. In addition to the mills there were (1901) 178,000 hand-loom weavers in the province, who still have a position of their own in the manipulation of designs woven into the cloth. Silk goods were manufactured in Ahmedabad , Surat , Yeola , Nasik , Thana and Bombay , the material decorated with printed or woven designs; competition from European goods caused the silk industry to decline in
9315-425: The collection of taxes doubly unwelcome, naturally excited a certain amount of misgiving and resentment; but on the whole the population was prosperous and contented, and under Lord Elphinstone (1853–1860) the presidency passed through the crisis of the Revolt of 1857 without any general rising. Outbreaks among the troops at Karachi , Ahmedabad and Kolhapur were quickly put down, two regiments being disbanded, and
9450-469: The definitive attempt, at the turning point of the Emperor's career. Success might stabilize the internal situation; defeat would pull out the last prop. He proposed to send embassies with the ultimate objective of obtaining military alliances and agreements for technical progress." Tewodros sent letters to the Russian Empire , Prussia , the Austrian Empire , French Empire and the British Empire . The French government responded with demands on behalf of
9585-479: The disbandment of three regiments of Bombay Native Infantry and the recruitment of replacement units from the Beluchi population. Originally created as irregular units, the three "Belooch" regiments in their red trousers were to remain a conspicuous part of the Bombay Army for the remainder of its separate existence. By 1864 the Bombay Army had been reorganised as follows: With brigades at Bombay, Belgaum, Neemuch, Poona, Ahmednuggur, Nusseerabad and Deesa; as well as
9720-498: The districts of Bharuch , Kaira , etc., and the Maratha Gaekwad rulers of Baroda acknowledged British sovereignty. In 1803, the Bombay Presidency included only Salsette , the islands of the harbour (since 1774), Surat and Bankot (since 1756); but between this date and 1827 the framework of the presidency took shape. The Gujarat districts were taken over by the Bombay government in 1805 and enlarged in 1818. Baji Rao II ,
9855-616: The dry bed of the Kumayli River to the Suru Pass , where again the engineers were busy at work building a road to Senafe 63 miles (101 km) long, rising to 7,400 feet (2,300 m) for the elephants, gun-carriages, and carts. The demand for water was enormous; the Zula camp using 200 tons a day, which was created using condensation from steamship boilers in the harbour. As the force moved inland, wells had to be dug. These tubewells, versions of
9990-533: The early 20th century. The custom of investing savings in gold and silver ornaments gave employment to many goldsmiths: the metal was usually supplied by the customer, and the goldsmith charged for his labour. Ahmedabad and Surat are famous for their carved woodwork. Many of the houses in Ahmedabad are covered with elaborate wood-carving, and excellent examples exist in Broach , Baroda , Surat , Nasik and Yeola . Salt
10125-496: The early stages of Company rule in India , Bombay was rated as an unhealthy and unprofitable region. Accordingly, only a small garrison was maintained while emphasis was placed on creating a local navy (the " Bombay Marine ") to control piracy. In 1742 the Bombay Army consisted of eight companies of European and Eurasian garrison troops, numbering 1,593 of all ranks. These had evolved from independent companies dating back as far as 1668 when
10260-437: The end. And yet it was a fearsome undertaking; for hundreds of years the country had never been invaded, and the savage nature of the terrain alone was enough to promote failure." Planning the expedition was difficult for the British as this war was not on the sea. They later mentioned that Ethiopia had "no seaboard; has, consequently, no cities or forts to bombard, no vessels to attack, and no commerce to appropriate." The task
10395-649: The expedition took with it a sizable sum of the most commonly used currency in 19th century Ethiopia, the Maria Theresa Thaler . The force consisted of 13,000 British and Indian soldiers, 26,000 camp followers and over 40,000 animals, including the elephants. In addition, there was a sizable contingent of embedded journalists, including the journalist Henry Morton Stanley as well as several European observers, translators, artists and photographers. The force set sail from Bombay in upwards of 280 steam and sailing ships. The advance guard of engineers landed at Zula on
10530-516: The first Governor appointed by the Crown. The Governor's Council was reformed and expanded under the Indian Councils Act 1861 , the Indian Councils Act 1892 , the Indian Councils Act 1909 , the Government of India Act 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935 . The establishment of an orderly administration, one outcome of which was a general fall of prices that made the unwonted regularity of
10665-522: The foot of the Emperor's fortress at Magdala. At Antalo , Napier parleyed with Dajamach Kassai (later Emperor Yohannes IV ), and won his support, which the British needed in their single-minded march to Magdala; without the help, or at least indifference, of the local peoples, the British Expedition would have had greater difficulty in reaching its goal deep within the Ethiopian highlands . On 17 March,
10800-526: The fortress, including its churches, as a punitive measure. The troops collected many historical and religious artefacts that were taken back to Britain, many of which can now be seen in the British Library and the British Museum . Fifteen elephants and almost 200 mules were required to carry away the booty. Magdala was in the territory of the Muslim Oromo tribes, who had long before taken it from
10935-542: The fortress. The British had to get past the plateau at Arogye , which lay across the only open route to Magdala. The way was barred by thousands of armed Ethiopian soldiers camped around the hillsides with up to 30 artillery pieces. The British, not expecting the Ethiopians to leave their defences and attack them, paid little attention to them as they formed up to deploy. Tewodros, however, ordered an attack, and thousands of soldiers, many of them armed only with spears, charged
11070-468: The four thousand soldiers who still followed him. Given the opportunity, they might abandon him as so many had already done. Tewodros provided one last demonstration of his lack of diplomatic skills on 17 February, when after accepting the submission of the inhabitants of Delanta , he asked them why they had waited until he appeared with his army. When they answered that they had been prevented by rebellious Oromo and Gobeze, "he told them they were as bad as
11205-410: The infantry assault. Altogether, the British troops' casualties included only ten seriously wounded and five lightly wounded. These deaths are noticeably fewer than the previous day's massacre at Arogye which proved to be the decisive engagement of the campaign. Before the British abandoned Magdala, Sir Robert ordered the destruction of Tewodros's artillery. He also permitted his troops to loot and burn
11340-422: The last of the peshwas , who had attempted to shake off the British yoke, was defeated in the Battle of Khadki , captured subsequently and pensioned ( 1817 /1818), and large portions of his dominions ( Pune , Ahmednagar , Nasik , Solapur , Belgaum , Kaladgi, Dharwad , etc.) were included in the Presidency, the settlement of which was completed by Mountstuart Elphinstone , governor from 1819 to 1827. His policy
11475-510: The lease of the Panch Mahals from Scindia (1853). In 1862, North Canara was transferred from Madras Presidency to Bombay while South Canara remained with Madras. In 1859, under the terms of the Queen's Proclamation issued by Queen Victoria , the Bombay Presidency, along with the rest of British India, came under the direct rule of the British Crown. Henry Bartle Frere (1862–1867) was
11610-636: The members of the Mission and the old captives, from this day." Meanwhile, Emperor Tewodros's behaviour was becoming increasingly erratic, his actions included acts of friendship towards Rassam, paranoid accusations, and sudden violence upon whoever happened to be around him. In the end, Rassam himself was made a prisoner, and one of the missionaries dispatched with the news and Tewodros's latest demands in June 1866. The Emperor eventually moved all of his European prisoners to his fortress on Magdala, and continued to parley with
11745-499: The men and hostages were loaded into the ships, Napier boarded the Feroze on 10 June, and set sail for England by way of the Suez Canal . On a curious side note, many of the hostages were unhappy with Napier's demand that they leave the country. Several hostages argued that they had long since become alienated from their old homeland in Europe and would no longer have any chance of building
11880-501: The most important were cotton, Deccan hemp ( Hibiscus cannabinus ), and sunn or tag ( Crotalaria juncea ). Much was done to improve the cotton of the presidency. American varieties were introduced with much advantage in the Dharwad collectorate and other parts of the southern Maratha country. In Khandesh the indigenous plant from which one of the lowest classes of cotton in the Bombay market takes its name has been almost entirely superseded by
12015-467: The native population, local potentates, and important provincial princes to protect the march from the coast to Magdala and to provide a reliable supply of food and forage. Additionally, Napier's pronouncement to the governors, the chiefs, the religious orders and the people of Abyssinia read: It is known to you that Theodorus, King of Abyssinia, detains in captivity the British Council Cameron,
12150-477: The northern Bombay Presidency to form the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency and subsequently expanded in Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency in 1944. 1. ^ A regiment made up of European soldiers. 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia British victory [REDACTED] United Kingdom The British Expedition to Abyssinia was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by
12285-536: The old Bombay command was abolished and its place was taken by the Western army corps under a lieutenant-general . The army corps was divided into three divisions under major-generals. The 4th (Quetta) Division, with headquarters at Quetta , comprised the troops in the Quetta and Sind districts. The 5th division, with headquarters at Mhow , consisted of three brigades, located at Nasirabad , Jabalpur and Jhansi , and included
12420-461: The other hostages sent to his encampment. However, about this time C.T. Beke arrived at Massawa , and forwarded letters from the hostages' families to Tewodros, asking for their release. At the least Beke's actions only made Tewodros suspicious. Rassam, writing in his memoirs of the incident, is more direct: "I date the change in the King's conduct towards me, and the misfortunes which eventually befell
12555-408: The others, and ordered them to be plundered. ... Consequently, when the King [Tewodros] further ordered them to be attacked, they all fought bravely, and, in conjunction with the inhabitants of Dawunt, killed a great number of his soldiers and seized their arms and mules." Not only had Tewodros isolated himself for several days in a hostile territory within sight of his last stronghold, a deputation from
12690-563: The population of the Bombay Presidency was rural and engaged in agriculture. The staple crops were Sorghum ( jowar ), and Pearl millet ( bajra ) in the Deccan and Khandesh. Rice was the chief product of the Konkan. Wheat, generally grown in the northern part of the Presidency, but specially in Sind and Gujarat, was exported to Europe in large quantities from Karachi, and on a smaller scale from Bombay. Barley
12825-563: The population was 19,916,438 Hindu , 4,567,295 Muslim, 535,950 Jain , 78,552 Parsi and Irani Zoroastrians, and approximately 200,000 Christians. A significant number of Bene Israeli and Paradesi Jews were also present, most of them emigrated in 1948 after the Partition of Palestine and the establishment of the Jewish homeland ( British mandate of Palestine ) in Israel. In Sindh , Islam had been
12960-541: The predominant religion after the Caliphate of Sunni Arab origins conquered it the 8th century. In Gujarat the predominant religion remained Hinduism, although the Sultanate of Guzerat has left its influence and imprints in northern parts of the province. The Deccan region is the home of Marathis , who constituted 30% of the population. The Konkan region was home to various Konkani Christian minorities and communities since
13095-569: The presidency were directly under British rule, while the internal administration of the native or princely states was in the hands of local rulers. The presidency, however, managed the defence of princely states and British relations with them through political agencies . The Bombay Presidency along with the Bengal Presidency and Madras Presidency were the three major centres of British power in South Asia . The first English settlement in
13230-405: The presidency, of which by far the greater number were engaged in the preparation and manufacture of cotton. The industry is centred in Bombay, which contains nearly two-thirds of the mills. During the decade 1891–1901 the mill industry passed through a period of depression due to widespread plague and famine, but on the whole there was a marked expansion of the trade as well as a great improvement in
13365-579: The previous Mhow, Deesa, Nagpur , Narmada and Bundelkhand districts, with the Bombay district north of the Tapti . The 6th division, with headquarters at Pune, consisted of three brigades, located at Bombay, Ahmednagar and Aden. It comprised the previous Poona district, Bombay district south of the Tapti, Belgaum district north of the Tungabhadra , and Dharwar and Aurangabad districts. The overwhelming majority of
13500-451: The priests. The church itself was guarded by soldiers of the 33rd Regiment, who looted it, taking away a variety of gold, silver, and brass crosses, as well as filigree works and rare tabots . The casualties in the Battle for Magdala were comparatively small: the British artillery's bombardment killed about twenty Ethiopian warriors and civilians and wounded about 120, whereas a further forty-five Ethiopians were killed by rifle fire during
13635-412: The prisoners); the other to the people of Ethiopia, proclaiming that he was there purely to free the captives and that he had hostile intentions only towards those who sought to oppose him. Napier arrived at Zula on 2 January 1868, and finished his plan of advance before leaving on 25 January for Senafe. It took the British forces three months to trek over 400 miles (640 km) of mountainous terrain to
13770-459: The province were Sindhi in Sindh, Gujarati in northern division, Marathi in Konkan and the central division, Gujarati and Marathi in Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency , and Marathi and Canarese in the southern division. There were also Bhil (120,000) and Gipsy (30,000) dialects. The Presidency was divided into four Commisserates and twenty-four districts with Bombay city as
13905-611: The re-organisation in 1861, many of the Bombay Native Infantry regiments were reformed to rifle regiments adopting green cloth uniforms with red facings. These were: These were: 4 European Troops These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: Commanders-in-Chief included: Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Army Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Command The following data has been retrieved from The Quarterly Indian Army List for 1 January 1901. This date
14040-568: The rebellions in Gujarat , among the Bhils , and in the southern Maratha country were local and isolated. Under Sir Bartle Frere agricultural prosperity reached its highest point, as a result of the American Civil War and the consequent enormous demand for Indian cotton in Europe. The money thus poured into the country produced an epidemic of speculation known as the Share Mania (1864–1865), which ended in
14175-547: The release of the imprisoned pair, and for a while it appeared that their efforts might succeed; but on 2 January 1864 Cameron was seized along with his staff, and all were put in chains. Shortly afterwards, Tewodros ordered most of the Europeans in the royal camp put into chains. The British government sent Hormuzd Rassam , an ethnic Assyrian Christian from Mesopotamia , to negotiate a solution to this crisis, but "security in Tigre ,
14310-565: The size of the army was calculated and its needs estimated before the massive effort was begun. Moorehead describes it: "Thus, for example, forty-four trained elephants were to be sent from India to carry the heavy guns on the march, while hiring commissions were dispatched all over the Mediterranean and the Near East to obtain mules and camels to handle the lighter gear. A railway, complete with locomotives and some twenty miles (32 km) of track,
14445-555: The south by Madras Presidency and the Kingdom of Mysore ; and on the west by the Arabian Sea . Within these limits were the Portuguese settlements of Goa , Daman and Diu , and the native state of Baroda which has direct relations with the government of India; while politically Bombay included the territory of Aden, in present-day Yemen . The total area, including Sind but excluding Aden,
14580-406: The superior Hinganghat variety. Miscellaneous crops: sugarcane , requiring a rich soil and a perennial water-supply, and only grown in favoured localities, chile peppers , potatoes, turmeric and tobacco. The chief industries of Bombay Presidency involved the milling of cotton. In the late 19th century steam mills sprang up in Bombay, Ahmedabad and Khandesh . In 1905 there were 432 factories in
14715-499: The total number of educational institutions was 10,194 with 593,431 pupils. There were ten art colleges, of which two were managed by government, three by native states, and five were under private management. It was in the year 1913 that the first college of commerce in Asia, Sydenham College , was established. Sind Medical School, medical school in Hyderabad, Sind was established in 1881 and
14850-489: The trend of film making that established and further progressed, resulting in formation of the film industry and new film production companies as well as studios . Outside the Presidency, numerous small states princely states such as those of Kathiawar and Mahikantha came under British suzerainty in a system of subsidiary alliances between 1807 and 1820. The native states eventually comprised some 353 separate units, administered internally by their own princes, with
14985-505: The west, up the course of the Bashilo River , with the cannons (including his prize creation, the massive Sebastopol ) that he had induced the European missionaries and foreign artisans to build for him at Gafat. The Emperor intended to arrive at Magdala before the British, and although he had a shorter distance to cross and had started his journey ten days before Napier left Zula, his success
15120-590: The young boy. Alemayehu later studied at Cheltenham College , the Rugby School and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst . However, both the Queen and Napier were later concerned with the subsequent development of the young prince who became increasingly lonely, unhappy and depressed during this time. In 1879, the prince died of illness at the age of 19. He was buried near the royal chapel in Windsor with
15255-450: Was 188,745 sq mi (488,850 km ), of which 122,984 sq mi (318,530 km ) were under British and 65,761 under native rule. The total population was 25,468,209 in 1901, of which 18,515,587 were resident in British territory and 6,908,648 in native states. The Bombay Presidency had a large and diverse population. The census of 1901 gave a total of 25,468,209. By religion
15390-454: Was affiliated with the University of Bombay. According to the census of 1901, out of a population of 25.5 million nearly 24 million were illiterate. The film production era is said to have commenced in Bombay from 1913 when the first film, Raja Harishchandra by Dadasaheb Phalke made in 1912, was first shown publicly on 3 May 1913 at Mumbai's Coronation Cinema , effectively marking
15525-483: Was also supplemented by regular British Army Regiments and in 1842 one cavalry and four infantry regiments were deployed on the "Bombay Establishment". The Indian Rebellion of 1857 was almost entirely confined to the Bengal Army . Of the thirty-two Bombay infantry regiments in existence at the time only two mutinied. After some initial uncertainty as to the loyalty of the remainder, it was deemed possible to send most of
15660-621: Was an administrative subdivision (province) of India, with its capital in the city that came up over the seven islands of Bombay . The first mainland territory was acquired in the Konkan region with the Treaty of Bassein . Poona was the summer capital . The Bombay province has its beginnings in the city of Bombay that was leased in fee tail to the East India Company , via the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668 by King Charles II of England , who had in turn acquired Bombay on 11 May 1661, through
15795-444: Was announced, resistance from the defenders ceased. A modern commentator states "When Tewodros preferred self-inflicted death to captivity, he deprived the British of this ultimate satisfaction and laid the foundation for his own resurrection as a symbol of the defiant independence of the Ethiopian." Lieutenant Stumm, an eyewitness, described the discovery of Tewodros's body: Climbing a narrow rock stairway, we advanced quickly toward
15930-401: Was as follows: The Bombay native infantry establishment continued to expand until it reached 26 regiments in 1845. Three Bombay Light Cavalry regiments were raised after 1817, plus a few troops of irregular horse. One brigade of Bombay Horse Artillery comprising both British and Indian personnel had been established by 1845, plus three battalions of foot artillery. The Bombay Presidency's Army
16065-411: Was chosen for being in a suitable time period at the end of the Bombay Army. 4 Squadron Commanders 5 Squadron Officers Adjudant Medical Officer 3 Risaldars 5 Ressaidars (including 1 Wardi-Major) 8 Jamadars 32 Daffadars Farrier-Major, 40 Naiks 8 Trumpeters 4 Subalterns Bombay Presidency The Bombay Presidency or Bombay Province , also called Bombay and Sind (1843–1936),
16200-516: Was given to the Bombay Army , and command of the expeditionary force to Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Napier . This was a very unusual decision as it was the first time a campaign had been entrusted to an officer from the Corps of Royal Engineers . It was also a very sensible decision, as the whole campaign would rely on engineering skills to succeed. Intelligence was carefully gathered about Ethiopia while
16335-402: Was his only "instrument of power"—but by mid-1867 defections from his army had reduced its size to 10,000 men. Harold Marcus observes, "For a total cost of about £9,000,000 Napier set out to defeat a man who could muster only a few thousand troops and had long ago ceased to be Ethiopia's leader in anything but title." The British were also aided by their diplomatic and political agreements with
16470-519: Was imprisoned in Massawa by Egyptian forces during the Egyptian-Ethiopian War . Despite being discovered by a group of British sailors from HMS Teazer , the sailors were not permitted to help him escape. Kirkham died in captivity in 1876. Tewodros and Empress Tiruwork Wube son Prince Alemayehu , was kidnapped and taken to London where he was presented to Queen Victoria , who took a liking to
16605-430: Was in revolt against him, except for a small area stretching from Lake Tana east to his fortress at Magdala . He was engaged in constant military campaigns against a wide array of opponents. Likewise, Abyssinia was also threatened by the encroachment of Islam as Ottoman Turks and Egyptians invaded Ethiopia from the Red Sea and through Sudan. Tewodros wrote to the major powers for help. As Donald Crummey recounts, "Now came
16740-560: Was insisting on the truth of his descent from the Solomonic dynasty , and Tewodros expressed his rage in many ways, including having Stern's servants beaten to death, and Stern, together with his assistant, a Mr Rosenthal, were "chained, severely treated, and the latter thrashed on several occasions." The British consul Charles Duncan Cameron , along with the Abuna Salama III and the group of missionaries based at Gafat, all interceded for
16875-478: Was instrumental in training Ethiopian troops to Western military standards, raising and drilling what became known as the Emperor's Disciplined Force. Kirkham's troops played a major role in the defeat of Yohannes's rival for the Ethiopian crown, Wagshum Gobeze , fighting with conspicuous success in the Battle of Assam on 11 July 1871. Kirkham had sacrificed his status as a British subject by agreeing to serve under Yohannes, something which came back to haunt him when he
17010-772: Was joined by Jamnadas Mehta of the Lokashahi Swarajya Paksha ( Democratic Swarajya Party ), Sir Siddappa T. Kambli of the Non-Brahmin Party and Hoosenally Rahimtoola of the Muslim League. The Cooper ministry did not last long and a Congress ministry under B. G. Kher was sworn in. Council of Ministers in Kher's Cabinet: In 1939, all of the Congress ministries in the British Indian provinces resigned and Bombay
17145-577: Was made Baron Napier of Magdala in recognition of his achievement. General Napier was also made Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) on 27 April 1868. At Gibraltar , where he served as governor from 1876 to 1883, there is a battery named in his honour, Napier of Magdala Battery . One soldier from the Expedition, John Kirkham , stayed in Ethiopia and ultimately served as an advisor to Yohannes IV. Kirkham
17280-493: Was made in large quantities in the government works at Kharaghoda and Udu in Ahmedabad , and was exported by rail to Gujarat and central India . There was one brewery at Dapuri near Pune . The Province was well supplied with railways, all of which, with one exception, concentrated at Bombay City . The exception is the North-Western line, which enters Sind from the Punjab and terminated at Karachi. The other chief lines are
17415-560: Was made the headquarters of all the East India Company 's possessions in India. However, in 1753 the governor of Bombay became subordinate to that of Calcutta . During the 18th century, the Maratha Empire expanded rapidly, claiming Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the disintegrating Mughal Empire . In western Gujarat , including Kathiawar and Kutch , the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states. The first conflict between
17550-568: Was not certain, and he only arrived at his fortress ten days before his opponents. Rubenson notes that it was Tewodros, not the British expedition, which had to travel through hostile territory, for Tewodros's soldiers had marched under the threat of attacks from Gobeze 's numerically superior forces, and had been obliged to defend themselves against hostile enemies on the way to Magdala. Tewodros's problems of provisioning for his army and transporting his artillery had also been much greater than Napier's. Most important of all, Tewodros could not trust even
17685-612: Was placed under the Governor's rule . After the end of World War II , the Indian National Congress re-entered politics and won the 1946 election under the leadership of Kher who was again elected as Chief Minister. The Bombay Presidency became Bombay State when India was granted independence on 15 August 1947 and Kher continued as the Chief Minister of the state, serving until 1952. In 1947, Bombay Province became part of
17820-559: Was principally grown in the northern parts of the presidency. Finger millet ( Nachani ) and kodra furnished food to the Kolis , Bhils, Waralis, and other hill tribes. Of the pulses the most important are the chickpea or Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum ), pigeon pea or tur ( Cajanus cajan ), catjang or kulti ( Vigna unguiculata cylindrica ), and urad bean ( Vigna mungo ). Principal oilseeds were sesame or til ( Sesamum indicum ), mustard , castor bean , safflower and linseed . Of fibres
17955-495: Was reorganized into four regiments, each of two battalions. The Bombay Foot Artillery, which traced its history back nearly 50 years prior to this date, was brought up to six companies in strength in 1797. The Bombay Army was heavily involved in the First Maratha War and the defeat of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799. Prior to the cessation of Company rule in 1861, the Bombay Army played a substantial role in campaigns against
18090-451: Was to be laid across the coastal plain, and at the landing place large piers, lighthouses and warehouses were to be built." Given the long supply lines and limited resources of their own, the British understood that they were extremely dependent on a constant and reliable local supply of food for the men and forage for the animals. Accordingly, they decided to not plunder along the route but instead to pay for all needed supplies. To this end,
18225-441: Was to rule as far as possible on native lines, avoiding all changes for which the population was not yet ripe; but the grosser abuses of the old regime were stopped, the country was pacified, the laws were codified, and courts and schools were established. The period that followed is notable mainly for the enlargement of the Presidency through the lapse of certain native states, by the addition of Aden (1839) and Sindh (1843), and
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