Misplaced Pages

#951048

88-627: The city was founded by the German chemist and pharmacist Hermann Blumenau (1819–1899), who arrived on a boat via the Itajaí-Açu River accompanied by seventeen other Germans, and still celebrates its German heritage, including the second largest Oktoberfest in the world. The city was founded September 2, 1850, by Hermann Bruno Otto Blumenau and seventeen other German immigrants . Later arrivals include biologist and early proponent of Darwinian Evolution , Fritz Müller . The history of Blumenau

176-903: A polymer , through a spinneret (polymers) into a medium where it hardens. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning (acetate and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas or air and then sets. Some examples of synthetic fibers are polyester, rayon, acrylic fibers and microfibers. All these fibres will be of great length, often kilometres long. Synthetic fibers are more durable than most natural fibers and will readily pick-up different dyes. Artificial fibres can be processed as long fibres or batched and cut so they can be processed like natural fibre. Sheep, goats, rabbits, silkworms, and other animals, as well as minerals like asbestos, are sources of natural fibers (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibers can originate from

264-718: A ' made in Ethiopia ' brand, the government, global brands and foreign manufacturers did not anticipate that the base salary was simply too low for workers to make a living from." The prominence of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) within the European Union 's textile industry has been noted by the European Commission : The European textile and clothing industry is a highly diversified, innovation and creativity driven industrial sector made up largely of SMEs: firms had an average of 10 employees in 2009, down from 18 employees at

352-484: A Bangladeshi garment worker will earn in her lifetime. In April 2013, at least 1,135 textile workers died in the collapse of their factory. Other fatal accidents due to unsanitary factories have affected Bangladesh: in 2005 a factory collapsed and caused the death of 64 people. In 2006, a series of fires killed 85 people and injured 207 others. In 2010, some 30 people died of asphyxiation and burns in two serious fires. In 2006, tens of thousands of workers mobilized in one of

440-817: A M.S. as professors too (and rarely, some big universities who need part-time or temporary instructors, or temporary staff), but when the positions are scarce and the applicants are many, they might prefer Ph.D. holders instead. Skills that a chemist may need on the job include: Most chemists begin their lives in research laboratories . Many chemists continue working at universities. Other chemists may start companies, teach at high schools or colleges, take samples outside (as environmental chemists ), or work in medical examiner offices or police departments (as forensic chemists ). Some software that chemists may find themselves using include: Increasingly, chemists may also find themselves using artificial intelligence , such as for drug discovery . Chemistry typically

528-403: A Master of Science (M.S.) in chemistry or in a very related discipline may find chemist roles that allow them to enjoy more independence, leadership and responsibility earlier in their careers with less years of experience than those with a bachelor's degree as highest degree. Sometimes, M.S. chemists receive more complex tasks duties in comparison with the roles and positions found by chemists with

616-559: A Ph.D. more often than not. Chemists with a Ph.D. as the highest academic degree are found typically on the research-and-development department of an enterprise and can also hold university positions as professors. Professors for research universities or for big universities usually have a Ph.D., and some research-oriented institutions might require post-doctoral training. Some smaller colleges (including some smaller four-year colleges or smaller non-research universities for undergraduates) as well as community colleges usually hire chemists with

704-604: A bachelor's degree are most commonly involved in positions related to either research assistance (working under the guidance of senior chemists in a research-oriented activity), or, alternatively, they may work on distinct (chemistry-related) aspects of a business, organization or enterprise including aspects that involve quality control, quality assurance, manufacturing, production, formulation, inspection, method validation, visitation for troubleshooting of chemistry-related instruments, regulatory affairs , "on-demand" technical services, chemical analysis for non-research purposes (e.g., as

792-466: A bachelor's degree as their highest academic degree and with the same or close-to-same years of job experience. There are positions that are open only to those that at least have a degree related to chemistry at the master's level. Although good chemists without a Ph.D. degree but with relatively many years of experience may be allowed some applied research positions, the general rule is that Ph.D. chemists are preferred for research positions and are typically

880-435: A combination of education, experience and personal achievements), the higher the responsibility given to that chemist and the more complicated the task might be. Chemistry, as a field, have so many applications that different tasks and objectives can be given to workers or scientists with these different levels of education or experience. The specific title of each job varies from position to position, depending on factors such as

968-410: A complexity requiring an education with a chemistry degree, are commonly referred to as chemical technicians . Such technicians commonly do such work as simpler, routine analyses for quality control or in clinical laboratories , having an associate degree . A chemical technologist has more education or experience than a chemical technician but less than a chemist, often having a bachelor's degree in

SECTION 10

#1732851829952

1056-409: A different field of science with also an associate degree in chemistry (or many credits related to chemistry) or having the same education as a chemical technician but more experience. There are also degrees specific to become a chemical technologist, which are somewhat distinct from those required when a student is interested in becoming a professional chemist. A Chemical technologist is more involved in

1144-413: A late addition to the industry and took off after English spinning technology was introduced at the turn of the 19th century. Industrialisation of the industry occurred in the 1830s after adoption of the factory system, and the removal of restrictions by Britain on the emigration of expert labour (1825) and of machinery (1842). Steam power was introduced but the cost of imported coal and steam engines, led to

1232-507: A legal request, for testing purposes, or for government or non-profit agencies); chemists may also work in environmental evaluation and assessment. Other jobs or roles may include sales and marketing of chemical products and chemistry-related instruments or technical writing. The more experience obtained, the more independence and leadership or management roles these chemists may perform in those organizations. Some chemists with relatively higher experience might change jobs or job position to become

1320-480: A mainstream industry. In 1734 in Bury, Lancashire John Kay invented the flying shuttle — one of the first of a series of inventions associated with the cotton woven fabric industry. The flying shuttle increased the width of cotton cloth and speed of production of a single weaver at a loom . Resistance by workers to the perceived threat to jobs delayed the widespread introduction of this technology, even though

1408-468: A manager of a chemistry-related enterprise, a supervisor, an entrepreneur or a chemistry consultant. Other chemists choose to combine their education and experience as a chemist with a distinct credential to provide different services (e.g., forensic chemists, chemistry-related software development, patent law specialists, environmental law firm staff, scientific news reporting staff, engineering design staff, etc.). In comparison, chemists who have obtained

1496-655: A maximum of 400 spindles; after, self-acting mules with up to 1300 spindles could be built. The industrial revolution changed the nature of work and society The three key drivers in these changes were textile manufacturing , iron founding and steam power . The geographical focus of textile manufacture in Britain was Manchester and the small towns of the Pennines and southern Lancashire . Textile production in England peaked in 1926, and as mills were decommissioned, many of

1584-653: A monthly salary of 26 dollars per month. These very low wages have led to low productivity, frequent strikes and high turnover. Some factories have replaced all their employees on average every 12 months, according to the 2019 report of the Stern Centre for Business and Human Rights at New York University . The report states: "Rather than the docile and cheap labour force promoted in Ethiopia, foreign-based suppliers have met employees who are unhappy with their pay and living conditions and who want to protest more and more by stopping work or even quitting. In their eagerness to create

1672-492: A new but rapidly expanding market is the production of craft beer , such as Eisenbahn . Even though Blumenau is served by Quero-quero Airport , normally passengers use scheduled flights operated from Ministro Victor Konder International Airport , located in the nearby municipality of Navegantes . Gol Airlines , Azul Brazilian Airlines , and Latam offer for its passengers bus transfers between Navegantes and Blumenau at regular times. During Oktoberfest, Azul operates flights at

1760-469: A quarter of British exports during most of the 18th century, doubling between 1701 and 1770. The British textile industry drove the Industrial Revolution, triggering advancements in technology, stimulating the coal and iron industries, boosting raw material imports, and improving transportation, which made Britain the global leader of industrialization, trade, and scientific innovation. Exports by

1848-412: A separate condenser. In 1764, James Hargreaves is credited as inventor of the spinning jenny which multiplied the spun thread production capacity of a single worker — initially eightfold and subsequently much further. Others credit the invention to Thomas Highs . Industrial unrest and a failure to patent the invention until 1770 forced Hargreaves from Blackburn, but his lack of protection of

SECTION 20

#1732851829952

1936-629: Is "cheaper than anywhere else in the world." While some smaller factories were documented making pay cuts and layoffs, most downsizing was essentially speculative – the orders for goods kept coming even after the MFA expired. In fact, Bangladesh's exports increased in value by about $ 500 million in 2006. For textiles, like for many other products, there are certain national and international standards and regulations that need to be complied with to ensure quality, safety and sustainability. The following standards amongst others apply to textiles: The textile industry

2024-639: Is also known as " the central science ", thus chemists ought to have a well-rounded knowledge about science. At the Master's level and higher, students tend to specialize in a particular field. Fields of specialization include biochemistry , nuclear chemistry , organic chemistry , inorganic chemistry , polymer chemistry , analytical chemistry , physical chemistry , theoretical chemistry , quantum chemistry , environmental chemistry , and thermochemistry . Postdoctoral experience may be required for certain positions. Workers whose work involves chemistry, but not at

2112-566: Is considered to be subtropical, a climate of transition between the predominantly tropical climate of Brazil and the predominantly temperate climate of Argentina . Under the Köppen climate classification , the city has a warm, humid subtropical climate . Blumenau, like the entire state of Santa Catarina , is located south of the Tropic of Capricorn ; therefore it is mild in the winter with temperatures averaging 16.6 °C (61 °F) and hot and humid in

2200-1094: Is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are also several main cross-disciplinary and more specialized fields of chemistry. There is a great deal of overlap between different branches of chemistry, as well as with other scientific fields such as biology, medicine, physics, radiology , and several engineering disciplines. All the above major areas of chemistry employ chemists. Other fields where chemical degrees are useful include astrochemistry (and cosmochemistry ), atmospheric chemistry , chemical engineering , chemo-informatics , electrochemistry , environmental science , forensic science , geochemistry , green chemistry , history of chemistry , materials science , medical science , molecular biology , molecular genetics , nanotechnology , nuclear chemistry , oenology , organometallic chemistry , petrochemistry , pharmacology , photochemistry , phytochemistry , polymer chemistry , supramolecular chemistry and surface chemistry . Chemists may belong to professional societies specifically for professionals and researchers within

2288-429: Is often related to the work of chemical engineers , who are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale chemical plants and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products. The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning . Fire

2376-454: Is one of the largest polluters in the globalized world of mostly free market dominated socioeconomic systems. Chemically polluted textile wastewater degrades the quality of the soil and water . The pollution comes from the type of conduct of chemical treatments used e.g., in pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing operations that many or most market-driven companies use despite "eco-friendly alternatives". Textile industry wastewater

2464-460: Is second in global textile manufacturing and also second in silk and cotton production. 100% FDI is allowed via automatic route in textile sector. Rieter , Trutzschler, Saurer , Soktas, Zambiati, Bilsar, Monti, CMT, E-land , Nisshinbo , Marks & Spencer , Zara , Promod , Benetton , and Levi's are some of the foreign textile companies invested or working in India. The key British industry at

2552-502: Is the one Mediterranean exception to the tendency of early industrialisation to be concentrated in northern Europe. The industry began in the early 18th century in Barcelona, when printed cloth chintz (Catalan: indianes) was produced as an import substitution. The market quickly expanded to the American colonies from where dyes and (later) cotton raw materials could be sourced. Spinning was

2640-525: Is the only industry that has generated huge employment for both skilled and unskilled labour in textiles. The textile industry continues to be the second-largest employment generating sector in India. It offers direct employment to over 35 million in the country. According to the Ministry of Textiles , the share of textiles in total exports during April–July 2010 was 11.04%. During 2009–2010, the Indian textile industry

2728-656: Is the result of the arrival of German immigrants who settled these fertile areas of the Atlantic Forest . Having an interest in the problems faced by European immigrants, in 1845 Hermann Blumenau reached an agreement with the Society for the Protection of German Emigrants to represent it and traveled to Brazil, aiming to create new German settlements and to check the situation of those that already existed. He traveled to Rio Grande do Sul , and then to Santa Catarina , where he visited

Blumenau - Misplaced Pages Continue

2816-576: The Cartwright Loom, the Spinning Mule and the Boulton & Watt steam engine, the pieces were in place to build a mechanised woven fabric textile industry. From this point there were no new inventions, but a continuous improvement in technology as the mill-owner strove to reduce cost and improve quality. Developments in the transport infrastructure; that is the canals and after 1831 the railways facilitated

2904-545: The European Union (EU) imposed no restrictions or duties on imports from the very poor countries, such as Bangladesh , leading to a massive expansion of the industry there. At the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Uruguay Round , it was decided to bring the textile trade under the jurisdiction of the World Trade Organization (WTO). The WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) provided for

2992-640: The Neo-Latin noun chimista , an abbreviation of alchimista ( alchemist ). Alchemists discovered many chemical processes that led to the development of modern chemistry. Chemistry as we know it today, was invented by Antoine Lavoisier with his law of conservation of mass in 1783. The discoveries of the chemical elements has a long history culminating in the creation of the periodic table by Dmitri Mendeleev . The Nobel Prize in Chemistry created in 1901 gives an excellent overview of chemical discovery since

3080-455: The municipality of Blumenau was created, composed of about 13,000 residents. On April 5, 2023, a daycare in Blumenau became the scene of a deadly hatchet attack in which a 25-year-old man killed four children and wounded five others before being arrested. As of 2020, Blumenau had an estimated population of 361,855 people, with an area of 519 km (200 sq mi). The main ethnic origin of

3168-520: The 2015 Hague Ethical Guidelines . The highest honor awarded to chemists is the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , awarded since 1901, by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . Textile industry The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution of textiles : yarn , cloth and clothing . Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In

3256-457: The 20th century. In the 1920s, the computer was invented; in the 1940s, acetate , modacrylic , metal fibres, and saran were developed; acrylic , polyester , and spandex were introduced in the 1950s. Polyester became hugely popular in the apparel market, and by the late 1970s, more polyester was sold in the United States than cotton. By the late 1980s, the apparel segment was no longer

3344-484: The German colony of São Pedro de Alcântara . Aware of comments about the Itajaí Valley , he explored it in detail, in association with his compatriot Ferdinand Hackradt , since the aforementioned society was dissolved. After taking certain precautions, Hermann Blumenau headed for Germany, to seek immigrants. On September 2, 1850, Hermann Blumenau returned to the chosen area with the seventeen initial immigrants. Despite

3432-514: The average power of a mill engine was 48 hp, but Quarry Bank mill installed a new 100 hp water wheel. William Fairbairn addressed the problem of line-shafting and was responsible for improving the efficiency of the mill. In 1815 he replaced the wooden turning shafts that drove the machines at 50rpm, to wrought iron shafting working at 250 rpm, these were a third of the weight of the previous ones and absorbed less power. Secondly, in 1830, using an 1822 patent, Richard Roberts manufactured

3520-608: The beginning of the 18th century was the production of textiles made with wool from the large sheep-farming areas in the Midlands and across the country (created as a result of land-clearance and enclosure ). This was a labour-intensive activity providing employment throughout Britain, with major centres being the West Country; Norwich and environs; and the West Riding of Yorkshire . The export trade in woolen goods accounted for more than

3608-568: The beginning of the decade. In 2011, the sector consisted of more than 185 000 companies employing 1.7 million people in Europe and with a total turnover of € 152 billion. The cotton industry in Catalonia was the first industry in Spain to industrialise and led, by the mid 19th century, to Catalonia becoming the main industrial region of Spain, a position it maintained until well into the 20th century. Catalonia

Blumenau - Misplaced Pages Continue

3696-581: The central of Pakistan industrialisation. Between 1947 and 2000, the number of textile Mills increased from 3 to 600. In the same time, spindles increased in number from 177,000 to 805 million. Many Western multinationals use labor in Bangladesh, which is one of the cheapest in the world: 30 euros per month compared to 150 or 200 in China. Four days is enough for the CEO of one of the top five global textile brands to earn what

3784-555: The city center, constantly suffer from the threat of floods. Blumenau's first recorded flood took place in the dawn on September 23, 1880. The worst took place in 1983 and 1984, when the city was completely isolated for weeks. Today, Blumenau is well-prepared against such threats, but many citizens prefer to live in higher areas spread into the nearby hills and plains to avoid flooding. However, this planning could not avoid even worse flooding in late November 2008, that killed over 100 and forced thousands to evacuate. The climate of Blumenau

3872-488: The city inhabitants are German and Italian . The city displays many historical and cultural reminders of their heritage, such as houses and other buildings built in traditional German styles, statues, and memorials. Blumenau, compared to other Brazilian cities, has a very high Human Development Index , 0.806 as of 2010. The city is located in a valley bisected by the Itajaí-Açu River , surrounded by hills with forests. The lower areas, including towers and tall buildings in

3960-617: The city is the headquarters of the so-called Brazilian Silicon Valley , and many software leaders in its segment, some of whom were born in Blusoft and Instituto Gene startup incubators. Blumenau is also known as a location for the manufacturing of metallurgic, mechanical, and electrical equipment. It has a strong economy, boosted by strong trade, service, and tourism events, with exhibitions of international importance, which are generally held in Vila Germânica (German Villa Park). Additionally,

4048-407: The composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry . Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists

4136-455: The cotton industry – centered in Lancashire – had grown tenfold during this time, but still accounted for only a tenth of the value of the woolen trade. Before the 17th century, the manufacture of goods was performed on a limited scale by individual workers, usually on their own premises (such as weavers' cottages ). Goods were transported around the country by clothiers who visited

4224-557: The country's largest strike movements, affecting almost all of the 4,000 factories. The Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA) uses police forces to crack down. Three workers were killed, and hundreds more were wounded by bullets, or imprisoned. In 2010, after a new strike movement, nearly 1,000 people were injured among workers as a result of the repression. Employees of Ethiopian garment factories, who work for brands such as Guess , H&M or Calvin Klein , receive

4312-460: The developing world. Developing countries have a natural advantage in textile production because it is labor-intensive and they have low labor costs. According to a World Bank / International Monetary Fund (IMF) study, the system has cost the developing world 27 million jobs and $ 40 billion a year in lost exports. However, the Arrangement was not negative for all developing countries. For example,

4400-401: The earned wages were ones that should “supplement the family income rather than provide it”, which was typically done by that of the breadwinning father or husband. It was commonly acknowledged that the role of a woman as a textile worker was a "secondary occupation and that a woman's real work was raising children and running the household”. This socially accepted convention was illustrated in

4488-420: The exact roles of these chemistry-related workers as standard for that given level of education. Because of these factors affecting exact job titles with distinct responsibilities, some chemists might begin doing technician tasks while other chemists might begin doing more complicated tasks than those of a technician, such as tasks that also involve formal applied research, management, or supervision included within

SECTION 50

#1732851829952

4576-418: The extensive use of hydraulic power from the late 1860s. The Multi Fibre Arrangement (MFA) governed the world trade in textiles and garments from 1974 through 2004, imposing quotas on the amount developing countries could export to developed countries . It expired on 1 January 2005. The MFA was introduced in 1974 as a short-term measure intended to allow developed countries to adjust to imports from

4664-567: The fibers by hand, to using a drop spindle , to using a spinning wheel . Spindles or parts of them have been found in archaeological sites and may represent one of the first pieces of technology available. The spinning wheel was most likely invented in the Islamic world by the 11th century. The woven fabric portion of the textile industry grew out of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century as mass production of yarn and cloth became

4752-815: The field of chemistry, such as the Royal Society of Chemistry in the United Kingdom, the American Chemical Society (ACS) in the United States, or the Institution of Chemists in India. The "Global Chemists' Code of Ethics" suggests several ethical principles that all chemists should follow: This code of ethics was codified in a 2016 conference held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia , run by the American Chemical Society. The points listed are inspired by

4840-434: The field. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms . Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties . In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists. Chemists use their knowledge to learn

4928-642: The first loom with a cast iron frame, the Roberts Loom . In 1842 James Bullough and William Kenworthy , made the Lancashire Loom , a semiautomatic power loom : although it is self-acting, it has to be stopped to recharge empty shuttles. It was the mainstay of the Lancashire cotton industry for a century, until the Northrop Loom (invented in 1894, with an automatic weft replenishment function) gained ascendancy. Thirdly, also in 1830, Richard Roberts patented

5016-403: The first self-acting mule. Stalybridge mule spinners strike was in 1824; this stimulated research into the problem of applying power to the winding stroke of the mule. The draw while spinning had been assisted by power, but the push of the wind had been done manually by the spinner, the mule could be operated by semiskilled labor. Before 1830, the spinner would operate a partially powered mule with

5104-468: The floods, clashes with wild animals and even with the indigenous peoples , due to the work of German immigrants willing to migrate continuously in greater numbers, the settlement prospered. Those first immigrants had a great support from the Brazilian government, who gave them land, housing, livestock, seeds, education and healthcare for a very low price and in many cases, entirely free. On February 4, 1880,

5192-547: The frame which produced what became known as the Derby Rib , that produced a knit and purl stitch. This allowed stockings to be manufactured in silk and later in cotton. In 1768, Hammond modified the stocking frame to weave weft-knitted openworks or nets by crossing over the loops, using a mobile tickler bar – this led in 1781 to Thomas Frost's square net. Cotton had been too coarse for lace , but by 1805 Houldsworths of Manchester were producing reliable 300 count cotton thread. With

5280-433: The gradual dismantling of the quotas that existed under the MFA. This process was completed on 1 January 2005. However, large tariffs remain in place on many textile products. Bangladesh was expected to suffer the most from the ending of the MFA, as it was expected to face more competition, particularly from China . However, this was not the case. It turns out that even in the face of other economic giants, Bangladesh's labor

5368-587: The higher rate of production generated an increased demand for spun cotton. In 1761, the Duke of Bridgewater's canal connected Manchester to the coal fields of Worsley and in 1762, Matthew Boulton opened the Soho Foundry engineering works in Handsworth , Birmingham . His partnership with Scottish engineer James Watt resulted, in 1775, in the commercial production of the more efficient Watt steam engine which used

SECTION 60

#1732851829952

5456-443: The hiring process of female textile workers, employers preferred “hiring women who were young and unmarried: most machine operatives were between the ages of 16 and 25”. This also affected the wage of female textile workers, since it was considered that a women’s wage in the textile industry was one to supplement the family, there was a “belief that women did not merit or require wages as high as those of men”. Major changes came to

5544-588: The idea allowed the concept to be exploited by others. As a result, there were more than 20,000 spinning jennies in use by the time of his death. Also in 1764, Thorp Mill, the first water-powered cotton mill in the world was constructed at Royton , Lancashire, and was used for carding cotton. With the spinning and weaving process now mechanized, cotton mills cropped up all over the North West of England. The stocking frame invented in 1589 for silk became viable when in 1759, Jedediah Strutt introduced an attachment for

5632-546: The import of raw materials and export of finished cloth. Firstly, the use of water power to drive mills was supplemented by steam driven water pumps, and then superseded completely by the steam engines . For example, Samuel Greg joined his uncle's firm of textile merchants, and, on taking over the company in 1782, he sought out a site to establish a mill. Quarry Bank Mill was built on the River Bollin at Styal in Cheshire . It

5720-419: The kind of industry, the routine level of the task, the current needs of a particular enterprise, the size of the enterprise or hiring firm, the philosophy and management principles of the hiring firm, the visibility of the competency and individual achievements of the one seeking employment, economic factors such as recession or economic depression , among other factors, so this makes it difficult to categorize

5808-753: The largest market for fibre products, with industrial and home furnishings together representing a larger proportion of the fibre market. Industry integration and global manufacturing led to many small firms closing for good during the 1970s and 1980s in the United States; during those decades, 95% of the looms in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia shut down, and Alabama and Virginia also saw many factories close. The largest exporters of textiles in 2013 were China ($ 274 billion), India ($ 40 billion), Italy ($ 36 billion), Germany ($ 35 billion), Bangladesh ($ 28 billion) and Pakistan ($ 27 Billion). The textile industry in India traditionally, after agriculture,

5896-519: The local airport. The Blumenau's Tourism Department maintains four tour routes covering different aspects of the city. Besides these, there's the festival of the municipality. Also, the Oktoberfest of Blumenau , held every October, attracts over a million tourists every year. Originally begun as a fundraiser to alleviate the devastating floods of 1983 and 1984, the Blumenau Oktoberfest has become

5984-425: The management and operation of the equipment and instrumentation necessary to perform chemical analyzes than a chemical technician. They are part of the team of a chemical laboratory in which the quality of the raw material, intermediate products and finished products is analyzed. They also perform functions in the areas of environmental quality control and the operational phase of a chemical plant. In addition to all

6072-481: The manufacturing of cloth in Northern Europe dates back to Neolithic times. During the late medieval period, cotton began to be imported into Northern Europe . Without any knowledge of what it came from, other than that it was a plant , noting its similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville , writing in 1350, stated as fact

6160-406: The most important textile. This set the foundations for the changes. The textile sector accounts for 54% of Pakistan 's export earnings. The industry's contribution in the nation's exports account for 8.5% of the total GDP. Textile exports stood at $ 4.4 billion in 2017–18. The industry employs a large section of the labour force in the country. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of cotton with

6248-471: The now-preposterous belief: "There grew in India a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the edges of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the lambs to feed when they are hungry." This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in many European languages, such as German Baumwolle , which translates as "tree wool". By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout

6336-450: The preferred choice for the highest administrative positions on big enterprises involved in chemistry-related duties. Some positions, especially research oriented, will only allow those chemists who are Ph.D. holders. Jobs that involve intensive research and actively seek to lead the discovery of completely new chemical compounds under specifically assigned monetary funds and resources or jobs that seek to develop new scientific theories require

6424-414: The responsibilities of that same job title. The level of supervision given to that chemist also varies in a similar manner, with factors similar to those that affect the tasks demanded for a particular chemist It is important that those interested in a Chemistry degree understand the variety of roles available to them (on average), which vary depending on education and job experience. Those Chemists who hold

6512-399: The scrapped mules and looms were bought up and reinstated in India. Women began entering the workforce in the 19th century through textile factories, the industrial and garment assembly jobs done during this time “[provided a] point for participation by rural women in the formal economy”. While women began entering the workforce and earning wages for themselves, there was an assumption that

6600-432: The second largest Oktoberfest after Munich. Blumenau has 35 neighbourhoods: Blumenau is twinned with: 26°56′S 49°03′W  /  26.933°S 49.050°W  / -26.933; -49.050 Chemist A chemist (from Greek chēm(ía) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist ) is a graduated scientist trained in the study of chemistry , or an officially enrolled student in

6688-420: The seed (cotton), the stem (bast fibres: flax, hemp, jute), or the leaf (sisal). All of these sources require a number of steps, each of which has a distinct name, before a clean, even staple is produced. All of these fibers, with the exception of silk, are short, only a few centimeters long, and have a rough surface that allows them to adhere to other like staple fibers. There are some indications that weaving

6776-568: The start of the 20th century. At the Washington Academy of Sciences during World War I , it was said that the side with the best chemists would win the war. Jobs for chemists generally require at least a bachelor's degree in chemistry, which takes four years. However, many positions, especially those in research, require a Master of Science or a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD.). Most undergraduate programs emphasize mathematics and physics as well as chemistry, partly because chemistry

6864-403: The summer with high temperatures averaging around 30 °C (87 °F). On July 23, 2013 the downtown of the city got a snow-rain mix and higher neighborhoods had accumulating snow. Blumenau's main economic activity is still the textile industry , represented by large manufacturers such as Cia. Hering , Karsten and Teka. Another area that draws attention is that of information technology ;

6952-704: The textile industry during the 20th century, with continuing technological innovations in machinery, synthetic fibre, logistics, and globalization of the business. The business model that had dominated the industry for centuries was to change radically. Cotton and wool producers were not the only source for fibres, as chemical companies created new synthetic fibres that had superior qualities for many uses, such as rayon , invented in 1910, and DuPont 's nylon , invented in 1935 as in inexpensive silk substitute, and used for products ranging from women's stockings to tooth brushes and military parachutes. The variety of synthetic fibres used in manufacturing fibre grew steadily throughout

7040-481: The third largest spinning capacity in Asia. It contributes 5% to the global spinning capacity. At present, there are 1,221 ginning units, 442 spinning units and 124 large spinning units in addition to 425 small units which produce textiles. Pakistan is the third largest consumer of cotton. Exports of $ 3.5 billion were recorded in 2017–18 (6.5% of the total exported cotton on the world). In 1950, textile manufacturing emerged as

7128-412: The training usually given to chemical technologists in their respective degree (or one given via an associate degree), a chemist is also trained to understand more details related to chemical phenomena so that the chemist can be capable of more planning on the steps to achieve a distinct goal via a chemistry-related endeavor. The higher the competency level achieved in the field of chemistry (as assessed via

7216-407: The village with their trains of packhorses . Some of the cloth was made into clothes for people living in the same area, and a large amount of cloth was exported. River navigations were constructed, and some contour-following canals . In the early 18th century, artisans were inventing ways to become more productive. Silk , wool, fustian , and linen were being eclipsed by cotton, which was becoming

7304-586: The warmer regions of Asia and the Americas. The main steps in the production of cloth are producing the fibre, preparing it, converting it to yarn, converting yarn to cloth, and then finishing the cloth. The cloth is then taken to the manufacturer of garments. The preparation of the fibres differs the most, depending on the fibre used. Flax requires retting and dressing, while wool requires carding and washing. The spinning and weaving processes are very similar between fibers, however. Spinning evolved from twisting

7392-511: The year 2007, the global yield was 25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries. There are five stages of cotton manufacturing: In the textile industry, textile engineering is an area of engineering that involves the design, production, and distribution of textile products through processes including cultivation, harvesting, spinning, weaving, and finishing of raw materials, encompassing both natural and synthetic fibers. Artificial fibres can be made by extruding

7480-409: Was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glasses . After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called alchemy . The word chemist is derived from

7568-650: Was already known in the Palaeolithic . An indistinct textile impression has been found at Pavlov , Moravia. Neolithic textiles were found in pile dwellings excavations in Switzerland and at El Fayum, Egypt at a site which dates to about 5000 BC . In Roman times, wool, linen and leather clothed the European population, and silk, imported along the Silk Road from China, was an extravagant luxury. The use of flax fiber in

7656-436: Was initially powered by a water wheel , but installed steam engines in 1810. Quarry Bank Mill in Cheshire still exists as a well-preserved museum, having been in use from its construction in 1784 until 1959. It also illustrates how the mill owners exploited child labour, taking orphans from nearby Manchester to work the cotton. It shows that these children were housed, clothed, fed and provided with some education. In 1830,

7744-423: Was pegged at US$ 55 billion, 64% of which services domestic demand. In 2010, there were 2,500 textile weaving factories and 4,135 textile finishing factories in all of India. According to AT Kearney 's 'Retail Apparel Index', India was ranked as the fourth most promising market for apparel retailers in 2009. India is first in global jute production and shares 63% of the global textile and garment market. India

#951048